Design and Experimental Research on Seedling Pick-Up Mechanism of Planetary Gear Train with Combined Non-circular Gear Transmission

Currently, transplanting mechanisms for dryland plug seedlings in China are mainly semiautomatic and have low efficiency. The rotary seedling pick-up mechanism with a planetary gear train for non-uniform intermittent transmission, and a concave and convex locking arc device, has a large rigid impact. To solve these problems, according to the design requirements for a dryland plug seedling transplanting mechanism, a rotary seedling pick-up mechanism of a planetary gear train with combined non-circular gear transmission of incomplete eccentric circular and noncircular gears was proposed. This has the characteristics of two-times greater fluctuation of the transmission ratio in a cycle, and can achieve a non-uniform continuous drive. Through analysis of the working principle of the seedling pick-up mechanism, its kinematics model was established. The human–computer interaction optimization method and self-developed computer-aided analysis and optimization software were used to obtain a set of parameters that satisfy the operation requirements of the seedling pick-up mechanism. According to the optimized parameters, the structure of the seedling pick-up mechanism was designed, a virtual prototype of the mechanism was created, and a physical prototype was manufactured. A virtual motion simulation of the mechanism was performed, high-speed photographic kinematics tests were conducted, and the kinematic properties of the physical prototype were investigated, whereby the correctness of the theoretical model and the optimized design of the mechanism were verified. Further, laboratory seedling pick-up tests were conducted. The success ratio of seedling pick-up was 93.8% when the seedling pick-up efficiency of the mechanism was 60 plants per minute per row, indicating that the mechanism has a high efficiency and success ratio for seedling pick-up and can be applied to a dryland plug seedling transplanter.

Design of Vegetable Pot Seedling Pick‑up Mechanism with Planetary Gear Train

It has been challenging to design seedling pick-up mechanism based on given key points and trajectories,because it involves dimensional synthesis and rod length optimization.In this paper,the dimensional synthesis of seedling pickup mechanism with planetary gear train was studied based on the data of given key points and the trajectory of the endpoint of seedling pick-up mechanism.Given the positions and orientations requirements of the five key points,the study first conducted a dimensional synthesis of the linkage size and center of rotation.The next steps were to select a reasonable solution and optimize the data values based on the ideal seedling trajectory.The link motion was driven by the planetary gear train of the two-stage gear.Four pitch curves of noncircular gears were obtained by calculating and distributing the transmission ratio according to the data.For the pitch curve with two convex points,the tooth profile design method of incomplete noncircular gear was applied.The seedling pick-up mechanism was tested by a virtual prototype and a physical prototype designed with the obtained parameter values.The results were consistent with the theoretical design requirements,confirming that the mechanism meets the expected requirements for picking seedlings up.This paper presents a new design method of vegetable pot seedling pick-up mechanism for an automatic vegetable transplanter.

Design and experiment of the side insertion horizontal transplanting device for sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas Lam.)seedlings on mulch film

Side insertion horizontal transplanting sweet potato seedlings on mulch film is one kind of new planter pattern,which keeps the soil warm and moist restraining the infestation of pests and weeds,realizing dense transplanting and ensuring uniformity of sweet potato sizes.Therefore,a side insertion horizontal transplanting device for sweet potato seedlings on mulch film was designed,including the details and parameters of the reciprocating mechanism and the seedling clamping mechanism.Both the two mechanisms and the whole device were simulated and the test bench was built for field experiments to detect if this device can meet the agronomic requirements.The simulation results show that the designed device is in accordance with the agronomic requirements of horizontal transplanting,transplanting depth and transplanting length,and is potential for achieving rational close planting.The lateral length of the designed transplanting device is extended at about 90 mm compared with previous machine,which will promote the number of soil nodules of sweet potato seedlings and the growth of production enormously.The horizontal velocity of the transplanting claw is−17 mm/s when picking the seedling,the horizontal velocity of the transplanting claw 645 mm/s and the vertical velocity 83 mm/s when releasing the seedling.These data could ensure the accuracy requirements of horizontal transplanting trajectory.The field experiment results show the expulsion rate of sweet potato seedlings at 1.38%,the qualified rate of transplanting length and depth at 94.17%and 95.11%respectively,the average length and width of the mulch film breaking hole at 44.67 mm and 43.00 mm in several.The postures of the actual transplanted seedlings are consistent with the simulation results,meeting the requirements of horizontal transplanting with less damage to the mulch film.The designed transplanting device lays a foundation for the development of sweet potato seedlings side transplanting machine.

蔬菜泡沫育苗盘多适应性自动叠盘装置设计与试验

为了提高蔬菜育苗流水线育苗盘转运效率,针对人工取盘叠放存在的劳动强度大和整齐度偏低的问题,设计了一款针对蔬菜漂浮育苗的多适应性自动叠盘装置。该装置由机架、育苗盘输送机构、育苗盘叠盘机构和控制系统组成,装置以200Smart PLC为控制核心,利用主副传送带实现育苗盘的输送,并结合光电传感器实现育苗盘的定位,可以完成不同尺寸泡沫育苗盘的自动叠盘,设计的水平调节单元和减振单元可实现育苗盘在叠盘机构上的水平位置调节并降低叠盘过程的振动冲击。试验结果表明,育苗流水线播种环节在生产率450盘/h下,自动叠盘装置在减振弹簧线径为1.5 mm、主副传送带速度差为0.1 m/s以及电缸升降速度为0.13 m/s时,200孔穴育苗盘叠盘效果最佳,叠盘成功率为100%,叠盘错位差方差为2.32 mm^(2),同时振动检测试验中育苗盘X轴、Y轴、Z轴方向的振幅均未超过0.8 mm,更换135、160孔穴的泡沫育苗盘进行试验,叠盘成功率均为100%,叠盘错位差方差分别为3.94 mm^(2)和5.98 mm^(2),说明该装置满足多适应性的要求。在此最优作业参数下,将育苗流水线播种环节生产率提升至900盘/h时,育苗盘最大振幅为0.709 mm,振幅无明显变化,说明该装置作业稳定性较好。该研究结果可为播种流水线叠盘装置提高叠盘效果和降低叠盘振动等研究提供参考。

钵苗移栽机取苗装置的设计与试验

设计了一种钵苗移栽机取苗装置,并对夹苗和松苗两种状态下的末端执行器进行运动仿真,从而选择合适行程的气缸或推杆作为原动件。选用凸轮机构用于顶苗,根据凸轮各阶段工作规律设计出合理的轮廓线,利用仿真验证出满足设计要求。试验结果表明:设计的取苗装置未取出率平均值为8.22%,取苗成功率平均值为91.78%,达到了设计目标。

2BP-2000型水稻育秧播种机分盘装置研制

针对现有育秧播种机分盘装置生产效率较低、高速作业时易出现卡盘和秧盘输送不连续等问题,该研究设计了一种生产效率不低于2000盘/h的机械气动式自动分盘装置,可快速、准确完成分盘和供盘,适配2BP-2000型水稻育秧播种机高速播种。阐述了分盘装置的基本结构和工作原理,开展分盘、接盘过程分析,确定装置稳定分盘、接盘作业的关键机构与工作参数。分盘稳定性试验结果表明,生产率为1600~2000盘/h时,分盘稳定性不低于98.67%。开展以层叠秧盘数、生产率和秧盘质量为试验因素,以接盘成功率为试验指标的三因素三水平正交旋转组合试验,得到影响接盘成功率的因素主次关系为生产率、层叠秧盘数、秧盘质量,其中生产率、层叠秧盘数对接盘成功率影响显著(P<0.05),秧盘质量对接盘成功率影响不显著(P≥0.05),表明分盘装置对不同质量的秧盘适应性较好,其最优参数组合为:生产率2000盘/h、层叠秧盘数6盘/层、秧盘质量750 g/盘,该条件下分盘装置的接盘成功率均值为98.43%,与预测值仅相差0.29个百分点。研究结果对提高水稻硬盘育秧播种机械化水平具有实用价值。

温室穴盘育苗劣质钵苗螺旋式剔除机构设计与试验

在温室穴盘育苗过程中,有5%~20%的穴孔存在漏播、发育不良等现象,为提高穴盘利用率,保证成品苗质量,需要将这些劣苗基质块干净剔除并及时补充健康钵苗。常见的剔除末端主要有指铲式、气吸式,但存在指铲式剔苗方式易造成钵体松散破碎难以抓取、气吸式剔苗在高含水率下剔净率低等问题,为此本文设计了一种螺旋式劣苗剔除装置。该装置使用输送带移动穴盘,升降模组带动横移模块进行升降,横移模块上安装两个剔苗末端执行器,剔苗末端执行器使用螺旋叶片对基质进行破碎,通过螺旋输送和负压吸附的方式将穴孔中的基质破碎并输送到顶部蓄土槽中,升降时自动转移到排土槽中。以200孔带基质穴盘为研究对象,对螺旋叶片的升土方式进行理论分析,确定相关设计参数,并对螺旋式劣苗剔除装置进行路径规划。搭建螺旋式劣苗剔除装置,开展螺旋式基质剔除四因素三水平正交试验,结果表明,试验因素的影响由大到小为凹口切角、螺距、转速、升降速度,确定最优参数为:螺距16 mm、凹口切角10°、转速2500 r/min、升降速度10 mm/s。在最优参数组合下进行性能验证试验,结果表明,剔苗机构作业效率平均为832孔/h(约42盘/h),基质平均剔净率在83%以上,满足剔补苗作业需求。

菌草穴盘苗取投苗装置设计与试验分析

目前菌草穴盘苗移栽过程中缺乏自动取投苗装置,通过分析取投苗装置的工作原理,建立运动学模型并优化结构参数,研发一种六杆式取投苗装置。根据菌草穴盘苗钵体的抗压力学特性、取投苗装置的基本约束与空间约束,优化分析得到各杆件的结构参数,建立虚拟样机得到仿真轨迹和运动学参数。进一步研制样机,结合高速摄像技术获取取投苗装置的实际运动轨迹,对比两种轨迹的一致程度,验证装置设计的合理性。以取投“绿洲一号”菌草穴盘苗为例,将主动杆转速、送苗装置倾斜角以及钵体含水率作为试验因素,取苗成功率、投苗成功率作为响应指标,开展三因素三水平正交试验。试验结果表明,在主动杆转速为30 r/min、钵体含水率为60%、送苗装置倾斜角为50°时,取投苗的效果最优。重复试验表明,在最优因素水平下,取苗成功率与投苗成功率分别为95.31%和93.4%。

辣椒机械式自动精量排种器设计与试验

辣椒漂浮育苗具有占地面积小、育苗周期短和椒苗品质好的优点,播种环节要求一穴一粒精量播种,通常采用人工点播,存在劳动强度大和播种效率低的问题。针对以上问题,该研究以磁力回位型排种器为基础,设计了一种适于辣椒漂浮育苗的机械式自动精量排种器,并对关键机构进行设计,通过单因素试验获得曲柄直径、曲柄电机工作转速和种量的较优区间,以单粒合格指数、重播指数和漏播指数为指标进行三因素三水平正交试验,建立回归模型,并进行参数优化。试验结果表明,在排种器旋转倾角30°、旋转电机角速度0.07 rad/s(即生产率240盘/h),曲柄直径为30 mm、曲柄电机转速为230 r/min、种量为4千粒时,排种器的播种效果较好,单粒合格指数为91.04%,重播指数为5.21%,漏播指数为3.75%,相比于人工操作磁力回位型排种器,单粒合格指数提升了5.81个百分点,重播指数降低了6.45个百分点,满足辣椒漂浮育苗的播种要求,可为辣椒育苗轻简化生产和小籽粒种子的机械式精量排种器研究提供参考。

水稻硬质育秧盘全自动起盘机提升与叠盘装置研究

针对现有叠盘暗室育秧模式下全自动起盘机存在起盘合格率和工作稳定性下降,输送阶段易造成秧苗、秧盘损伤等问题,改进设计一种具有轴向辅助推送秧盘功能的钩杆式提升装置,并构建仿真试验平台确定影响其工作性能的主要参数及取值范围;确定关键部件循环叠盘装置的结构参数,建立多情形目标评价结果函数,并通过Matlab插值法对评价指标进行标准化;采用二次旋转正交组合试验,以托盘间距、横向输送速度、抬起角为试验因素,起盘合格率、叶损伤率、硬盘损伤率和伤秧数为性能评价指标,对试验结果进行响应曲面分析、回归分析。应用Design-Expert 11进行多目标参数组合优化。在托盘间距为190 mm、横向输送速度为0.20 m/s、抬起角为72°的条件下,田间验证试验得到起盘合格率为97.5%,叶损伤率为0.52%,硬盘损伤率0.45%,伤秧数为9,与理论优化值误差小于1%,比优化前合格率提升5.6个百分点,叶损伤率降低3.5个百分点,减少秧苗损伤,硬盘损伤率降低3.8个百分点。

烟草钵苗双盘对称交错式自动取苗装置设计与试验

为解决烟草半移栽作业用工量大、效益低等问题,设计一种对称交错式自动取苗装置。首先,阐述该自动取苗装置对两盘钵苗进行交错式取苗的原理,建立取投苗作业过程中的动力学和运动学模型。然后,对送盘装置、取投苗装置和自动控制系统等取苗装置关键部件进行结构设计,分析关键部件的作业过程,结合实际需求完成关键元器件的选型。最后,在已有移栽机动力底盘的基础上试制2ZY-1型烟草移栽机样机,以60天苗龄的烟草钵苗为作业对象进行田间取投苗性能试验。试验结果表明,在自动取投苗速度为20株/min时,取苗成功率为89.63%,投苗成功率为97.20%,伤苗率为3.59%。

基于EDEM仿真的机械式辣椒精量排种装置设计与试验

针对辣椒漂浮育苗中,人工点播存在的劳动强度大、播种效率低和劳动成本高等问题,在磁力回位型排种器的基础上,提出一种适配辣椒漂浮育苗的机械式辣椒精量排种装置,使用SOLIDWORKS等软件对关键结构进行设计和运动分析,并利用EDEM仿真软件对排种装置进行仿真。选取曲柄电机转速、种量和曲柄直径为影响因子,单粒率、重播率和漏播率为评价指标,进行基于Box-Behnken设计的响应曲面法试验,并对试验结果进行分析,采用权重结合隶属度计算综合得分对排种装置的参数组合进行评价,得到排种装置的最优的参数组合为:曲柄电机工作转速260 r·min^(-1),种量4 000粒,曲柄直径28 mm。样机试验播种单粒率、重播率和漏播率分别为91.46%、7.29%和1.25%,满足辣椒漂浮育苗生产技术要求。

单针振动气力式辣椒精量排种器设计与试验

【目的】育苗移栽是辣椒种植普遍采用的方式,针对辣椒穴盘育苗播种环节存在的漏播现象,设计了一种用于漏播补种的单针振动气力式辣椒精量排种器,用于对穴盘中的空穴进行补种,从而提高生产效率。【方法】以“兴蔬皱辣2号”辣椒种子为研究对象,结合种子物理特性测定,对排种器振动供种机构、直线携种机构和控制系统进行分析和设计,并搭建了试验台。以种箱振动频率、气吸针真空度和气吸针直径为试验因素,以排种单粒率为试验评价指标,进行排种器单因素试验,确定种箱振动频率、气吸针真空度和气吸针直径具体取值范围分别为77~89 Hz、15~35 kPa和0.6~0.8 mm。在此基础上进行响应面试验,运用Design-Expert软件对试验数据进行方差分析、响应曲面分析和试验因素优化求解。【结果】确定了排种单粒率影响因素由大到小为气吸针真空度、气吸针直径和种箱振动频率,得出排种器最优作业参数为气吸针真空度27 kPa、气吸嘴直径0.7 mm、种箱振动频率85 Hz,样机试验排种单粒率为98.25%。【结论】该单针振动气力式辣椒精量排种器工作稳定,排种单粒率高,满足辣椒精量播种作业要求。

大棚用蔬菜移苗栽种一体机设计

蔬菜钵苗自动化移栽技术可以解放生产力,提高效率,进而获得更大的经济收益。为适应我国新疆区域大棚蔬菜种植的情况,文中提出了一种钵苗移栽装置原型机方案。整机采用X-Y横纵向移动机构实现带动仿手指形夹板有效运动从而完成夹取苗过程,并采用杠杆原理设计双鸭嘴式定点竖直打孔下苗结构。该装置实现了取苗、打孔和栽苗的一体化操作,集成度较高。

基于PLC的蔬菜移栽机器人输送装置电气控制系统

以蔬菜移栽机器人为研究对象,以准确移栽蔬菜秧苗为目的,采用PLC控制技术设计了一套蔬菜移栽机器人喂苗装置电气控制系统。试验结果表明:蔬菜移栽机器人喂苗装置正确移栽率在96%以上,运行精度满足移栽机定位要求,能够实现蔬菜的无损移栽。

水稻有序抛秧装置研究现状与发展趋势

水稻是人类重要的粮食作物,是我国第一大农作物。目前,我国水稻有序种植机械化水平远远落后水稻整体机械化发展水平,严重制约着水稻经济发展。该文对水稻有序抛秧的农艺要求,国内外水稻有序抛秧装置的发展现状进行了介绍,针对水稻有序抛秧过程中存在的问题,提出一种气吹式抛秧装置,采用气吹辅助抛秧的方案,为后续研究工作提供铺垫。

辣椒苗夹茎式双排自动取投苗装置设计与试验

为提高设施蔬菜生产机械化率,设计了一种双排夹茎式取投苗装置。利用两个对置移栽臂上的双排夹取爪实现辣椒苗循环取投苗作业,PLC控制系统保证取投苗装置有序平稳运转。夹取爪核心部件由软性材料和弹簧钢片紧贴构成,其精确定位由水平和竖直运动机构实现。分析软性材料厚度、辣椒苗苗龄、夹取爪气缸压力对取苗失败率、运苗失败率和投苗失败率的影响规律,以取投成功率为优化目标进行正交试验,确定双排自动取投苗装置的最佳工作参数。试验结果表明:当软性材料厚度为10 mm、辣椒苗苗龄为51 d、夹取爪气缸压力为0.40 MPa时,平均取投成功率达到94.6%,基本满足蔬菜移栽作业的技术要求。

电驱式单行水稻育秧盘摆盘覆土机设计与试验

为实现水稻育秧棚内机械化,针对现有育秧模式中秧盘摆放与底表土铺覆环节劳动强度大、生产效率低、作业时间长,以及现有秧盘摆放装置大多不适用于塑料软盘等问题,结合水稻育秧农艺要求,设计了一种电驱式单行水稻育秧盘摆盘覆土一体机。阐述了整机结构与摆盘覆土的基本原理,对覆土皮带与横向导轨进行了仿真分析,并验证了设计的合理性。以覆土量均匀性变异系数、覆土表面平整度、秧盘纵向整齐度和秧盘横向整齐度为试验指标进行田间试验,结果表明:电驱式单行水稻育秧盘摆盘覆土机作业效果较好,覆土量均匀性变异系数<3%,覆土表面平整度<2 mm,秧盘纵向横向整齐度均≤2 mm,满足水稻育秧农艺要求和水稻工厂化技术要求中对秧盘摆放与覆土的技术规范要求。

Reverse design and tests of vegetable plug seedling pick-up mechanism of planetary gear train with non-circular gears

In the previous research,the seedling pick-up mechanism of the planetary gear train with incomplete eccentric circular gear and non-circular gears for vegetable plug seedlings still has two shortcomings.One is that not enough seedling pick-up depth leads to a low success ratio of seedling pick-up at high rotation speeds,the other is that the smaller seedling pushing angle results in poor seedling pushing effect.Therefore,the reverse design of the seedling pick-up mechanism based on its motion trajectory was carried out.The local trajectory of seedling pick-up and seedling pushing sections was adjusted to obtain the theoretical motion trajectory of the seedling pick-up mechanism.The cubic non-uniform B-spline curve was used to fit the adjusted trajectory.A novel seedling pick-up mechanism of the planetary gear train with non-circular gears was proposed,including three combined non-circular gears,four non-circular gears,one planetary carrier,and two seedling pick-up arms.The reverse design model of the mechanism was established.The analysis and design software of the mechanism was developed to obtain the mechanism parameters meeting design requirements.The virtual prototype of the mechanism was established and its physical prototype was manufactured.Through the virtual motion simulation and high-speed photographic kinematics bench tests of the mechanism,the kinematic model and results of reverse design of the mechanism were verified,with the kinematic performances of the mechanism prototype studied.The seedling pick-up tests of the mechanism were conducted in the laboratory.The success ratios of seedling pick-up were 94.2%,95.6% and 90.2% while the seedling pick-up efficiencies of the mechanism were 60,80 and 100 plants per minute per row,respectively.Besides,the seedling pushing effect was improved mush because of the greater seedling pushing angle.The seedling pick-up mechanism through revise design is of high value to be applied in the practical vegetable plug seedling transplanters.

丘陵山区电动井窖式烟草移栽机设计与试验

结合烟草小苗移栽农艺要求,设计了一种适用于丘陵山区的电动井窖式烟草移栽机,整机具备机械化井窖成穴、投苗和浇水等小苗移栽作业功能。在完成移栽机挖穴装置、投苗装置和浇水装置等关键零部件模块化设计和组装后进行田间试验。试验结果表明,井窖式烟草移栽机作业效率0.402 hm2/d,井窖成穴合格率>90.8%,移栽作业合格率>87.7%,满足丘陵山区烟草井窖式移栽作业要求,为丘陵山区烟草小苗井窖式移栽技术的推广应用提供装备支撑。