Study on a Bowl-based Mechanism for Transplanting Potted Strawberry Seedlings

To improve the efficiency of fetching and transplanting seedlings for the mechanization of strawberry planting,an integrated transplanting mechanism was designed with protruding,fetching and planting performance to achieve rapid fetching and pushing bowl movements.According to the working principle of the slewing mechanism,a kinematics model and the optimization goal were established,respectively.Based on visual auxiliary analysis software,optimal parameters were obtained.A three-dimensional model was established to obtain a simulation trajectory by means of a virtual simulation design analysis.Three-dimensional printing technology was used to manufacture the test prototype,and the actual working trajectories of the test prototype were extracted using high-speed photography technology,which verified the consistency of the actual trajectory with the theoretical and simulated trajectories.A prototype transplanting experiment was performed with the success rate of seedling extraction of 91.2%and excellent planting rate of 82.8%,which met the requirements for integrated strawberry harvesting,planting and transplanting.The experimental results verified the correctness and feasibility of the design of integrated transplanting mechanism.

Effects of site preparation methods on soil physical properties and outplanting success of coniferous seedlings in boreal forests

This study assessed the effect of patch scarification and mounding on the physical properties of the root layer and the success of tree planting in various types of forests.This study was conducted on 12 forest sites in taiga forests of the European part of Russia.A total of 54 plots were set up to assess seedling survival;root collar diameter,height,and heigh increment were measured for 240 seedlings to assess growth.In the rooting layer,240 soil samples were taken to determine physical properties.The study showed that soil treatment methods had no effect on bulk density and total porosity in Cladina sites.However,reduced soil moisture was noted,particularly in mounds,resulting in increased aeration.In Myrtillus sites,there were increased bulk density,reduced soil moisture,and total porosity in the mounds.Mounding treatment in Polytrichum sites resulted in reduced soil moisture and increased aeration porosity.In the Myrtillus and Polytrichum sites,patch scarification had no effects on physical properties.In Polytrichum sites,survival rates,heights,and heigh increments of bareroot Norway spruce seedlings in mounds were higher than in patches;however,the same did not apply to diameter.In Cladina and Myrtillus sites,there was no difference in growth for bareroot and containerised seedlings with different soil treatments.Growing conditions and soil types should be considered when applying different soil treatment methods to ensure high survival rates and successful seedling growth.

Design and Experimental Research on Seedling Pick-Up Mechanism of Planetary Gear Train with Combined Non-circular Gear Transmission

Currently, transplanting mechanisms for dryland plug seedlings in China are mainly semiautomatic and have low efficiency. The rotary seedling pick-up mechanism with a planetary gear train for non-uniform intermittent transmission, and a concave and convex locking arc device, has a large rigid impact. To solve these problems, according to the design requirements for a dryland plug seedling transplanting mechanism, a rotary seedling pick-up mechanism of a planetary gear train with combined non-circular gear transmission of incomplete eccentric circular and noncircular gears was proposed. This has the characteristics of two-times greater fluctuation of the transmission ratio in a cycle, and can achieve a non-uniform continuous drive. Through analysis of the working principle of the seedling pick-up mechanism, its kinematics model was established. The human–computer interaction optimization method and self-developed computer-aided analysis and optimization software were used to obtain a set of parameters that satisfy the operation requirements of the seedling pick-up mechanism. According to the optimized parameters, the structure of the seedling pick-up mechanism was designed, a virtual prototype of the mechanism was created, and a physical prototype was manufactured. A virtual motion simulation of the mechanism was performed, high-speed photographic kinematics tests were conducted, and the kinematic properties of the physical prototype were investigated, whereby the correctness of the theoretical model and the optimized design of the mechanism were verified. Further, laboratory seedling pick-up tests were conducted. The success ratio of seedling pick-up was 93.8% when the seedling pick-up efficiency of the mechanism was 60 plants per minute per row, indicating that the mechanism has a high efficiency and success ratio for seedling pick-up and can be applied to a dryland plug seedling transplanter.

Outdoor Domestication Cultivation and Survival Mechanism for Tissue Culture Seedlings of Paeonia suffruticosa

In order to reveal the differences between different peony varieties and facilities,thousands of tissue culture seedlings of 21 Itoh peony varieties imported from abroad were used as test materials,and the peony domestication cultivation method used in the past was used as a control. The technical measures and mechanisms for the outdoor domestication of seedlings and the survival of field transplantation were studied. The results indicate that the main factors and measures for effectively protecting the outdoor transplanting of tissue culture seedlings include cultivating sound and strong seedlings,transplanting in proper period of spring,and providing good ventilating places and facilities,removing leaves,keeping buds and releasing dormancy before transplantation,planting depth should meet the requirement of exposing to the root neck,changing the pots according to the size of seedlings,the substrate should be loose and permeable,seriously disinfected and sterilized,scientific management,and prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. In addition,the survival mechanism was also analyzed,and the reasons and countermeasures for the successful application of peony tissue culture in China were found. Finally,the differences in survival rates between different varieties and facilities were summarized.

Design of Vegetable Pot Seedling Pick‑up Mechanism with Planetary Gear Train

It has been challenging to design seedling pick-up mechanism based on given key points and trajectories,because it involves dimensional synthesis and rod length optimization.In this paper,the dimensional synthesis of seedling pickup mechanism with planetary gear train was studied based on the data of given key points and the trajectory of the endpoint of seedling pick-up mechanism.Given the positions and orientations requirements of the five key points,the study first conducted a dimensional synthesis of the linkage size and center of rotation.The next steps were to select a reasonable solution and optimize the data values based on the ideal seedling trajectory.The link motion was driven by the planetary gear train of the two-stage gear.Four pitch curves of noncircular gears were obtained by calculating and distributing the transmission ratio according to the data.For the pitch curve with two convex points,the tooth profile design method of incomplete noncircular gear was applied.The seedling pick-up mechanism was tested by a virtual prototype and a physical prototype designed with the obtained parameter values.The results were consistent with the theoretical design requirements,confirming that the mechanism meets the expected requirements for picking seedlings up.This paper presents a new design method of vegetable pot seedling pick-up mechanism for an automatic vegetable transplanter.

Improvement of Pick-up Mechanism for Composite Particle Emissions

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Effects of Farming and Seedling-raising Methods on Population Growth and Grain Yield of Mechanized Transplanting Rice

The effects of farming method, rice variety and seedling-raising method were studied on the population growth quality and grain yield of the mechanized transplanting rice by way of three-factor split plot design. The results showed that the no-tillage mechanical transplanting treatment was poorer than the conventional mechanical transplanting treatment in transplanting quality in general, but the former was similar to the latter in population growth quality. In regard to grain yield, the no-tillage mechanical transplanting treatment was lower than the conventional me- chanical transplanting treatment. Raising both pot-mat seedling and plastic-tray seedling did not make much difference in population growth and grain yield of mechanized transplanting rice, so both of the seedling-raising methods can be adopted according to practical conditions.

Effect of Seedling Raising Methods on Leaf Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Mechanically-transplanted Japonica Rice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seedling raising modes on photosynthetic charactedsticsand grain yield under wheat straw returning. Four representative cultivars in Huaibei area were selected as test materials. By setting potted seedlings and carpet seedlings, the effects of different nursery meth- ods on the photosynthesis of rice at different growth stages in Huaibei area were investigated. Compared with carpet seedlings, the leaf area index of potted seedlings decreased at the maturation stage, but the dry weight of leaf shewed no significant difference.The SPAD of potted seedlings had an increasing trend after transplanting, but the SPAD increased differently according to cultivars. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the leaves of pot seeding rice were significantly higher than those of carpet seedling rice on the 85^th d after transplanting. However, theintracellular CO2 concentration and water use efficiency of leaves had no significant differences between different ＇treatments. The results indicate that the photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves of pot seedling rice is stronger in early and middle stages, but the decay rate of photosynthetic function is slightly faster than carpet seedling rice, which might be the main reason for the rice yield of potted seedlings having no remarkable difference from carpet seedlings.

Design and experimental research on the sweet potato seedling transplanting mechanism of the planetary gear train with deformed elliptical gear transmission

Aiming at the lack of suitable machines for sweet potato seedling transplanting in China,and according to the agronomic requirements for the horizontal insertion method of sweet potato seedling,a new sweet potato seedling transplanting mechanism of planetary gear train was proposed based on the non-uniform transmission of deformed elliptical gear.The working principle of the transplanting mechanism was analyzed,and the kinematics modeling and analysis of the mechanism were carried out.The study established the numerical objectives of the transplanting mechanism and applied the theory of membership function to establish a mathematical model for the parameter-guided optimization design of the transplanting mechanism.The parameter-guided optimization design software was developed to obtain a set of optimal mechanism parameters that satisfied the motion trajectory of sweet potato transplanting and the posture of the transplanting arm.Based on the optimized parameters,the structure of the transplanting mechanism was designed,and a virtual prototype of the mechanism was created,whereby a virtual motion simulation of the transplanting mechanism was conducted to verify the correctness of the kinematics model and design of the mechanism.The high-speed photographic kinematics test of the mechanism prototype and sweet potato seedling transplanting tests were conducted to test the mechanism’s kinematic characteristics and transplanting performance.The test results show that the test trajectory of the mechanism and test posture of the transplanting arm are almost consistent with the theoretical and simulation trajectory,meeting the agronomic requirements of the horizontal insertion method of sweet potato seedling;And when the rotary speed of the mechanism are 20 r/min and 30 r/min,the average success ratios of sweet potato seedlings transplanting are 90%and 82%,respectively,which prove the application feasibility of the mechanism in the practical machines.

Reverse design and tests of vegetable plug seedling pick-up mechanism of planetary gear train with non-circular gears

In the previous research,the seedling pick-up mechanism of the planetary gear train with incomplete eccentric circular gear and non-circular gears for vegetable plug seedlings still has two shortcomings.One is that not enough seedling pick-up depth leads to a low success ratio of seedling pick-up at high rotation speeds,the other is that the smaller seedling pushing angle results in poor seedling pushing effect.Therefore,the reverse design of the seedling pick-up mechanism based on its motion trajectory was carried out.The local trajectory of seedling pick-up and seedling pushing sections was adjusted to obtain the theoretical motion trajectory of the seedling pick-up mechanism.The cubic non-uniform B-spline curve was used to fit the adjusted trajectory.A novel seedling pick-up mechanism of the planetary gear train with non-circular gears was proposed,including three combined non-circular gears,four non-circular gears,one planetary carrier,and two seedling pick-up arms.The reverse design model of the mechanism was established.The analysis and design software of the mechanism was developed to obtain the mechanism parameters meeting design requirements.The virtual prototype of the mechanism was established and its physical prototype was manufactured.Through the virtual motion simulation and high-speed photographic kinematics bench tests of the mechanism,the kinematic model and results of reverse design of the mechanism were verified,with the kinematic performances of the mechanism prototype studied.The seedling pick-up tests of the mechanism were conducted in the laboratory.The success ratios of seedling pick-up were 94.2%,95.6% and 90.2% while the seedling pick-up efficiencies of the mechanism were 60,80 and 100 plants per minute per row,respectively.Besides,the seedling pushing effect was improved mush because of the greater seedling pushing angle.The seedling pick-up mechanism through revise design is of high value to be applied in the practical vegetable plug seedling transplanters.

Impact of mechanical stimulation on the life cycle of horticultural plant

Mechanical stimulation technology is critical in agricultural crop production because it is constantly regarded as a developing green technology to regulate plants to meet people's need for green and healthy agricultural products. Various environmental mechanical stimulation impacts seed germination, seedling growth, flowering date, fruit quantity, and fruit quality throughout the life cycle of a horticultural plant. This study first outlines the basic characteristics of six types of common mechanical stimulation in nature:precipitation, wind, gravity,touch, sound, and vibration. The effects of various mechanical stimulation types on the seed, seedling, flowering, and fruit of horticultural plants throughout their whole life cycle are then presented, as reviewed in the recent 100 years of existing literature. Finally, potential future study directions are discussed. The main challenge in mechanical stimulation technology is to uncover its potential capabilities for regulating and controlling plant development and fruit quality in green agriculture instead of agricultural chemicals.

Overlapped Tray Seedling Raising Model for Mechanical Transplanting of Rice

With the development of China's social economy,transfer of rural labors,and rise of labor costs,the rice production technologies are changing from manual operation to mechanical operation.The core of mechanical rice production is mechanical planting,while the key to mechanical planting is the seedling raising.On the basis of analyzing and studying the problems and experience of traditional mechanical transplanting of rice,a new overlapped tray seedling raising model was introduced.Main features of this model: substrate seedling raising and overlapped seedling tray.The seedling trays for seeding line are overlapped,and the overlapped trays are moved into the seedling room with controlled temperature and humidity.The temperature of the seedling room is controlled at 30-32℃,and the humidity of the seedling room is controlled at above 90%.After about 48 h,when the seedling height reaches 0.5 cm,move the seedling trays to the nursery.This model consists of one seeding center( seedling raising center) and N nurseries,to realize 1 + N seedling raising for mechanical transplanting of rice.One seeding center can provide seedlings for several hundred to several thousand hectares of mechanical transplanting of rice,and provide a new model for social services.This model could improve the quality of seedlings,increase the seedling survival rate by about 20%,reduce the seedling raising costs by 15%-20%,reduce the seedling raising risks,and greatly increase the utilization rate of the site and equipment of seedling raising center.

Quick and Accurate Counting of Rapeseed Seedling with Improved YOLOv5s and Deep-Sort Method

The statistics of the number of rapeseed seedlings are very important for breeders and planters to conduct seed quality testing,field crop management and yield estimation.Calculating the number of seedlings is inefficient and cumbersome in the traditional method.In this study,a method was proposed for efficient detection and calculation of rapeseed seedling number based on improved you only look once version 5(YOLOv5)to identify objects and deep-sort to perform object tracking for rapeseed seedling video.Coordinated attention(CA)mechanism was added to the trunk of the improved YOLOv5s,which made the model more effective in identifying shaded,dense and small rapeseed seedlings.Also,the use of the GSConv module replaced the standard convolution at the neck,reduced model parameters and enabled it better able to be equipped for mobile devices.The accuracy and recall rate of using improved YOLOv5s on the test set by 1.9%and 3.7%compared to 96.2%and 93.7%of YOLOv5s,respectively.The experimental results showed that the average error of monitoring the number of seedlings by unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)video of rapeseed seedlings based on improved YOLOv5s combined with depth-sort method was 4.3%.The presented approach can realize rapid statistics of the number of rapeseed seedlings in the field based on UAV remote sensing,provide a reference for variety selection and precise management of rapeseed.

番茄钵苗移栽探出式取钵机构设计与试验

为了降低番茄钵苗移栽过程取钵机构对秧苗钵土根系的损伤,同时避免机械式钵苗移栽机构设计特殊取苗轨迹与姿态的优化难题,提出了一种可与系列移栽机构配合使用的番茄钵苗探出式取钵机构,实现取苗各关键位置机构秧针以固定角度完成探出入钵、移动送苗及收回推秧工序。根据钵苗移栽取钵过程分析与设计要求,建立了探出式取钵机构力学分析模型,并获得影响秧针扎入钵土时驱动杆受最小驱动力的因素。基于Matlab App Designer平台开发了取钵机构计算机辅助分析设计软件,获得满足番茄钵苗移栽要求的取钵机构设计参数集。采用三因素五水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以驱动杆斜杆夹角、钵体含水率、入钵深度为试验因素,以钵体完整率和取苗成功率为评价指标,试制样机并搭建台架实施参数组合优化及验证试验,结果表明:探出式取钵机构可有效地配合取苗机构完成各项性能工作要求,在参数组合为驱动斜杆间夹角112°、钵体含水率57.5%、入钵深度28.4 mm时作业效果最佳,钵体完整率为96.44%,取苗成功率为97.06%,满足钵苗移栽作业性能。

可调倾角编程式多功能取苗试验台设计与试验

针对现有取苗试验台不能满足多种型号钵盘和取苗机构进行取苗试验的需求,设计了一种由多个步进电机驱动、可调取苗机构倾角、可编程控制系统的多功能取苗试验台。该试验台通过调节取苗机构安装支架的位姿、改变钵盘驱动鼠笼钢丝间距以及所在圆周直径,可以适应不同型号钵盘和满足多种取苗机构的试验要求;通过编写控制器程序可控制3个步进电机联动并实现送苗装置的横、纵向送苗与取苗机构取苗进程相匹配。在三维软件中对试验台进行了建模、装配和虚拟仿真,在加工制造的物理样机上进行了2种型号钵盘和3种取苗机构的取苗试验。3次试验结果表明:在此试验台上能够顺利完成取苗试验,证明该试验台满足多种型号钵盘和多种类型取苗机构的试验需求。

基于EDEM仿真的机械式辣椒精量排种装置设计与试验

针对辣椒漂浮育苗中,人工点播存在的劳动强度大、播种效率低和劳动成本高等问题,在磁力回位型排种器的基础上,提出一种适配辣椒漂浮育苗的机械式辣椒精量排种装置,使用SOLIDWORKS等软件对关键结构进行设计和运动分析,并利用EDEM仿真软件对排种装置进行仿真。选取曲柄电机转速、种量和曲柄直径为影响因子,单粒率、重播率和漏播率为评价指标,进行基于Box-Behnken设计的响应曲面法试验,并对试验结果进行分析,采用权重结合隶属度计算综合得分对排种装置的参数组合进行评价,得到排种装置的最优的参数组合为:曲柄电机工作转速260 r·min^(-1),种量4 000粒,曲柄直径28 mm。样机试验播种单粒率、重播率和漏播率分别为91.46%、7.29%和1.25%,满足辣椒漂浮育苗生产技术要求。

辣椒漂盘苗机械化移栽适应性研究

为了探索辣椒漂盘苗对机械化移栽的适应性,以贵州某辣椒基地所育适栽期辣椒漂盘苗和2ZB-2旱地吊杯鸭嘴式移栽机为测试对象,完成了辣椒苗形态特征参数测量、落苗基质损失及田间机械栽植的试验研究。结果表明:从辣椒苗的苗高、叶面展幅、基质情况来看,所育漂盘苗基质饱满,且适于膜上移栽常用的鸭嘴式栽植器;漂盘苗基质含水率在56.4%~63.5%时,利于机械移栽的基质保持;田间机械移栽的栽植深度合格率、漏栽率、伤苗率分别为76.7%、2.4%、3.2%,满足指标要求;直立度合格率为88.7%,低于93%的指标下限。总体来说,辣椒漂盘苗与移栽机适应性较好,基本能达到贵州辣椒机械化栽植作业要求。

大棚用蔬菜移苗栽种一体机设计

蔬菜钵苗自动化移栽技术可以解放生产力,提高效率,进而获得更大的经济收益。为适应我国新疆区域大棚蔬菜种植的情况,文中提出了一种钵苗移栽装置原型机方案。整机采用X-Y横纵向移动机构实现带动仿手指形夹板有效运动从而完成夹取苗过程,并采用杠杆原理设计双鸭嘴式定点竖直打孔下苗结构。该装置实现了取苗、打孔和栽苗的一体化操作,集成度较高。

非圆齿轮-连杆组合式水稻钵苗膜上移栽机构优化设计与试验

为实现机械化一体式水稻钵苗膜上移栽要求,提出非圆齿轮-连杆组合式行星轮系移栽机构,用一套机构实现取苗、送苗、破膜挖穴和栽植4个工序协同配合作业,满足水稻钵苗膜上移栽所需的轨迹与姿态要求。对移栽机构进行理论分析并建立运动学模型,结合优化目标,基于Matlab GUI平台开发了数字可视化优化设计软件,通过人机交互获得1组满足移栽要求的机构参数。根据优化参数对机构开展结构设计与三维建模,通过ADAMS软件完成了虚拟样机仿真验证。研制了水稻钵苗膜上移栽机构物理样机与多功能试验测试台架,开展了移栽机构在空转和带苗状态下运动学特性和工作性能试验,结果表明,理论轨迹、虚拟样机仿真轨迹和物理样机台架试验轨迹在误差允许范围内保持一致,验证了移栽机构设计的一致性与正确性,性能试验结果:取苗成功率为94%,移栽成功率为92.36%,栽植株距变异系数为2.67%,满足移栽作业要求,验证了水稻钵苗膜上移栽机构设计的合理性与可行性。

甘蓝类蔬菜工厂化育苗技术及其应用

为满足高原夏菜规模化生产的发展需求,解决当前甘蓝类蔬菜生产中存在的优质品种缺乏、种苗质量不高、种苗培育技术落后的问题,通过对甘蓝类蔬菜品种选择、播种、苗期管理、炼苗等关键环节的技术研究和实践,总结形成甘蓝类蔬菜工厂化育苗技术。优良品种和工厂化育苗技术的综合应用,实现了甘蓝类蔬菜良种良苗的统一,与传统育苗相比,苗龄缩短5~10 d,成本降低30%左右;年生产甘蓝类蔬菜种苗1000万株以上,可实现年产值150万元,年纯收益50万元,经济效益显著;并辐射带动了当地蔬菜产业升级,促进了农民增收、致富,社会效益显著。