Effects of Fungi Fusarium sp. to Rhizosphere Soil and Physiological Characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel.

[Objectives]To study the effects of fungi Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil and physiological characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel.[Methods]We investigated the effects of Fusarium sp.to rhizosphere soil nutrient element content and metabolites of C.oleifera.C.oleifera was inoculated with the suspension of Fusarium sp.in pot experiments and ammonium-N,available phosphorus,available potassi-um,organic matter,enzymes and pH of rhizosphere soil,MDA content,activity of SOD,POD of C.oleifera leaves were analyzed.[Results]Fusarium sp.stress significantly inhibited soil enzyme activities and significantly reduced available phosphorus content,especially for phospha-tase and sucrase.Antioxidant enzyme activities in C.oleifera tissues showed that Fusarium sp.stress significantly increased MDA and SOD enzyme activities and decreased POD enzyme activity.Especially,SOD enzyme activity was elevated by 53.86%compared with the CK group.In addition,analysis of the content of major metabolites in C.oleifera leaves showed that Fusarium sp.stress significantly reduced the content of total flavonoids,quercetin,isoquercitrin and isoquercitrin in C.oleifera leaves by 7.80%,50.00%and 75.90%,respectively.[Conclusions]Our results are an important step which showed strong resistance of C.oleifera and can give a novel insight for researches on the effects in the rhizosphere soil enzyme,soil nutrient elements and metabolites of C.oleifera under the Fusarium sp.too.

Study on the Redifferentiation Technology after the Dedifferentiation of Blades of Camellia oleifera Abel.

Based on selecting MS minimal medium, through changing the concentrations and additive amounts of two plant growth regulators of NAA and BA, the redifferentiation experiments of plant morphology on callus and embryos cell which got after the dedifferentiation of ＂Xianglin No.1＂ Camellia oleifera Abel. were carried out.The experimental results showed that callus lines with white, yellowish white or oyster colors, obvious uneven surface and loose texture were inoculated on the medium of MS ＋NAA（0.3 mg/L） ＋BA（2.0 mg/L） ＋saccharose（30 g/L） ＋agar（7 g/L）for 30 d,then multiple shoots were differentiated from the white protuberant part, moreover,the growth vigor was good. If inoculating using regeneration buds of C. oleifera, its multiplication coefficient was 6.50.

Flavonoid triglycosides from the seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel

Two flavonoid triglycosides, kaempferol 3-O-{ β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→2）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→ 6）]-β-D-glucopyranoside} （1） and kaempferol 3-O-{ β-D-xylopyranosyl-（1 → 2）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→6）]-β-D-glucopyranoside } （2）, were isolated from the seed of Camellia oleifera Abel. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was established on the basis of its X-ray analysis. Their cytotoxic activities and anti-HIV-RT activities were evaluated.

Coating of Mineral Acids with Niobic Solid Acid for Preparing Furfural from Nut Shell of Camellia oleifera Abel

Nut shell of Camellia oleifera Abel which has large scale of plantation in mountainous region of southern China is abundant renewable resource. The nut shell is suitable for preparation of furfural, as the content of which is as much as 16% (based the dried nut shell). In early time, mineral acids were employed as typically catalyst for preparing of furfural from the nut shells. These mineral acids could pollute water and corrode equipment. In this paper we used various mineral acids coating with niobic acid as catalysts to investigate reactions for preparation of furfural. Among these catalysts, the catalyst of sulfuric acid coating with niobic acid was found to be very effective, which had higher hammett acidity and better effect of hydrolysis of the nut shells;The catalysts of sulfuric acid coating with niobic acid was characterized, and the conditions of preparation of the catalyst were investigated. The optimum conditions were: sulfuric acid as coating acid, the concentration of sulfuric 1.1 mol/L, impregnation time 8 h, calcination time 8 h and calcination temperature 450°C. Then hydrolysis of the nut shells was explored, the optimum conditions were as follows: dose of catalyst 20%, ratio of solid to liquid 1:15, reaction temperature 100°C, reaction time 4 h;Under this condition, the yield of furfural was 8.7%.

Development of a Rapid and Simple Non-Derivatization Method to Determine Constituents and Antioxidative Capacity of Camellia Oils by HPTLC

Camellia oil is an edible vegetable oil with high value of nutrition and health protection function such as antioxidant and adjusting blood fat. In this study, a simple, rapid and effective HPTLC method was developed for analyzing the composition and antioxidant constituents of camellia oil. The HPTLC was performed on G60 plate with n-hexane-diethyl ether-acetic acid (6:4:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase combined with two coloration methods (ethanol containing 10% phosphomolybdic acid, ethanol containing 0.03% DPPH) and scanning densitometry technique. The unsaturated fatty glyceride, free fatty acids, sterols and lipids including triolein, oleic acid, ergosterin, β-sitosterol, tocopherol and phospholipids in camellia oils were determined and performed densitometrically at λs1 = 620 nm and λs2 = 517 nm. The results show that the main components of different samples of camellia oil are similar, however the contents are diverse. The antioxidative test shows that camellia oil has obvious antioxidant capability as olive oil, especially the pressed virgin oil. Therefore, this non-derivatization HPTLC method can be used for composition and antioxidative capacity determination of camellia oils.

油茶CoFAD2-1基因的克隆、亚细胞定位及组织表达

【目的】克隆油茶CoFAD2-1基因,并进行亚细胞定位和组织表达研究。【方法】采用CTAB法提取油茶4种组织中的总RNA;运用RT-PCR方法,设计基因特异性引物,从油茶未成熟胚中克隆CoFAD2-1基因;用生物信息学手段分析了CoFAD2-1基因的结构和进化关系;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究CoFAD2-1基因在不同组织的表达;同时运用烟草瞬时表达技术对该基因进行亚细胞定位分析。【结果】该基因编码区全长为1 149 bp,共编码382个氨基酸,具有FAD2基因家族保守的3个组氨酸簇。系统树分析显示该基因与种子特异表达的FAD2基因聚在一起,组织表达分析也表明CoFAD2在种子中特异表达,转化烟草叶片验证CoFAD2-1蛋白定位于内质网膜上。【结论】CoFAD2-1基因在种子中特异性表达,且定位在内质网膜上。

FTIR and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Three Kinds of Nutshells

The main components and pyrolysis characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel hells, Castanea mollissima Blume shells, and Castanea mollissima Blume shells were analyzed by using FTIR and thermogravimetric methods. The experimental results indicated that the main components of the three kinds of raw materials consisted of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The highest contents of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin were in Camellia oleiferaAbel shells (49.34% ± 0.07%), Castanea mollissima Blume shells (27.34% ± 0.01%), and Carya cathayensis Sarg shells (49.78% ± 0.01%), respectively. The pyrolysis processes of three kinds of shells generally included three stages, namely dehydration, pyrolysis, and carbonization. The peak values and the appearance times of their pyrolysis rates were closely related to their compositions.

中国主要油茶产区山茶炭疽菌群体遗传结构分析

以中国主要油茶产区的油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)炭疽病优势种山茶炭疽菌(Colletotrichum camelliae)的16个地理种群168个菌株为供试材料,应用ISSR分子标记技术进行遗传多样性和种群遗传结构分析。16个地理种群的多态位点百分比(PPB)为98.99%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)为0.28,Shannon信息多样性指数(Is)为0.43,遗传相似度(I)平均为0.834,遗传距离(D)平均为0.183,表明山茶炭疽菌遗传多样性水平较高且异质性较强,种群间存在一定程度的遗传变异,遗传距离与地理距离之间无相关性。湖北省、浙江省、江西省、湖南省和广西5个省级种群总基因多样度(Ht)为0.274 8,遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.517 4,基因流(Nm)为0.466 4,表明山茶炭疽菌5个省级种群虽然被分化,但是不存在基因流动现象(Nm<1)。

基于转录组测序的油茶SSR、SNP和InDel位点特征分析

基于油茶转录组测序数据,利用MISA和GATK3软件对SSR、SNP和InDel位点进行搜索。结果表明:在169652条unigene序列中共发现92228个SSR位点,出现频率54.37%,平均分布距离1.61 kb。油茶转录组SSR位点中,单核苷酸和二核苷酸是主要的重复类型,A/T和AG/CT是主要的重复基元类型,基元重复次数主要集中在5~11次,基序长度主要集中在12~20 bp。共得到1912501个SNP位点,转换类型SNP数量多于颠换类型SNP数量,转换类型中A/G数量最多,而颠换类型中A/T数量最多。共筛选出298984个InDel位点。油茶转录组SSR、SNP和InDel位点数量多、类型丰富,能够为油茶分子标记开发、种质资源评价、亲缘关系鉴定等研究提供支撑。

江西不同生境五个长林系列油茶生长和产量的相关分析

【目的】旨在明确5个长林系列油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)与区域生境之间的关系,为江西省不同地区选择种植油茶品种提供理论支持。【方法】在江西东、南、西、北、中5个区域共设置了13个固定监测样地,测定并分析5个长林系列油茶在不同区域的树体生长性状、果实形态特征、果实产量、果实经济性状等指标;计算各参试性状的重复力和变异系数,并对参试性状与生境进行相关分析。【结果】5个长林品种参试性状在不同区域差异显著,株高、冠幅等生长性状整体表现为在江西南部较为迅速。长林3、长林4和长林40的果实形状区域特征差异不显著,长林18生长较差,果形指数小于1,显著低于其他4个品种。果实经济性状总体表现为江西西部比北部、东部更好,其中长林53果实横纵径、单果重、单果体积、鲜出籽率、单株产量、单位投影面积产量均表现较好。参试性状的重复力较高,均大于0.6。单位产量和单位面积产量变异系数波动范围较大(29.52%~66.06%),种仁含油率变异系数波动范围较小(8.76%~12.78%)。参试性状与年均降水和土壤PH的相关性不显著,与经度,纬度、海拔、年均温度等存在一定相关性,表现为株高和冠幅与海拔呈显著负相关,与速效钾和碱解氮呈显著正相关;地径和经度呈显著正相关;干出籽率与经度和纬度呈显著负相关。【结论】江西5个长林系列油茶从南到北树体逐渐高大,产量逐渐增加,但果实经济指标逐渐变差。长林53、长林3单株产量和单位投影面积产量较高,是丰产型树种可在全省推广,长林18可在赣东、赣西两个区域作为配栽品种少量种植。该研究为江西省不同地区选择种植油茶品种提供了理论支持。

授粉品种对油茶结实及果实主要性状的影响

为了提高油茶果实产量,以湖北省油茶4个主栽品种(‘长林53’‘鄂油102’‘华金’‘华鑫’)为试材进行授粉配置实验,统计坐果率,并测定分析主要果实性状。研究结果表明:授粉组合对各品种的坐果率、单果重、横径、籽粒重、鲜果出籽率、干果出籽率、干籽出仁率、种仁含油量有显著影响;‘长林53’ב鄂油102’组合的坐果率较高;‘长林53’ב鄂油102’、‘华金’ב鄂油102’2个组合在单果重、横径、纵径和籽粒重方面较同母本其他组合更加突出。‘华鑫’是‘华金’的优良授粉品种,‘鄂油102’是‘华鑫’与‘长林53’的优良授粉品种;‘长林53’ב鄂油102’、‘华金’ב华鑫’、‘华金’ב鄂油102’是3个性状优良的授粉组合。该研究为油茶高产栽培提供了理论参考。

鲜油茶籽贮藏过程中的微观结构及酶活特性变化

为探究鲜油茶籽在贮藏过程中的微观结构和酶活特性变化,以黔产油茶籽为试验对象,利用扫描电子显微镜跟踪鲜油茶籽在贮藏期间的微观结构,利用酶标仪测定过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脂氧合酶、脂肪酶、乙醇脱氢酶活性变化,最后进行相关性分析。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,鲜油茶籽细胞组织结构出现萎缩和坍塌,细胞内含物逐渐减少;酶的活性响应变化各不相同,多酚氧化酶及脂肪酶活性持续增高,脂氧合酶活性逐渐降低;过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶协同发挥作用,清除因活性氧代谢失衡产生的自由基进而减缓鲜油茶籽品质劣变。研究结果为油茶籽贮藏过程中的质量调控提供科学依据。

油茶中三萜皂苷及其生物活性研究进展

油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)是我国特有的木本油料作物,也是世界四大木本油料树种之一,被誉为“东方油橄榄”。油茶中主要含有三萜类、酚类、黄酮类和甾醇类等生物活性物质,其中三萜皂苷是油茶中最主要的生物活性成分,在体内、体外具有广泛的生理作用,是一种潜在的食品功能成分。油茶中三萜皂苷因皂苷母核上苷元取代基团、糖体及有机酸种类以及连接方式的不同而种类众多。由于生物合成代谢和生理活性变化,油茶中三萜皂苷的总含量受到油茶品种、植物部位、成熟度和贮藏时间等因素影响。本文综述了油茶籽、根、茎、花、叶等部位及油茶籽加工副产物果壳、饼、粕等不同来源的三萜皂苷种类和含量,分析和讨论了油茶中三萜皂苷抗癌、抗氧化、抗微生物、杀虫、溶血鱼毒、抗炎、神经保护、心血管保护、降血糖和降血脂等生物活性及其分子机制,以更好地了解油茶中三萜皂苷的潜在健康功效,为基于油茶三萜皂苷的功能食品开发和油茶资源的综合利用提供理论基础。

Quantitative analysis and screening for key genes related to tea saponin in Camellia Oleifera Abel.Seeds

Tea saponin is an important factor affecting the taste of oil-tea camellia seed oil.The content of tea saponin varied in different plant parts and different oil-tea camellia varieties.The tea saponin content was the highest in oil-tea camellia seed oil of Liping 2,3.392 mg/mL,and the lowest in that from Changlin 53,1.016 mg/mL.With increased storage time,the content of tea saponin first increased,peaked at 21 days,and then decreased.Transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify genes related to Camellia Oleifera tea saponin metabolism.A total of 8107 differentially expressed genes were identified,and these genes were classified into 49 Gene Ontology(GO)functional categories and involved 129 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)metabolic pathways.Genes highly correlated with tea saponin metabolism showed significant variation,including c96515.graph_c0(annotated as acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase,AACT),c92925.graph_c0(annotated as hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA synthase,HMGS),c95088.graph_c4,c92367.graph_c0(annotated as hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase,HMGR),c100030.graph_c3(annotated as 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase,DXS),c86734.graph_c0,c108153.graph_c1(annotated asβ-amyrin synthase),c92020.graph_c0,c105492.graph_c1,c92290.graph_c1(annotated as cytochrome P450,CYP450),c102136.graph_c0,c95951.graph_c1(annotated as UDP-Glycosyltransferase,UGT).This research provides theoretical reference for improved processing and utilization of Camellia Oleifera.

喷施茉莉酸甲酯对油茶幼苗叶片生理生化的影响

探讨喷施茉莉酸甲酯对油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)幼苗叶片生理生化的影响,以湘林27号、湘林36号、长林3号和长林4号4种贵州省天柱县主栽油茶品种的2年生嫁接苗为研究材料,采用露地栽培的方法,以6种不同浓度(0、100、300、600、1 000、1 500 μmol/L)的茉莉酸甲酯处理进行试验,测定4种油茶品种叶片中抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖等7个生理指标的变化情况。结果表明,100 μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯喷施处理有利于提高油茶幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,有效降低丙二醛含量,增加可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸的含量。

广西合浦县石湾镇油茶主要害虫种类及防治措施——以国有钦廉林场为例

油茶是世界四大油料植物之一,具有很高的经济价值。广西作为我国油茶种植传统区,随着近年来种植面积的不断扩大,油茶虫害问题也日益凸显。调查了广西国有钦廉林场种植的2种油茶的害虫种类,结果表明:害香花油茶的害虫有41种,为害岑软油茶的害虫有28种,其中,共有害虫种数15种,占害虫总数的28.3%。根据调查的害虫危害特点和发生情况,提出了相应的防治措施,为该地区油茶害虫的防治提供参考。

惠州市油茶低产林成因分析与改造技术

油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel)是中国重要的木本油料树种,具有生命周期长、抗逆性强、全身都是宝等特性,既是良好的荒山造林树种,又是高价值的粮油作物,具有较好的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。中国油茶林分中低产林面积占比较大,为了提升油茶林分质量和茶油品质,以惠州市为例,分析了油茶低产林成因,分低产老林改造和低效中幼林改造2个方向,从生长诊断、密度调整、品种改良、树体培育、水肥管理、花果调控、病虫害防控7个方面阐述了油茶低产林改造技术,旨在改善惠州市油茶低产林,促进惠州市油茶产业的高质量发展。

不同施肥方案对油茶产量和品质的影响

为探究不同施肥方案对油茶及其果实的生长及产量的影响。以都匀市国有平浪林场为试验地点,设置有机肥和复合肥2种肥料处理,0.60、0.80、1.00 kg/(株·a)3种施肥量,对不同施肥方式下油茶及其果实的生长情况和品质状况进行评估,比较了不同施肥方案对油茶及其果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:处理组B2油茶及其果实的品质和产量相对较好,其株高、冠幅、地径、产量相较于对照组分别提高了:35.58%、49.46%、56.85%、63.96%;油茶果实的单果尺寸、单果质量、鲜果含油率、种仁含油率、干出仁率、干出籽率相较于对照组分别提高了:35.51%、85.85%、33.98%、32.09%、15.97%、34.17%。试验结果可为油茶的科学施肥提供理论依据。

衡阳县油茶产业发展现状及对策

以衡阳县油茶产业为研究对象,综合运用文献调研和实地考察等方法,全面分析了近年来衡阳县油茶产业的发展历程和现状,发现目前在油茶选育种植、科技推广、加工销售、资金补贴、产业模式等各方面依然存在着一些问题和困难。针对上述问题,结合衡阳县的实际情况,进一步提出了推进油茶选育、种植和林下经济建设,加强科技推广、促进成果转化,推动精深加工、提高宣传力度,加强资金补贴和政策扶持,推进新的产业模式建设等发展对策与建议,旨在促进衡阳县油茶产业实现高质量发展。

凉山州8株野生油茶经济性状及脂肪酸组成分析

【目的】充分挖掘凉山州特异油茶资源,加快凉山州油茶良种选育进程。【方法】对凉山州8株野生油茶的果实性状、经济性状及脂肪酸组成进行测定。【结果】8株野生油茶鲜果单果质量为8.29~15.30 g,果实呈卵形或球形,果皮较薄;鲜出籽率为38.96%~45.25%,干出籽率为26.57%~29.59%,干籽出仁率为63.15%~76.49%,种仁含油率为48.87%~55.63%,鲜果含油率为9.66%~11.35%;脂肪酸以棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、顺-11-二十碳烯酸为主,不饱和脂肪酸含量在80%以上。【结论】凉山州油茶油脂含量表现较为突出,可为高油品种选育提供良好的遗传资源。DC10、DC18、DC19、DC21、YL12、HL20、HL26的整体性状特征表现较好,可作为良种培育的候选种质。