Study of Dielectric Relaxation of Insulating Oil from Lagenaria siceraria Seeds

The present work concerns the study of the dielectric relaxation of dielectric oil based on Lagenaria siceraria (calabash) seeds. Dielectric spectroscopy was used to measure the loss angle, the dielectric constant and the electrical modulus. Three relaxation processes in calabash oil were identified. It was also found that the relative permittivity decreases with increasing temperature and frequency. A study of the imaginary part of the electrical modulus was done and revealed a relaxation process at low frequencies. At higher frequencies, the dielectric relaxation is thermally activated. The increase in temperature leads to a decrease in the relaxation rate. The result obtained indicates that relaxation type is not of the Debye type in the high-frequency region. The Cole-Cole model of the imaginary part of the permittivity as a function of its real part in calabash oil for different temperatures was drawn and analyzed. It shows the existence of a negative temperature coefficient of resistance in the fluid and helps identifying a relaxation process in the conductivity of the sample studied. It highlights the presence of Debye relaxation which characterizes the presence of an abnormal dispersion of the dielectric constant over a frequency range. Calabash seed oil exhibits better dielectric constant (relative permittivity) compared to other oils.

Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of castor oil from castor seeds

This study was aimed at evaluating the physicochemical properties and oxidation stability of castor oil using microwave-assisted solvent extraction(MAE). MAE was performed using 5% ethanol in hexane as solvent at different extraction times, power intensities and solvent-to-feed(S/F, ml of solvent to gram of feed) ratios.The process parameters were optimized by statistical approach using historical data design of response surface method(RSM). The oils were characterized for yield, physicochemical properties, dielectric properties and oxidation stability, and comparison was also made with oil extracted using Soxhlet method. Results show that the maximum oil yield of 37% was obtained at 20 min with microwave power intensity of 330 W and S/F ratio of 20. The main fatty acid composition of castor oil is ricinoleic acid. The density, refractive index, dielectric properties and oxidation stability of oils are not affected by the extraction methods and extraction parameters of MAE. However, the MAE-extracted oil is more viscous compared to that by Soxhlet method. With extra caution on oil oxidation, MAE could be a promising solvent extraction method with an 86% less in processing time and a higher yield.

Physicochemical properties of lard oil and rubber seed oil blends and their comprehensive characterization

This research investigates the potential of blending complementary lard oil with rubber seed oil as feedstock for biodiesel production.Rubber seed oil,obtained through hexane extraction using the Soxhlet method,contains the major fatty acids of oleic acid(C_(18:1)),palmitic acid(C_(16:0)),linoleic acid(C_(18:2)),and stearic acid(C_(18:0)),while rubber seed oil primarily consists of linoleic acid(C_(18:2)),oleic acid(C_(18:1)),linolenic acid(C_(18:3)),palmitic acid(C_(16:0)),and stearic acid(C_(18:0)).The least acid value of lard oil(0.55 mg KOH/g)can benefit of reducing soap formation of rubber seed oil during transesterification process in biodiesel production due to its substantial-high acid value(16.28 mg KOH/g).Blending at ratios below 80:20 volume ratio produced biodiesel exceeding 85%,utilizing CaO as a catalyst.Lard oil demonstrated a higher reaction rate constant(11.88×10^(-3)min^(-1))than rubber seed oil(2.11×10^(-3)min^(-1)),indicating a significant difference in performance.High acid value and free fatty acids in rubber seed oil correlated with lower reaction rates.Maintaining a mixture ratio below 80:20 volume ratio optimized reaction rates during biodiesel production.Biodiesel obtained from blends below 80:20 volume ratio met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards,demonstrating suitability for bio-auto fuel.The drawbacks of using rubber seed oil as a raw material for biodiesel production are overcome by blending with lard oil,giving rise to expanding renewable energy options for rural communities,community enterprises,and large-scale biodiesel production.

New Process for Extracting Oil and Starch from Tea Seeds

A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..

Anti-inflammatory potential of black cumin seed oil and its nanoemulsion formulation against lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice

Objective:To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of black cumin seed oil(BCSO)and its nanoemulsion on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced liver injury in mice.Methods:LPS-induced acute liver injury mouse model was used to evaluate the effects of BCSO and its nanoemulsion formulation on liver function.Hepatic inflammatory markers including Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),interleukin(IL)-1β,heme-oxygenase 1,BAX,and BCL-2 were assessed using real-time PCR.Additionally,protein levels of reduced glutathione,tumor necrosis factor-α,and IL-6 were measured using ELISA,and histological analysis was performed.Indomethacin was used as a standard positive control for comparison.Results:BCSO reduced LPS-induced liver injury and exhibited strong anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating the expression of TLR4,IL-1β,IL-6,tumor necrosis factor-α,and heme-oxygenase 1.Additionally,BCSO demonstrated antioxidant properties by increasing reduced glutathione protein levels and decreasing key apoptotic markers BAX and BCL-2 in hepatocytes.The nanoemulsion formulation further enhanced these anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and anti-apoptotic effects,and histological examination confirmed this effect.Combining BCSO with indomethacin at a lower dose improved efficacy,thereby reducing its potential side effects.Conclusions:The investigation reveals the anti-inflammatory impact of BCSO and its nanoemulsion formulation on LPS-induced liver oxidative stress,inflammation,and apoptosis.

Optimization of Oil Extraction Conditions from Watermelon Seeds by Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions of oil from watermelon seeds. Based on single factor experiments, the material to liquid ratio, extraction time and extraction solvent exhibited the highest effects on oil extraction. The mathematical model was established according to the Box-Behnken central composite design. The optimal extraction conditions consisted of a material to liquid ratio of 1：16.3 （g/ml）, an extraction time of 45.4 min, and petroleum ether as the organic solvent. The predicted and actual yields of watermelon seed oil were 27.92% and 28.04%, respectively. The extracted oil was analyzed by GC-MS. The results revealed that watermelon seed oil contained several types of acids and esters ; the relative percentages of the components were determined by a normalization method. The main fatty acids included linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid, which accounted for 91.24% of the total components.

Synthesis and Characterization of Phenyl Camellia oleifera Seed Oil Ester Plasticizing PVC

Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and environmentally unfriendly,necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly bio-based alternatives.In this study,Camellia oleifera seed oil,a specialty resource in China,was utilized as a raw material and reacted with 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline)(AG-80)to synthesize Phenyl Camellia seed Oil Ester(PCSOE).PCSOE was employed as a plasticizer to prepare modified PVC films with varying concentrations,with the conventional plasticizer dioctyl phthalate(DOP)serving as a control.Experimental results demonstrate that PSCOE-plasticized PVC films exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity,tensile strength,and thermal stability compared to DOP-modified PVC films.The contact angle of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 66.26°to 78.48°,which is generally lower than the contact angle of DOP-modified PVC films at 78.40°,indicating improved hydrophilicity due to the modification with PCSOE.The tensile strength of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 17.73 to 20.17 MPa,all surpassing the value of 16.41 MPa for DOP-modified PVC films.Moreover,the temperatures corresponding to 5%,10%,and 50%weight loss for PVC samples modified with PCSOE are higher than those for DOP.Hence,PCSOE presents a viable alternative to DOP as a plasticizer for PVC materials.

The molecular mechanism of WRINKLED1 transcription factor regulating oil accumulation in developing seeds of castor bean

The transcription factor WRINKLED1(WRI1),a member of AP2 gene family that contain typical AP2 domains,has been considered as a master regulator regulating oil biosynthesis in oilseeds.However,the regulatory mechanism of RcWRI1 in regulating oil accumulation during seed development has not been clearly addressed.Castor bean(Ricinus communis)is one of the most important non-edible oil crops and its seed oils are rich in hydroxy fatty acids,widely applied in industry.In this study,based on castor bean reference genome,three RcWRIs genes(RcWRI1,RcWRI2 and RcWRI3)were identified and the expressed association of RcWRI1 with oil accumulation were determined.Heterologous transformation of RcWRI1 significantly increased oil content in tobacco leaf,confirming that RcWRI1 activate lipid biosynthesis pathway.Using DNA Affinity Purification sequencing(DAP-seq)technology,we confirmed RcWRI1 binding with Transcription Start Site of genes and identified 7961 WRI1-binding candidate genes.Functionally,these identified genes were mainly involved in diverse metabolism pathways(including lipid biosynthesis).Three cis-elements AW-box([CnTnG](n)7[CG])and AW-boxes like([GnAnC](n)6[GC]/[GnAnC](n)7[G])bound with RcWRI1 were identified.Co-expression network analysis of RcWRI1 further found that RcWRI1 might be widely involved in biosynthesis of storage materials during seed development.In particular,yeast one hybrid experiments found that both AP2 domains within RcWRI1 were required in binding targeted genes.These results not only provide new evidence to understand the regulatory mechanism of RcWRI1 in regulation of oil accumulation during castor bean seed development,but also give candidate gene resource for subsequent genetic improvement toward increasing oil content in oilseed crops.

Development of a KASP Marker on Chromosome A05 for Seed Oil Content of Brassica napus

In order to identify the molecular markers that can be widely used in the breeding of Brassica napus L.varieties with high seed oil content under different genetic backgrounds,we developed a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP)marker for seed oil content on the basis of the results from available studies.The verification in the F_(2) population showed that the marker was closely linked to the quantitative trait locus(QTL)for oil content on chromosome A05.The findings helped to breed the‘Fengyou’varieties with high seed oil content in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

Design and Production of Infant Flours Based on Pumpkin Pulp Enriched with Cakes Extracted from Its Seeds

The inclusion of composite flours in infant food at weaning time should be a priority for mothers. The aim of this project is to formulate infant flour based on pulp flour enriched with oilcake from these grains after extraction of the oil. To do this, the elements were combined to obtain a regulatory formulation. Micro- and macronutrients, minerals, vitamins and tasting of the prepared porridge were determined. The results obtained were satisfactory. The moisture content of the fruit pulp was determined using oven-drying techniques: 92.2%, carbohydrates 6.00%, lipids 0.3%, ash 0.80%, proteins 1.10%, calcium 19.8%, phosphorus 42.6% and iron 0.4%. Furthermore, the carbohydrate content of flours composed of 5% insertion is 62.9 g to 48.8 g per 100 g, and the protein content of compound flours with 5% insertion is 15.9 g to 28.25 g per 100 g. On the other hand, the vitamin C and E contents of fresh pulp and oilcake are 25 mg, 13 mg and 21 mg respectively. However, only copper and β-carotene from 5% to 30% insertion remain invariant to the different insertion rates, with a value of 25 mg for copper and 0 µg for β-carotene. In addition, a variation in the degree of swelling of weaning flours compared with the standard from 3.95% at 5% insertion to 3.58 at 30% insertion was observed. The solubility of flours increases on the one hand with increases in the degree of insertion of the cakes. Flour formulated so many toward basicity. But the presence of traces of oil containing fatty acids can reduce this basicity. This study may be an alternative of industrial flours in infant nutrition.

Antioxidant Enrichment of Baobab Fruit Pulp Treated with Oil Extracted from the Seeds

The effect of the application of oil from baobab seeds on the antioxidant capacity and stability of ascorbic acid in the fruit pulp at varying temperature were evaluated. Ascorbic acid analysis of the fruit pulp revealed that the concentration in the raw extract of the pulp sullied rapidly matched with the extract treated with the seed oil. Compared with the raw extracts the formulated fruit pulp presented the highest concentration of the total ascorbic acid when both samples were subjected to varying temperatures at extended time periods. The results clearly indicated the antioxidant enrichment property of the baobab seed oil. This study demonstrates the potential of oil derived from baobab seed as having antioxidant enrichment capacity and might be a potential ingredient in pharmaceutical cosmetics formulations and food preparations.

Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Oil from Perilla(Perilla frutescens L.)Seeds

In the present study the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment and the types of enzyme on oil yield were investigated.The optimum ultrasonic pretreatment parameters were found to be 250 W of ultrasonic power,30 min of ultrasonic time,and 50℃of ultrasonic temperature.Five types of enzyme,Cellulase,Viscozyme L,Alcalase 2.4L,Protex 6L,and Protex 7L,were evaluated for their effectiveness in releasing oil from ultrasonic pretreated perilla seeds.The highest oil yield of 81.74%was observed in cellulase treated perilla seed samples.The physicochemical properties of the control,hexane,and enzyme extracted perilla seed oils were compared.No significant(P>0.05)differences were observed in iodine value,refractive index,unsaponifiable matter,saponification value,peroxide value,and acid value.

Interactive effect of hot air roasting processes on the sensory property,allergenicity,and oil extraction of sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)seeds

Sesame seeds are a healthy food ingredient and an oil crop for sesame oil production;however,it has recently been recognized as an essential allergenic food by FAO/WHO.This research investigated the relationship between the hot air roasting process(at 120,150,and 180℃ for 10,20,and 30 min)and several quality attributes of sesame seeds since roasting is the key process for preparing sesame seeds for both consumption and oil production.The hot air process followed the central composite design.The changes of sesame in terms of color,sensory properties(odor,texture,color,and taste),allergenicity caused by oleosins(ses i 4 and ses i 5),as well as oil extraction and quality were monitored using a colorimeter,sensory evaluation panelists,ELISA,as well as oil yield and acid value,respectively.Roasting temperature influenced the product quality more than roasting time,although the two processing parameters significantly interacted with each other(P<0.001).Sensory evaluation indicated medium roasting generated attractive flavor,order,appearance,and crispy texture.Allergenicity was high in sesame seeds after high-temperature roasting,according to IgE binding capacity test.Sesame oil extraction was favored by high-temperature roasting,which,however,adversely affected the oil quality.The optimal roasting conditions were 150.5℃ for 15 min for optimized sesame seeds quality in terms of sensory properties and allergenicity,while roasting at 158℃ for 10 min was optimal for sesame oil production.The finding will benefit the sesame seed industry.

Synthesis of Monoglycerides with Cinnamomum Burmannii Seeds Oil and Its Application in Moisturizing Cream

Synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil and its application in moisturizing cream were studied. The results showed that the optimal transesterification conditions of synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil were as follows： the glycerol to oil molar ratio of 3 ： 1 ; NaOH catalyst dosage of 0.8% of the oil mass; reaction temperature of 180 ℃ for 3 hours; and the yield reached 62.6% . The crude product was purified by molecular distillation and the purity of the final product achieved 92.8%. Physicochemical properties of moisturizing cream prepared by using the final product can meet the requirements of China National Standard and the cosmetic product displayed good performance in application.

Simplex - Centroid Mixture Design Applied to theAqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Fatty Acid - BalancedOil from Mixed Seeds

A one-step method was developed to extract oil from a mixture of soybeans,peanuts,linseeds,and tea seeds using an aqueous enzymatic method.The proportion of the four seeds was targeted in accordance with a fatty acid ratio of 0.27(SFA,saturated fatty acid(s))∶1(MUFA,monounsaturated fatty acid(s))∶1(PUFA,polyunsaturated fatty acid(s)),and the oil extraction yield was maximized by applying the simplex-centroid mixture design method.Three models were developed for describing the relationship between the proportion of the individual seeds in the mixture,the fatty acid ratio in the extracted oil,and the oil extraction yield,respectively.The developed models were then analyzed using an ANOVA and were found to fit the data quite well,with R2 values of 0.98,0.93,and 0.93,respectively.The three models were validated experimentally.The results indicated that the ratio of fatty acids in the oil ranged between 0.98 and 1.12(MUFA∶PUFA)and between 0.26 and 0.28(SFA∶MUFA),which were quite close to the target values of 1 and 0.27,respectively.The oil extraction yield of 62.13%was slightly higher than the predicted value(60.32%).

Functional evaluation for effective compositions in seed oil of Korean pine

The effect of seed oil of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) on the rats' blood-fat and its anti-ageing function was stud-ied for appraising the efficacy of the seed oil of Korean pine. Sixty experimental rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (half males and half females in each group) as normal control group, high fat diet control group, and three groups (Group 1 Group 2, Group 3) that were fed with feedstuff with the contents of the seed oil of 2.0g/(kgd-1), 4.0g/(kgd-1) and 8.0g/(kgd-1), respec-tively. The indexes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and anti-oxidation capacity (AOC) were measured by Reagent Kit method. It was found that the seed oil of the Korean pine could reduce the content of triglyc-eride and improve SOD as well as GSH-PX activity in serum. These indexes of the rats in Group 2 fed with Korean pine seed oil of 4.0 g/(kgd-1) reached the significant level and those of rats in Group 3 fed with the seed oil of 8.0 g/(kgd-1) reached the extremely significant level. The results indicated the seed oil of Korean pine had function of regulating the level of blood-fat and anti-ageing.

Evaluation of Seed Oil Content in Cucumber Germplasm

With 35 different ecological types of cucumber germplasm resources as test materials, the soxhlet extraction was used to extract the crude fat from the cu- cumber seeds to analyze the seed oil content, with the aim to lay foundations for the application and new variety breeding related with cucumber seed oil. The results showed that there were significant differences in seed oil content between different cucumber varieties with the amplitude of variation rangeing from 31.03% to 40.59%, among which the seed oil content of south China cucumber was the highest of 40.59%, while the seed oil content of north China cucumber was the lowest of 31.03%. Four va.rieties with oil content of greater than 38.50% and four varieties with oil content of less than 32.01% werescreened out.

Effects of Exogenous Vc on Seed Germination and Physiological Properties of Oil Sunflower(Helianthus annuus) under Salt Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to provide the theoretical and technical basis for alleviating salt damages in production practice of oil sunflower （Helianthus annuus）. [Method] Seeds of oil sunflower were used as experimental materials and treated with 120 mmol/L NaCI solution and 0-200 mg/L Vc solution during the germina- tion process, to investigate the effects of exogenous Vc on seed germination and physiological properties of oil sunflower under salt stress. [Result] Under salt stress, with the increase of Vc concentration, germination potential and germination rate of oil sunflower seeds, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） activities and proline （Pro） content of oil sunflower seedlings increased first and then declined, which reached the maixmum in 80 mg/L Vc treatment, 120 mg/L Vc treatment and 80 mg/L Vc treatment, respectively; malondialdehyde （MDA） content of oil sunflower seedlings declined first and then increased, which reached the minimum in 160 mg/L Vc treatment. [Conclusion] To varying degrees, Vc could improve germination potential and germination rate of oil sunflower seeds and promote seedling growth under salt stress, thus alleviating the damages of salt stress to seed germination and seedling growth of oil sunflower.

Extraction of Perilla Seed Oil Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and GC-MS Analysis

[Objective] This study was aimed to determine the optimal parameters for the extraction of perilla seed oil to obtain high-quality perilla seed oil and analyze its compositions. [Method] In this study, perilla seed oil was extracted using supercritical CO2 （SC-CO2）. The effects of extraction time, temperature and pressure were investigated by single-factor experiments and orthogonal array testing （ORT）. The chemical compositions of extracted perilla seed oil were investigated by GC-MS. [Result] The optimal conditions for the extraction of perilla seed oil using SC-CO2 were extraction time of 4 h, extraction temperature at 40 ℃, and extraction pressure at 23 MPa. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of perilla seed oil was maximized to 12.43%. GC-MS analysis revealed that perilla seed oil was a complex mixture containing 76.183% α-linolenic acid. [Conclusion] Supercritical CO2 extraction was proven to be an effective technology to extract oil from perilla seed, and GCMS was also a satisfactory method for analyzing the compositions of perilla seed oil.

Ultrasound-associated extraction of seed oil of Korean pine

Experiment on ultrasound- associated extraction of seed oil of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) was conducted in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. The factorsaffecting extraction yield, such as ultrasonic frequency, extracting temperature, extracting timeand the ratio of material to liquid (ratio of Korean pine seed to absolute alcohol), were analyzedunder specific condition and the optimal extracting parameters were obtained as the ultrasonicfrequency 32 000 Hz, the extracting temperature 80 ℃, the extracting time 50 min, and the ratio ofmaterial to liquid 1: 30. The study demonstrates that ultrasound is a reliable and great efficiencytool for the fast extraction of Korean pine seed oil.