Effects of Organic and Medium and Trace Element Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Panax notoginseng

[Objectives]This study aimed to investigate the effects of organic and medium and trace element fertilizers(Ca,Zn,B)on yield and quality of Panax notoginseng to provide theoretical support for rational fertilization in cultivation of P.notoginseng.[Methods]Five fertilization treatments,control(CK),organic fertilizer(OM),zinc fertilizer(ZF),boron fertilizer(BF)and lime(LF),were designed.A two-consecutive-year field plot trail was conducted.The biological traits,yield and saponin content of P.notoginseng were determined.[Results]The application of organic fertilizer had no significant effect on the biological traits of P.notoginseng.Trace element fertilizers significantly increased the scape length of P.notoginseng.Among the treatments,ZF significantly increased the single flower weight but reduced the inflorescence diameter,while the effects of BF were opposite to those of ZF;LF significantly increased the stem thickness and reduced the plant height.All treatments significantly increased the seedling rate of three-year-old P.notoginseng,and the increase in the LF group(20.49%)was the largest,followed by those in the ZF(16.80%)and OM(16.40%)groups,and the increase in the BF group(13.08%)was the smallest.Although OM,ZF and BF treatments caused the root weight of individual plants to decrease,the final yield of each treatment was higher than that of the control group,and the increases in the BF and LF groups exceeded 17%(P<0.05).The total saponin outputs of all the treatments except OM were significantly higher than that of the control group.[Conclusions]Under the conditions of this test,the supplementation of organic and medium and trace element fertilizers on the basis of conventional fertilization will help to increase the yield of P.notoginseng.However,the reduction of the total saponin output of P.notoginseng caused by organic fertilizer cannot be ignored.

Gross alpha and beta activities and trace heavy elemental concentration levels in chemical fertilizers and agricultural farm soils in Nigeria

The gross alpha (α) and beta (β) activities and trace heavy elemental concentrations have been determined in Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium (NPK) fertilizers samples used for agricultural purposes in Nigeria. Cultivated farm soil samples from two regions (north and south) in the country and samples of phosphate rocks were also analyzed for gross α and β radioactivity and elemental concentrations. The beta activity concentration in the NPK (15-15-15) fertilizers was found to vary from 2410.0 ± 80.0 Bq·kg–1 to 4560 ± 140.0 Bq·kg–1, between 1340.0 ± 70.0 Bq·kg–1 and 1440.0 ± 70.0 Bq·kg–1 in the Single Super phosphate fertilizers while in the farm soil it ranged between 360.0 ± 40.0 Bq·kg–1 to 570.0 ± 50.0 for the north samples and 200.0 ± 50.0 to 230.0 ± 20 Bq·kg–1 for the south samples. The alpha activities in the NPK fertilizers was found to vary from 20.0 ± 10.0 to 90.0 ± 20.0 Bq·kg–1, in the SSP it varied from 60.0 ± 20.0 to 100.0 ± 20.0 Bq·kg–1 while in the soil samples it varied from 8.0 ± 6.0 to 40.0 ± 10.0

BREAKTHROUGH IN DEVELOPING TRACE FERTILIZER ON THE LOESS PLATEAU

The research project of "Effective Conditions & Application of Trace Fertilizer on the Loess Plateau", co-conducted by researchers from the CAS Institute of Soil and Water Conservation and from the provinces and autonomous regions concerned from 1977 to 1991,has made a research breakthrough.During the 15 years,the research team applied the new type of fertilizer to 4.488 million hectares in total acreage,leading to 1.5 million tons in grain yield rise and 748 million yuan in increased output value (at the pricing level of the time). In addition, the project results in the publication of some 60 research papers both at home and abroad,and four monographic works.It won a second

Effects of Copper-based Nutritional Foliar Fertilizers on Photosynthetic Characteristics,Yield and Disease Control Efficiency of Cotton

[Objectives] The effects of copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics,yield,accumulation and distribution of trace elements in various organs,disease prevention effect and soil enzyme activity were studied,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of foliar fertilizers in cotton production. [Methods]Through two years of field experiments,six treatments were set in total,namely spraying water( CK),traditional Bordeaux mixture( BDM),Kocide 2000( KCD),copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizer( CF),iron-copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizer( CFFe),and zinc-boron-copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizer( CFZnB). Randomized block arrangement was adopted. Chlorophyll content in leaves was measured at each growth stage of the cotton. Photosynthetic characteristics of leaves were measured at the peak bolling stage. Plants were sampled at initial boll opening stage. The whole plant was divided into root,stem,leaf and cotton boll parts,in which the total copper,total zinc,total iron contents and accumulations were determined. Soil samples were collected from each plot,followed by the determination of soil enzyme activity. Disease index was investigated at bud,flowering and boll-forming and boll opening stage. [Results]( 1) Spraying CFFe,CFZnB,CF and KCD could significantly improve chlorophyll content of cotton leaves,and the CFFe treatment had the highest increase up to13. 30%,followed by the CFZnB treatment,which was 11. 40% higher than the CK; and photosynthetic rate,stomata conductance and transpiration rate could be improved significantly,and the CFFe treatment showed the highest photosynthetic rate,which increased by 26. 35% compared with the CK,followed by the CFZnB treatment,which increased by 17. 96% compared with CK; and intercellular CO2 concentration was significantly reduced.( 2) Spraying BDM,KCD,CF,CFFe and CFZnB can significantly increase total copper content and accumulation in various cotton organs( except the total copper content in the stem part of the CFZnB treatment; the CFZnB and CFFe treatments can significantly increase total zinc content and accumulation in various cotton organs; and spraying CFFe,CFZnB and CF can significantly increase total iron content and accumulation in various cotton organs( except the total iron content in the stem part of the CF treatment).( 3)Spraying CFFe,CFZnB,CF,KCD and BDM greatly reduced the disease index at flowering and boll-forming and boll opening stages.( 4) The CFZnB and CFFe treatments had the highest soil urease activity,which was 7. 14% higher than that of the CK,but the difference from the CK was not significant; the catalase activity of each treatment was significantly higher than that of the BDM treatment; and the sucrase activity of each treatment was significantly higher than that of the CK.( 5) Spraying CFFe,CFZnB,CF and KCD significantly improved lint yield of cotton,and the CFZnB treatment showed the highest yield increase up to 12. 34%,followed by the CFFe treatment,with an increase in the range of 8. 77%-10. 20%. [Conclusions]Copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizers have dual functions of disease control and prevention and plant nutrition and health care,and not only can significantly increase cotton yield,but also has certain disease prevention effect.It is recommended to use copper-based nutrient foliar fertilizers.

不同配方基肥对温郁金产量及其营养元素含量的影响

本试验研究了基肥氮磷钾不同比例配施对温郁金产量与品质的影响,为提高温郁金产量及品质提供科学依据。本研究采用大田试验,设置4个不同的施肥配方,各处理基肥用量均为750 kg·hm^(-2)。结果表明,在氮磷钾总用量相等的前提下,基施配方肥2的温郁金产量最高,与常规施肥比较,温郁金地下部分根茎、块根分别增产11.3%、17.9%。配方肥1和3相较常规施肥也提高了温郁金的产量,但统计上无显著差异。与常规施肥相比,配方肥处理提高了温郁金中氮和磷含量。同时,基施配方肥还可以提高根茎、块根中Ca、Mg及微量元素Zn、B等含量。综上,基肥施用配方肥2既能提高温郁金产量,又能提高根茎、块根中的大量元素及中微量元素含量,具有较好的推广应用价值。

31年长期施肥对潮土中微量元素演变及小麦微量元素吸收的影响

【目的】在华北平原典型潮土区,研究长期不同施肥措施对土壤全量与有效态铁、锰、锌、铜含量,以及小麦微量元素吸收的影响,为实现农田地力提升与作物高产优质提供理论依据。【方法】长期定位施肥试验位于河南省郑州市,始于1990年,已连续进行了31年。种植制度为冬小麦-夏玉米轮作。选取不施肥(CK),氮钾化肥(NK),氮磷钾化肥(NPK),氮磷钾化肥+秸秆还田(NPKS),氮磷钾化肥+有机肥(NPKM)5种施肥处理,分析每年土壤样品中全量与有效态铁、锰、锌、铜含量,以及作物秸秆与籽粒中相应微量元素含量。【结果】连续施肥31年后,各施肥处理土壤全量铁、锰含量与试验前无显著差异,全量锌、铜含量较试验前显著增加;NPKM处理土壤全量铁、锰、锌、铜含量均高于其它施肥处理。与CK相比,NPKM、NPKS与NPK处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量与阳离子交换量,降低了土壤pH值,有利于土壤中微量元素向有效态转化。NPKM与NPKS处理下土壤有效态铁、锰、锌含量显著高于其它施肥处理。NPK处理下土壤有效铁含量分别比CK和NK处理提高52%与49%;有效锰含量分别比CK和NK处理提高39%与11%。NPKM、NPKS与NPK处理下小麦地上部铁、锰、锌、铜吸收量与各微量元素收获指数显著高于CK与NK处理。但增产对籽粒中微量元素的稀释效应导致NPK、NPKS与NPKM处理下籽粒微量元素含量显著降低,其中铁、锌含量分别为推荐量下限的71%~74%、60%~63%。【结论】化肥与秸秆或有机肥配施有利于提高土壤微量元素的有效性。土壤全量与有效态微量元素含量的提高可促进小麦对微量元素的吸收,但增产对小麦籽粒中微量元素的稀释效应导致小麦籽粒中的铁、锌含量显著低于推荐量的下限。因此,在培肥潮土地力、提高作物产量的同时,也要考虑优化施肥策略或筛选适宜品种,以提高小麦籽粒中铁、锌含量,消除铁、锌元素缺乏对人体健康的不利影响。

减化增施有机肥和新型肥料对辣椒农艺性状及产量的影响

为观测新型肥料与常规肥料不同配施方案在辣椒生长和产量上的作用,选用菌肥(地康宝)、有机硅钙镁肥和土壤调理剂(蓝海半岛)3种新型肥料,设计了9个肥料配施方案进行试验研究。结果表明,随着有机肥增施和复合肥减施,产量呈先升后降的趋势,在T2[机肥2 000 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1)+复合肥40 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1)]时最高,较对照总施肥量提高30.77%,增产25.25%,但肥料利用率(PFP)较对照下降4.25%;新型肥料处理相较于对照均增加了地下部分干物质含量,其中T6[有机肥1 500 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1)+复合肥60 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1)+有机硅钙镁肥60 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1)]有明显增产效果,产量和偏生产力(PFP)分别比对照高43.81%和38.61%,较T2总施肥量减少20.59%,增产14.82%,PFP提高44.76%;T5处理地康宝菌肥能提高PFP,但与对照差异不显著;通过不同的配施方案研究还发现所选3种新型肥料的肥效不够稳定,还需要后续完善改进。

^(15)N同位素标记氮肥减施棉田养分利用效率分析

【目的】研究氮肥减施对棉花氮素吸收、转运及利用效率的影响,为绿洲滴灌棉田氮肥合理施用提供参考依据。【方法】利用^(15)N同位素示踪技术,采用盆栽试验,设置不施氮肥(N_(0))、氮肥减施(N_(1),225 kg/hm^(2))、当地推荐施肥(N 2,300 kg/hm^(2))3个处理,研究氮肥减施对棉花生物量、氮素吸收量、肥料氮吸收量以及氮肥利用率的影响。【结果】氮肥减施处理的棉花干物质积累量和氮素吸收量均显著高于不施氮处理(N_(0)),而与当地推荐施肥处理差异均不显著;氮肥减施处理棉花壳、籽的干物质量和籽的氮素吸收量均显著高于当地推荐施肥处理,分别增加了7.02%、6.81%和16.59%;2个施肥处理棉籽的肥料氮(^(15)N)积累量占比最高,占全株的26.02%~35.99%,其次为叶(22.40%~23.81%)和茎(14.48%~18.98%),絮中最少(3.05%~6.62%);氮肥减施处理生殖器官的肥料氮吸收量比当地推荐施肥处理高19.02%;2个施肥处理的棉株吸收的氮素来源于肥料氮的比例(Ndff%)为21.14%~21.70%;氮肥减施处理的氮肥利用率和表观利用率均显著高于当地推荐施肥处理,分别增加2.36%和3.12%。【结论】氮肥减施(225 kg/hm^(2))可以显著提高棉籽中的干物质量、氮素吸收量、肥料氮(^(15)N)吸收量、Ndff%以及棉花整株的氮肥利用率,在确保棉花产量不降低的前提下,适度的减少化肥施用量是提高化肥利用率最有效的措施之一。

不同施肥组合对科尔沁沙地南缘沙地土壤健康指标的影响

为研究不同施肥组合对沙地土壤改良的效果,以辽宁省阜新市彰武县的沙地土壤为考察对象,开展了试验研究。试验以不施肥为对照(CK)处理,设置生物有机肥分别与含腐殖酸肥料(OH)、含聚谷氨酸肥料(OP)和中微量元素肥(OM)混施3个施肥处理,测定施肥后6、12、18个月的土壤中微生物数量和土壤理化性状的变化。结果表明:不同施肥处理的土壤中微生物数量均呈现细菌>放线菌>真菌的变化趋势,其中OH处理的细菌数量最多,3个取样时间的细菌数量平均值为1.510×10^(7)cfu/g,是CK处理的5.2倍;施肥处理的土壤中全磷、全钾和有机质含量均得到提高,OP处理的全钾含量平均值最高,质量分数为5.96 g/kg;施肥处理的土壤pH均呈下降趋势;施肥处理的地上部植物生物量提高。施用不同组合的肥料可以有效提高土壤微生物的数量,改善土壤理化性状,提高地上部植物生物量,是一种合理的沙地改良措施。

板栗关键生育期不同氮肥分配对土壤微量元素的影响

氮肥的施用能够影响板栗对微量元素的吸收,从而引起土壤中微量元素含量的变化,本文通过分析氮肥在板栗各个关键生育期的分配,探究促进板栗吸收土壤微量元素的施氮策略。结果发现,板栗盛花期、果实膨大期至果实采收期土壤中Mn、Cu、Zn的元素含量总体呈现先降低后增加的趋势,土壤中Fe元素含量呈现不断降低的趋势。在氮肥总施用量均为750 kg/hm^(2)的情况下,N7处理土壤中Mn、Cu、Fe、Zn元素含量在各生育期均处于较低水平,表明N7处理即盛花期、果实膨大期与采收期按照2∶3∶5的比例施用氮肥,有利于板栗根系对Mn、Cu、Fe、Zn元素的吸收。

不同功能稀土微量元素螯合有机肥的研制及其对水稻发育、产量、品质的影响

针对长期不合理施用大量元素化肥、未经腐熟的农业废弃物等,造成土壤板结、盐渍化、重金属含量超标,导致农产品品质和产量下降等问题,研发了提质增效型、土壤改良型和重金属污染土壤修复型稀土微量元素螯合有机肥,并介绍了有机肥的生产工艺。以水稻为试验对象,连续2 a的田间试验示范结果表明:3种类型的有机肥对提高水稻产量、改善品质、节本增效具有明显的效果,增产幅度为4.1%~11.6%;水稻产品中对人体有益的铁、锰含量增幅为2.81%~87.44%,重金属含量下降4.46%~61.76%;3种类型的有机肥在提高耕地质量、修复土壤障碍因子等方面具有一定的作用。

不同畜禽粪源-秸秆有机肥对土壤和蔬菜中Cr、Cu和Zn积累的影响

【目的】探明不同畜禽粪源-秸秆有机肥对土壤及蔬菜根和叶微量金属元素积累的影响,为畜禽粪源-秸秆有机肥安全施用提供科学依据。【方法】以不施畜禽粪源-秸秆有机肥为对照组,畜禽粪源(羊粪、牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪)的秸秆有机肥为研究对象,采用田间随机区组试验设计种植青菜和白菜,应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤、有机肥和蔬菜微量金属元素含量,研究不同粪源-秸秆有机肥对土壤及蔬菜根和叶微量金属元素积累的响应。【结果】畜禽粪源-秸秆有机肥中金属Zn含量较高,超过欧盟有机肥限量标准;Cu含量中等,低于欧盟有机肥限量标准;Cr含量较低,低于我国有机肥金属限量标准。试验地土壤Zn未超过土壤风险筛选值,土壤Cu和Cr含量超过风险筛选值。土壤pH随施肥量升高而升高。随作物生长,各处理土壤中Cr、Cu和Zn金属元素含量较移栽前均有所下降。总体上,与对照组相比,蔬菜根和叶中Cr含量降低,并随施肥量增加呈降低趋势,蔬菜根和叶片Cu和Zn含量增加。施用有机肥后,青菜叶中Cr含量为0.40~0.44 mg/kg,均低于安全限量;白菜叶Cr中含量为0.21~0.57 mg/kg,均低于CK,仅猪粪秸秆有机肥处理白菜叶中Cr含量接近或超过安全限量,安全风险较高,其余有机肥处理低于安全限量;青菜叶中Cu含量为0.38~0.66 mg/kg,白菜叶中为0.33~0.56 mg/kg,均低于安全限量;青菜叶中Zn含量为4.5~13.2 mg/kg,白菜叶中为5.1~11.8 mg/kg,均低于安全限量。【结论】科学规范施用畜禽粪源-秸秆有机肥,可调控土壤微量金属的迁移特性,控制土壤微量金属元素的生物有效性,降低人群健康安全风险。

秸秆还田模式下氮肥减施对典型砂姜黑土微量元素及作物品质的影响

依托长期秸秆还田定位试验研究了氮肥减施对典型砂姜黑土微量元素及作物品质的影响。田间试验设置4个处理:小麦和玉米秸秆双季还田下氮磷钾常量(N100PK)、氮肥减施30%(N70PK)和不施氮(N0PK)处理,以不施肥为对照处理(CK)。结果显示,微量元素全量在耕层(0~20 cm)土壤无显著变化;微量元素铁、锰、铜、锌有效态含量分别为8.5~11.0、15.5~19.0、1.6~2.0、0.1~0.4 mg·kg^(-1)。随着氮肥减施,有效铁、有效锰含量分别下降26.04%、9.46%,有效铜、有效锌无显著变化。在氮肥减施导致的产量降低下,小麦籽粒内锌含量在减氮30%处理中降至最低,玉米籽粒内铜含量下降12.5%~24.9%,两种作物秸秆内铁含量降低50.0%~71.1%。小麦醇溶蛋白约降低25.6%,玉米清蛋白约降低14.0%。综上,秸秆还田模式下氮肥减施会降低土壤有效态铁、有效锰含量及其生物有效性,并有可能通过抑制蛋白合成影响作物品质。

杭州重点茶园中微量元素丰缺状况研究

研究旨在评估杭州市茶园土壤中微量元素的有效态浓度及其丰缺情况。为此,我们对8个主要植茶县30个代表性茶园进行表层土样的采集与分析。研究发现,有效铁和锌在土壤中的浓度较为丰富,而有效铜浓度普遍缺乏,有效锰、硼、硫、钙和镁部分土壤缺乏;茶园间土壤中微量元素浓度差别较大,有效铜、铁、硼和硫元素空间变异为中等变异,有效锰、锌、钙和镁元素为强变异;土壤有效铜、铁、锌、硼和硫与pH呈负相关关系,有效锰、钙和镁与pH呈正相关关系;土壤有效铁、锰、锌、硼、钙和镁与有机质呈正相关关系,有效铜和硫与有机质呈负相关关系;中微量元素之间既有共生也有互相抑制的关系。因此,应针对不同茶园土壤的中微量元素情况,在多施有机肥的同时因地制宜地增施相应的微肥,防止茶园土壤过度酸化。

Impact of Silicon,Zinc,Boron Combined with Reduced Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Growth

Under the condition of reduced application of nitrogen fertilizer, the impact of silicor）, zinc and boron on rice growth was investigated by field experiment. The results showed that when the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 20%, the application of silicon, zinc and boron did not reduce the yield of rice, but reduced the incidence of panicle blast in rice and optimized the structure of rice production.

减氮配施中微量元素肥对冬瓜产量和品质的影响

以铁柱冬瓜为试验材料,采用随机区组田间小区试验,设置CK(不施氮肥)、T1(习惯施肥)、T2(习惯施肥基础上减氮30%)、T3(减氮30%+配施硼钼肥)、T4(减氮30%+配施钙镁肥)和T5(减氮30%+配施钙镁硼钼肥)6种处理,在广东佛山市三水区连续开展两年田间试验,旨在探究减氮配施中微量元素肥对冬瓜产量及品质的影响。结果表明,与T1相比,T2的冬瓜产量下降了8.76%,但未达到显著水平;与T2相比,T4和T5处理显著增加冬瓜产量,分别提高了21.3%和32.2%,且T5处理下的冬瓜产量超过了T1;品质结果显示,T5处理提高了50.0%的VC含量,且与T1相比降低了34.2%亚硝酸盐含量;减施30%氮肥基础上配施钙镁肥的土壤pH显著提高,配施硼钼肥的土壤B含量得到显著提高,配施中微量肥处理的冬瓜植株中Ca和Mo含量较T2均有所提高。综上所述,在华南热带地区冬瓜种植过程中,减氮配施中微肥可保证冬瓜品质和产量,其中中微量肥配施处理的效果最好。上述结果为广东地区露地蔬菜化肥氮的科学减施提供了科学依据。

Effects of Applying Trace Clements on Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco Cuibi-1

[Objectives]To optimize the fertilization technology of flue-cured tobacco Cuibi-1.[Methods]From 2015 to 2016,the experiment of spraying Saikun multi-trace element water-soluble fertilizer was carried out.[Results]7 d and 14 d after transplanting tobacco seedlings,3750 mL/ha,300 times diluted Sakun multi-trace element aqueous solution was sprayed,the growth period of Cuibi-1 in the field was extended by 3-5 d.The incidence of mosaic disease at the rosette stage and granuville wilt at the foot leaf harvesting and curing stage decreased by 4.50-20.85 kg/ha,the yield increased by 67.8-68.7 kg/ha,the proportion of high-quality tobacco increased by 1.29-3.01 percentage points,and the output value increased by 2692.5-3441 yuan/ha,the sensory smoking quality has improved.[Conclusions]Increasing the application of multiple trace elements can increase the economic benefit and industrial use value of tobacco leaf production of Cuibi-1.

增效载体在新型微量元素肥料中的应用现状及前景展望

微量元素是植物生长发育必需的营养元素,微量元素肥料在作物增产提质、逆境抗性和农田健康等方面有重要作用。相对于传统的微量元素肥料,通过增效载体与微量元素有机结合制成的新型微量元素增效载体肥料具有水溶性好、移动性快、稳定性强、难以被土壤固定且易于被植物吸收利用等特点。筛选或创制增效载体是新型微量元素肥料研发的核心环节,本文概述了新型微量元素肥料增效载体及其类型、主要作用机制,综述了新型微量元素肥料增效载体的研发现状及其在农业生产中的应用效果,指明了新型微量元素增效载体肥料在实际应用中存在的问题,提出了针对性建议,并对其下一步发展趋势进行了展望。

硼钼微肥浇铸作物丰产之花——追忆恩师王运华教授

基于笔者在华中农业大学从本科生到硕士研究生阶段7年的求学经历,本文回顾了与我国作物微量元素研究开拓者王运华教授相处的点滴时光,阐述了王运华教授在推动中国微量元素营养研究及应用方面所作出的卓越贡献。粮安天下,无“微”不至,王运华教授建立了中国棉花施硼以及冬小麦施钼技术体系,创建了华中农业大学微量元素研究中心和植物营养遗传学科,培养了一批微肥专业高级人才,他们中很多都成为中国植物营养教学、科研、管理、生产、经营等方面的中坚力量。王运华教授以硼和钼为切入点,用微肥联接着家国情怀和使命担当,为中国现代农业可持续发展发挥了举足轻重的作用,将永远为后辈们所学习和缅怀。

土壤供保氮能力决定稻田氮肥增产效果和利用率

黑龙江五常和江苏常熟分属我国东北和华东单季稻区优质粳米的代表性产地,但五常维持水稻高产所需氮肥投入量通常远低于常熟而其增产效果优于常熟。由于两地水热条件、作物品种、农田管理和土壤类型均不同,究竟是何原因导致这种区域差异尚不清楚。为探究土壤因素的影响,在两地稻田分别取黑土型水稻土(BS)和乌栅土(WS),设不施氮(CK)、低氮和高氮(N 150和300 kg·hm^(–2)标记尿素)处理,开展盆栽试验,比较水稻产量、氮肥利用及总损失的土壤差异,并结合室内淹水矿化培养试验,研究两种水稻土氮素矿化特征。结果发现:在相同气候和水稻品种及管理条件下进行的盆栽试验中,各处理水稻产量、氮肥增产效果及地上氮素吸收累积量BS均优于WS,差值法氮肥利用率BS较WS高出20.0~28.7个百分点,然而15 N示踪法氮肥利用率BS却仅较WS高5.56~8.01个百分点。尽管施氮后水稻吸收土壤氮均增加,但BS土壤来源氮增量较WS高95.0%~215%。根据CK和相应施氮处理水稻地上部土壤来源氮差值可计算土壤氮素表观激发量在BS为173~354 mg·pot^(-1),在WS仅为88~113 mg·pot^(-1),与淹水培养试验中施氮后BS土壤矿化氮累积量高出WS 0.95倍~2.49倍相一致。说明施氮对BS土壤供氮量增加有更大促进作用。盆栽试验中BS土壤上15 N肥料总损失也随施氮量增加低于WS。综上,氮肥对BS土壤激发效应强,可提供更多矿化氮和损失较低是其维持较高氮肥利用率和高产的主要原因;而氮肥对WS土壤激发效应低,且肥料氮土壤保持能力较弱,因此,水稻生长对高量氮肥投入的依赖性更高。土壤是影响稻田氮肥增产效果和氮肥利用率差异的重要因素。