Monitoring models for base flow effect and daily variation of dam seepage elements considering time lag effect

Affected by external environmental factors and evolution of dam performance, dam seepage behavior shows nonlinear time-varying characteristics. In this study, to predict and evaluate the long-term development trend and short-term fluctuation of the dam seepage behavior, two monitoring models were developed, one for the base flow effect and one for daily variation of dam seepage elements. In the first model, to avoid the influence of the time lag effect on the evaluation of seepage variation with the time effect component of seepage elements, the base values of the seepage element and the reservoir water level were extracted using the wavelet multi-resolution analysis method, and the time effect component was separated by the established base flow effect monitoring model. For the development of the daily variation monitoring model for dam seepage elements, all the previous factors, of which the measured time series prior to the dam seepage element monitoring time may have certain influence on the monitored results, were considered. Those factors that were positively correlated with the analyzed seepage element were initially considered to be the support vector machine(SVM) model input factors, and then the SVM kernel function-based sensitivity analysis was performed to optimize the input factor set and establish the optimized daily variation SVM model. The efficiency and rationality of the two models were verified by case studies of the water level of two piezometric tubes buried under the slope of a concrete gravity dam.Sensitivity analysis of the optimized SVM model shows that the influences of the daily variation of the upstream reservoir water level and rainfall on the daily variation of piezometric tube water level are processes subject to normal distribution.

Seepage simulation of high concrete-faced rockfill dams based on generalized equivalent continuum model

This research focused on the three-dimensional(3 D) seepage field simulation of a high concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) under complex hydraulic conditions. A generalized equivalent continuum model of fractured rock mass was used for equivalent continuous seepage field analysis based on the improved node virtual flow method. Using a high CFRD as an example, the generalized equivalent continuum range was determined, and a finite element model was established based on the terrain and geological conditions, as well as structural face characteristics of the dam area. The equivalent seepage coefficients of different material zones or positions in the dam foundation were calculated with the Snow model or inverse analysis. Then, the 3 D seepage field in the dam area was calculated under the normal water storage conditions, and the corresponding water head distribution, seepage flow, seepage gradient, and seepage characteristics in the dam area were analyzed. The results show that the generalized equivalent continuum model can effectively simulate overall seepage patterns of the CFRD under complex hydraulic conditions and provide a reference for seepage analysis of similar CFRDs.

Analysis and evaluation on seepage stability of Hongxing reservoir dam,Heilongjiang

Hongxing reservoir was constructed on the floodplain of Hulan River in Heilongjiang. The geological problem of the reservoir is the seepage of the dam base and its related seepage stability. The leakage of the reservoir is caused by the water head differences between the upstream and downstream of the dam. Severe seepage could decrease the engineering benefits of the reservoir. Moreover,infiltration function of water will influence the safety of the dam. Through the analysis on the granule constitute and the formation of the dam base,the types of the seepage failure apt to happen were defined and the anti-infiltration and the permissible depression ratio were determined. Using the numerical simulation software GMS,the two-dimension numerical modeling has been carried out to analyze the seepage field of the reservoir. Through the two conditions modeling with concrete impervious wall and no concrete impervious wall,the largest flow rate,single-wide seepage discharge and the max infiltration gradient of the dam base were calculated. According to the permeable depression ratio of the dam base,the seepage stability of Hongxing reservoir dam base was analyzed.

桑涧水库大坝渗流数值模拟分析

文章以桑涧水库为例,由于测压管数据失真严重,利用Autobank设计软件对土石坝进行渗流稳定数值模拟分析计算,结果表明与大坝现状渗流异常现象相吻合,为解决大坝类似工程问题提供参考,也为大坝防渗加固提供依据。

思安江水库大坝安全监测资料分析及应用

介绍了思安江水库混凝土面板堆石坝工程安全监测系统的设置和监测内容。把大坝渗漏、大坝应变、大坝内部变形、大坝外部变形等观测数据汇总形成图表,分析大坝存在的问题,为大坝除险加固提供方向和依据。

Porosity and permeability variations of a dam curtain during dissolution

During reservoir operation,the erosion effects of groundwater change the porosity and permeability of the dam curtain,causing changes to the seepage field.To understand where the changes take place and to what degree the porosity and permeability change,a multi-field coupling model was built and solved.The model takes into account seepage,solution concentration,and solid structure.The model was validated using uplift pressure monitoring data.Then,the variations in curtain porosity,seepage flow,and loss quantity of Ca(OH)2 were calculated.The key time nodes were obtained through curve fitting of the variation of seepage flow with the BiDoseResp function.The results showed that the model could reflect the attenuation trend of curtain performance well.The process and position of the erosion were not homogeneous.Although erosion mainly occurred at the top and bottom of the curtain,it was most developed at the top.The erosion effects developed slowly during the early stage,much fast during the middle and late stages,and culminated in complete dissolution.The model results and the daily monitoring data can provide a scientific basis for the safe operation and management of reservoirs.

Breach mechanism and numerical simulation for seepage failure of earth-rock dams

In this study,a numerical model,which can capture the full process of the development of seepage passages,the collapse of dams and the failure due to overtopping,is proposed for earth-rock dams.The critical incipient velocity for the occurrence of seepage failure is derived by analyzing the forces acting on soil particles in the seepage passage.The sediment transport formula is proposed to simulate the erosion process and the evolution of breach within the dam.In this model,the grain size distribution,the compaction density and the strength of dam materials are reasonably accounted for.Furthermore,the influences of the direction of seepage paths,the slope of the dam and the velocity of water flow on the amount of erosion are also taken into consideration.The proposed model and the corresponding numerical programs are employed to simulate the development of breaches and discharge of two typical cases due to seepage failure.The development of breaches,the history of discharge and the peak flood flux predicted by the numerical models are rather comparable to the measured data,which confirms the validity of the proposed model and the feasibility of applying the model in evaluating the disaster consequences and preparing the emergency counter measurements in the case of dam collapse.

RESEARCH ON SEEPAGE MONITORING MODEL OF EARTH-ROCK DAM

With the characteristics of seepage flow in earth-rock dams, a seepagemonitoring model was established based on the finite element method for 3-D seepage flow togetherwith observed data and was used to analyze and monitor the seepage of dams. In order to find out andmonitor the seepage status of the whole dam, the separation of seepage a-mount for dam body, damfoundation and side banks was made theoretically by using the model. Practical example shows thatthe accuracy of computed results is satisfactory and the separation results are more objective.

芝瑞抽水蓄能电站沥青混凝土心墙砂砾石坝坝体反滤设计及渗流安全评价

根据抽水蓄能电站运行期水位变化频繁、水位变幅大的运行工况,针对天然砂砾石料抗渗透破坏和冲蚀能力差的缺点,结合国内在建抽水蓄能电站中首座采用砂砾石料筑坝并直接填筑在河床覆盖层上的沥青混凝土心墙坝,基于当前反滤准则仅重视级配关系而忽略相对密度对砂砾石料渗透性影响的缺点,提出了修正的砂砾石料反滤准则,并通过心墙砂砾石坝坝体的反滤设计、各区坝料的渗流试验及坝体的渗流安全分析进行了验证。结果表明:除级配特征外,反滤设计中相对密度变化对反滤保护能力的影响也至关重要,由于天然砂砾石料渗透性能差,在库水位快速下降过程中,短时间内砂砾石坝体内孔隙水无法排出,坝内浸润面跌落速度远低于库水位下降速度,存在明显的滞后现象,且随水位变化,坝体内部存在渗透坡降大于允许坡降的现象,通过修正反滤准则进行的坝体各分区间的反滤保护设计,可有效应对抽水蓄能电站运行过程中库水位变化频繁、水位变幅大带来的心墙坝大坝迎水侧砂砾石料的渗透稳定问题,结合优良的力学特性及储量丰富便于施工的特点,砂砾石料也是构筑抽水蓄能电站当地材料坝的良好天然材料。

深厚覆盖层上土工膜防渗堆石坝渗流场影响因素分析

随着筑坝技术的发展,深厚覆盖层逐渐成为土石坝常选坝基方案,其中坝基渗流控制是需要解决的关键问题之一。采用有限元法,对深厚覆盖层上土工膜防渗堆石坝渗流场进行计算分析,重点研究悬挂式防渗墙深度、覆盖层深度和渗透性对坝基渗流特性的影响。结果表明:防渗墙深度、覆盖层深度和渗透性均显著影响坝基渗流特性;防渗墙深度变化或覆盖层深度变化下,大坝渗流量和相对防渗深度关系曲线基本重合,均呈现先线性缓慢减小后急剧下降的特点,防渗墙和覆盖层深度共同决定坝基渗控效果;采用悬挂式防渗设计时,为保证大坝渗流量控制率达到75%,相对防渗深度与覆盖层渗透系数之间呈强对数线性关系。研究成果可用于待建类似工程防渗墙深度的初拟或已建类似工程坝基覆盖层防渗效果的评价。

带有两端防渗墙坝基的各向异性渗流解析解

由于目前在坝基设计中通常需要设置两个或两个以上防渗墙,对带有两端防渗墙的坝基各向异性稳态渗流进行了解析研究,将土体分为4个规则的区域,采用坐标变换将各向异性土层转换成等效各向同性土层,利用分离变量法将4个区域内的水头分布表示为级数解的形式,结合区域间的连续条件得出带有两端防渗墙的坝基各向异性渗流场显式解析解。将解析解退化到各向同性情况下的渗流量、坝底扬压力与保角变换解析解和数值计算结果进行对比,各向异性情况下的水头值与有限元软件计算结果进行对比,结果均吻合较好,验证了解析解的正确性,且相比于保角变换解析解具有更高精度。最后对坝基渗流场进行了参数分析,发现土体各向异性对坝基渗流有着不可忽略的影响,其他条件相同的情况下,竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较大土体的渗流量和出口梯度会小于竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较小的土体,竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较大的土体的最大扬压力会大于竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较小的土体。

基于GAMLSS-GLO及随机森林算法的土石坝渗流监测模型

根据土石坝渗流原型观测,厘清水位、降水等因素的影响,模拟大坝渗流的真实状态,合理评估其渗流监测结果,是土石坝安全监控亟待解决的关键问题。基于此,根据数理统计原理,采用随机森林算法构建无降水条件下渗流量与上下游水位的回归模型;考虑渗流量受前期累积降水的综合影响,引入广义可加模型(GAMLSS-GLO),模拟降水影响下土石坝渗流监测值的波动区间,并将其与渗流-水位回归模型叠加,预测土石坝渗流监测的可靠区间;最后,将该方法应用于糯扎渡心墙堆石坝的渗流监测。结果表明:所提模型方法对渗流的水位、降水响应表现出良好的适用性,显著提高了渗流模拟预测质量。同时求解了渗流量置信区间,有利于土石坝的运行工况判断及安全监控。

大坝小流量渗流量仪的应用研究及完善升级

为解决大坝小于1 L/s渗流量主要依靠人工测量的问题,采购了一款大坝小流量自动监测渗流量仪。经安装应用,发现仪器存在测量后排水不便收集、传输距离较短、结构较为复杂等一些问题。对仪器进行了完善升级,通过测量与引流分离结构设计,解决了原仪器排水口随测量容器旋转,造成排水不便收集的问题;通过密封件的设计,增加了仪器的传输距离,减少了现场模块数量,降低了现场安装使用成本;去掉了一些轴承装置和支撑固定部件,简化了仪器结构,降低了生产成本;通过增加引流装置和液位开关起始计时位置设计,进一步提高了仪器的测量精度。对完善后的仪器进行了厂内性能测试、现场人工比对和现场试运行,试验数据表明,通过仪器完善升级,方便了排水收集、增加了传输距离、简化了仪器结构,同时还提高了仪器的测量精度,具有更广的应用前景。

运行期土石坝渗流量分析对大坝安全影响评价

土石坝渗流量监控可及时掌握水库安全运行性态,提早发现主体工程的异常与隐患,提升工程的安全管理与应急预案水平,是水库安全管理的重要手段之一。采用实测渗流量、有限元模型及渗漏量统计回归模型等进行评价水库运行期的大坝安全。结果表明:有限元模型计算大坝总渗流量与统计回归模型下的渗流量数值接近,结合实测渗流量可知,大坝坝体渗漏量整体趋于减小,大坝渗流稳定运行正常。分析结论可为水库运行期大坝安全评价提供技术支撑。

大坝渗流基流的分析模型研究

深入研究了库水位等变化对渗流变化滞后效应,探讨了渗流的滞后模型,利用该模型进行优化分析,确定了渗流滞后天数和影响天数以及上游有效水深等参数;并借助于上游有效水深,将非稳定渗流计算问题转化为稳定渗流的求解问题,简化了计算;在此基础上,结合实测资料及渗流分析,建立了大坝渗流基流的分析模型。算例表明:建立的模型能较好地反映基流的变化性态。

龙都尾矿库地下渗流场的数值模拟分析

利用2D-FLOW计算软件,对龙都尾矿库在不同条件下的渗流进行了模拟计算。其中,初期坝按透水和堵塞两种情况,干滩面长度分100,200,300 m三种情况考虑;同时,首次考虑了大气降雨对尾矿坝渗流场的影响,分别计算了50,100,200 mm/d三种雨型。通过计算,获得了龙都尾矿库在不同条件下地下渗流的变化规律。从计算结果中发现,如果初期坝被堵塞,则坝体浸润线会抬高,与尾矿堆积坝坝面相交,并从坝面溢出,对坝体的稳定性产生不利影响;干滩面距离的长短对坝体浸润线有影响,但均不会与堆积坝坝面相交,不会从坝面溢出;大气降雨对坝体的渗流影响较大,从模拟计算中可以看出,大气降雨越大,浸润线抬升越高,对坝体的稳定越不利。

基于原型监测的黏土心墙堆石坝渗流分析

某黏土心墙坝在蓄水期间,出现渗流量较大、坝体渗流、绕坝渗流增大等现象。为了寻找原因,通过对某黏土心墙坝的环境量、坝体渗流、绕坝渗流、渗流量等原型监测数据进行分析,得到渗流量、坝体坝基渗压、绕坝渗流等监测成果。为进一步分析渗流来源,对渗流量进行模型分析。结果表明:各监测成果互为印证,受库水位影响显著;库水位是影响渗流量大小及变化的主要因素,降雨量是次要因素,其中,库水位对渗流量的影响主要是通过两岸绕坝渗流,其次是通过坝体坝基渗流。库水位对渗流量的影响既是即时的又是持续的。

双河水电站拦河闸坝三维渗流有限元分析

结合ANSYS大型有限元分析软件,以双河水电站拦河闸坝为例,研究了深厚覆盖层及复杂地基情况下闸基的渗流特性,通过计算分析得出不同工况下各种组合的渗漏量、坡降、渗压随防渗帷幕深度变化情况。结果表明:在现有防渗措施下,墙后覆盖层内渗流量均不大,渗透坡降均很小,满足渗流稳定性要求,对覆盖层地基和两岸分别采用的防渗墙和帷幕灌浆防渗处理措施效果良好。

磨盘山水库坝基渗透稳定研究

磨盘山水库兴建遇到的主要地质问题是坝基渗漏及渗透稳定问题,将影响水库工程效益的发挥和大坝的安全运行,需采取适当的渗控工程措施。通过对坝基土颗粒组成及结构的分析,判别可能发生渗透破坏的类型,确定抗渗比降和允许比降。应用Visual MODFLOW进行水库坝区渗流场的三维渗流数值模拟分析,通过对18种渗控计算方案渗流场、渗流要素及防渗效果的统计分析,依据坝基土的允许比降,在安全、经济、合理原则的基础上,确定哈尔滨市磨盘山水库坝基渗控设计首选方案为:左岸防渗长度200 m、帷幕灌浆标准5 Lu。

基于分布式光纤传感的堤坝安全监测技术及展望

及时、准确地掌握堤坝的性态,是保证堤坝安全运行的基础.因此,需要一种实时监测系统对堤坝进行监测.分析了堤坝健康监测的主要内容,介绍了分布式光纤传感技术的工作原理及使用现状;探讨了分布式光纤传感技术在我国堤坝渗流和形变中的应用;指出了分布式光纤传感技术在土堤坝使用中存在的问题,并给出了新的堤坝长期安全监测系统设计建议,结论有益于指导构建新的基于分布式光纤技术的堤坝安全监测系统.