Precipitation seesaw phenomenon and its formation mechanism in the eastern and western parts of Northwest China during the flood season

Extending across three major plateaus,namely the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,the Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau and the Loess Plateau,Northwest China has the complex terrain and spatio-temporal climate variations,and is affected by the interactions among different circulation systems,such as the summer monsoon,the westerlies and the plateau monsoon.The understanding of the climate variability,as well as its characteristics and evolution mechanisms in this area has been limited so far.In this paper,the precipitation characteristics and mechanisms in the eastern and western parts of Northwest China during the flood season are compared and analyzed based on the data from 192 national meteorological observational sites in Northwest China in 1961-2016.The results show that,divided by the northern boundary of the East Asian summer monsoon,there are huge differences in the precipitation variation characteristics between the eastern and western parts.The inter-annual variations,interdecadal variations and total trends in the two parts all show a significant seesaw phenomenon.Moreover,it is found that the seesaw phenomenon of precipitation variation is closely related to the opposite variation between the East Asian summer monsoon index(MI)and the westerly circulation index(WI).In addition,the inverse variations on different time scales are only related to the contributions of precipitation at specific grades.Besides,in the two matching patterns of precipitation in the seesaw phenomenon,the middle and high latitudes are occupied by the"high-low-high"wave trains in the precipitation increases in the east of Northwest China(ENWC)and decreases in the west of Northwest China(WNWC)pattern,meaning precipitation increases in ENWC and decreases in WNWC.Whereas the opposite"low-high-low"wave trains at 500 hPa height are observed in the middle and high latitudes in the WH-EA pattern at 500 hPa height,meaning precipitation increases in WNWC and decreases in ENWC.Thus,the atmosphere circulation situation with two wave train types can support both the precipitation seesaw phenomenon and the opposite variation between MI and WI.Moreover,the seesaw phenomenon is shown to be related to the separate or joint effects of the South Asian High,ENSO and the plateau heating on the common but opposite effect on the summer monsoon and the westerlies,in which the South Asian High probably plays a more critical role.This study could deepen the scientific understanding of precipitation mechanisms and improve the weather forecast technology in Northwest China during the flood season.

任务协作表示增强的要素及关系联合抽取模型

对文本中诸如实体与关系、事件及其论元等要素及其特定关系的联合抽取是自然语言处理的一项关键任务.现有研究大多采用统一编码或参数共享的方式隐性处理任务间的交互,缺乏对任务之间特定关系的显式建模,从而限制模型充分利用任务间的关联信息并影响任务间的有效协同.为此,提出了一种基于任务协作表示增强的要素及关系联合抽取模型(Task-Collaboration Representation Enhanced model for joint extraction of elements and relationships,TCRE).该模型旨在从多个阶段处理任务间的特定关系,帮助子任务进行更细致的调节和优化,促进整体性能的提升.在三个关系抽取和一个事件抽取数据集上进行实验,TCRE在实体识别和关系提取任务上平均性能分别提高0.57%和0.77%,在触发词识别和论元角色分类任务上分别提高0.7%和1.4%.此外,TCRE还显示出在缓解“跷跷板现象”方面的作用.

渤海海域前新生代基底时代归属与构造演化特征分析

钻探揭示渤海海域前新生代基底地层结构在东西方向存在着明显的差异,前寒武纪地势西高东低、中生代末地势西低东高,构造演化具有明显的“跷跷板”现象。综合运用钻井、锆石U-Pb年代学、微古生物化石、三维地震等资料,明确了渤海海域前新生代基底时代归属,刻画了中生界、古生界残余地层分布特征。渤海西部前寒武系为变质岩基底,其年龄大致可以分为2 500 Ma左右和3 000 Ma左右两组,属于前中元古界;郯庐断裂东侧前寒武系古生物分析首次在渤海海域探井中发现新元古代疑源类化石,明确该区前寒武系碳酸盐岩为新元古界。郯庐断裂以西普遍残存古生界和局部残存侏罗系,郯庐断裂以东古生界几乎剥蚀殆尽,无侏罗系。南华纪Rodinia超大陆的裂解以及印支期华南、华北两板块剪刀式碰撞是造成研究区前新生代构造演化“跷跷板”现象的主要原因。

近55 a中国西北地区夏季降水的时空演变特征

利用1961—2015年中国西北地区274个气象观测站点的日降水数据和再分析大气资料,采用EOF分析及累积距平等方法,研究了近55 a中国西北地区夏季降水的时空演变特征。结果表明:1)1961—2015年中国西北地区夏季降水的演变可分为三个时段,1961—1975年,该区域降水普遍偏少;1976—1996年,西北地区的东部降水偏多,西部降水偏少;1997—2015年,其东部降水偏少,而西部降水偏多。2)1976—1996年,西北地区东部降水偏多,是因为该地区夏季降水强度和降水频次明显增加,而西部降水偏少,则是该区域小雨与中雨的频次减少,降水强度偏弱造成的;1997—2015年,由于有效降水日数减少,降水强度偏弱等原因导致西北地区东部降水偏少,与此同时,西北地区的西部却因降水强度明显增强,持续降水日数和极端降水事件增加使得该区域降水呈现偏多的态势。3)降水区的转移,伴随着北半球对流层中层中纬度波列的演变,同时来自东欧与印度季风的水汽输送也对降水的异常起到了关键作用。

The Formation of Lee Reversal Flow and Moisture Distribution Effect on the Characteristics of Precipitation

Moist flow over a bell-shaped mountain is investigated using the advanced regional prediction system (ARPS). Three closely related issues are addressed: the upslope precipitation mechanism, periodic evolution of precipitation associated with mountain waves, and lee precipitation induced by reversal flow. The results show that precipitation is strongly the moist distribution and terrain scale dependent. Beginning with the case of uniformly stratified flow over mountain, upslope precipitation and lee wave precipitation pattern are obtained. Most importantly, lee precipitation induced by reversal flow can be caused by layered flow over mountain, wherein lee reversal flow exerts a significant influence on the orographic precipitation.

The Relation between Tectonic Movement and Climatic Change

Climate and tectonics are two interactive factors in the earth’s system. They are controlled by astronomical cy-cles. It has been unheeded for a long time that large-scale material motion caused by global climatic change is one of the powers for tectonic movement. Tectonic movement makes the distributional pattern of continent and ocean change and makes global climate type change strongly in large scale. It is a good example that the change of the sea-ice around Antarctic Continent and in the Drake Passage has the switch process for global climatic changes. Tide makes the oceanic crust of the East Pacific Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean rise or fall 60 cm oppositely. Before and after El Nino events, the oceanic level of the East Pacific Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean may rise or fall 40 cm oppositely. Because of isostasy, oceanic crust may fall or rise 13 or 20 cm. They are the reasons why El Nino events are interrelated with the earthquakes and volcanoes. This is so called seesaw phenomenon of oceanic crust.

基于最小代价的虚拟网络重配置方法

提出基于最小代价的虚拟网络重配置(VNR)方法.定义重配置改善度参数判断VNR机制的效果,以基于最小代价为约束条件选择目标物理节点,将虚拟节点迁移到目标物理节点上,再将虚拟链路映射到应用最短路径方法计算的物理路径,实现虚VNR机制.这种方法可以有效解决"跷跷板"现象(VNR将虚拟节点从物理资源瓶颈节点迁移到目标物理节点,造成目标物理节点成为新的瓶颈节点的现象)造成的VNR开销增大等问题.仿真结果证明了该方法的可行性.

学校教育中的“跷跷板现象”

在教育史上，教育改革中存在若干“跷跷板现象”，检视当今基础教育新课程改革实践中存在的一些现象，就会发现我们的学校教育亟待走出此等泥沼，探讨如何走出现象怪圈，减少新课改过程中的离心力，减少无谓的能源浪费，使之进入健康良性发展道路。