Seismic Reduction and Isolation Design Strategies for Bridges in High-Intensity Earthquake Areas

High-intensity earthquakes can cause severe damage to bridges,buildings,and ground surfaces,as well as disrupt human activities.Such earthquakes can create long-distance,high-intensity surface movements that negatively impact bridge structures.This article delves into the seismic reduction and isolation design strategies for bridges in high-intensity earthquake areas.It analyzes various seismic reduction and isolation technologies and provides case studies to help relevant units understand the design strategies of these technologies.The results of this article can be used as a guideline to effectively enhance the seismic performance of bridges in high-intensity earthquake areas.

盐池地区延长组长8段致密油储层脆性指数测井评价

致密砂岩油气通常需要通过压裂等技术措施方可获得工业产量,而脆性指数是评价储层可压裂性的重要参数,对致密油储层勘探开发甜点优选至关重要。以鄂尔多斯盆地盐池地区三叠系延长组长8段为例,针对致密砂岩储层脆性指数测井评价方法开展系统研究。首先,利用阵列声波测井、岩石声波特性室内实验测试资料,通过求取杨氏模量、泊松比等岩石弹性力学参数,定量计算长8段脆性指数;随后,将利用阵列声波测井资料计算的脆性指数作为目标值,寻找其与自然伽马、横波时差等常规测井资料之间的对应关系;在此基础上,建立基于岩石脆性指数测井预测模型;最后,通过多元回归,全面提取常规测井信息,建立基于常规测井资料的脆性指数多元函数评价模型。根据研究区内单井实例,测井预测脆性指数与岩石声波特性实验测试结果匹配良好,对于脆性指数定量预测,基于岩性指数模型的拟合优度为0.733,基于物性指数模型的拟合优度为0.719,基于多元回归模型的拟合优度为0.789。通过实例验证,脆性指数预测值与实测值变化趋势一致,相关性明显,相关系数达0.936。

姬塬地区长8油层组储层特征分析

为确定长8油层储层现今表征,储层物性受黏土矿物胶结物控制模式,储层沉积作用和沉积后期所经历的成岩变化,通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜等方法研究了储层基本特征和成岩作用及沉积作用,在整体低渗的背景下,部分位于相对渗透率较高区域的油井有较高的产量,理清研究区长8储层富集规律,对地区内岩石孔隙度下降因素进行剖析。结果表明,姬塬地区有利储层多发育水下分流河道和河口坝沉积,特别是砂体中心部位储层物性是最好,可见长8油层组的储集性能和渗流性能好,即粒间孔型、粒间孔+溶孔型和溶孔+粒间孔型。溶孔型、粒间孔+微孔型两种孔隙组合类型的渗流性能较差。微孔型和溶孔+微孔型两种孔隙组合类型的储集空间主要由半径极小的微孔构成,连通性较差,其孔隙内表面积和渗流阻力,储集性能和渗流性能较差。

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长8油层组物源分析

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组沉积物来源,尤其是西部物源争议较大。为探究陇东地区延长组中长8油层组的物源,对陇东地区周缘母岩的特征、碎屑岩中轻重矿物和岩屑组合特征,以及古水流和稀土元素对比分析,对研究区长8油层组的物源进行了总结。结果表明:研究区长8油层组轻矿物、岩屑、重矿物物源分区表现出较好的一致性;油层组受多个物源控制,主要为西南和东北物源,次要为西北、西部和南部物源,各个物源在樊家川-华池-安置农场一带汇聚;延长期沉积走廊与鄂尔多斯盆地具有一定的连通性,西部物源供给以河西走廊源区为主,海源古隆起为辅,二者叠加影响。

Seismic loss assessment of RC high-rise buildings designed according to Eurocode 8

A probabilistic seismic loss assessment of RC high-rise(RCHR)buildings designed according to Eurocode 8 and located in the Southern Euro-Mediterranean zone is presented herein.The loss assessment methodology is based on a comprehensive simulation approach which takes into account ground motion(GM)uncertainty,and the random effects in seismic demand,as well as in predicting the damage states(DSs).The methodology is implemented on three RCHR buildings of 20-story,30-story and 40-story with a core wall structural system.The loss functions described by a cumulative lognormal probability distribution are obtained for two intensity levels for a large set of simulations(NLTHAs)based on 60 GM records with a wide range of magnitude(M),distance to source(R)and different site soil conditions(SS).The losses expressed in percent of building replacement cost for RCHR buildings are obtained.In the estimation of losses,both structural(S)and nonstructural(NS)damage for four DSs are considered.The effect of different GM characteristics(M,R and SS)on the obtained losses are investigated.Finally,the estimated performance of the RCHR buildings are checked to ensure that they fulfill limit state requirements according to Eurocode 8.

Application of fluid modulus inversion to complex lithology reservoirs in deep-water areas

It has been a challenge to distinguish between seismic anomalies caused by complex lithology and hydrocarbon reservoirs using conventional fluid identification techniques,leading to difficulties in accurately predicting hydrocarbon-bearing properties and determining oil-water contacts in reservoirs.In this study,we built a petrophysical model tailored to the deep-water area of the Baiyun Sag in the eastern South China Sea based on seismic data and explored the feasibility of the tri-parameter direct inversion method in the fluid identification of complex lithology reservoirs,offering a more precise alternative to conventional techniques.Our research found that the fluid modulus can successfully eliminate seismic amplitude anomalies caused by lithological variations.Furthermore,the seismic databased direct inversion for fluid modulus can remove the cumulative errors caused by indirect inversion and the influence of porosity.We discovered that traditional methods using seismic amplitude anomalies were ineffective in detecting fluids,determining gas-water contacts,or delineating high-quality reservoirs.However,the fluid factor Kf,derived from solid-liquid decoupling,proved to be sensitive to the identification of hydrocarbon-bearing properties,distinguishing between high-quality and poor-quality gas zones.Our findings confirm the value of the fluid modulus in fluid identification and demonstrate that the tri-parameter direct inversion method can significantly enhance hydrocarbon exploration in deep-water areas,reducing associated risks.

Sedimentary microfacies of the H8 member in the Su14 3D seismic test area

The distribution of sedimentary microfacies in the eighth member of the Shihezi formation（the H8 member） in the Sul4 3D seismic test area was investigated.A Support Vector Machine（SVM） model was introduced for the first time as a way of predicting sandstone thickness in the study area.The model was constructed by analysis and optimization of measured seismic attributes.The distribution of the sedimentary microfacies in the study area was determined from predicted sandstone thickness and an analysis of sedimentary characteristics of the area.The results indicate that sandstone thickness predictions in the study area using an SVM method are good.The distribution of the sedimentary microfacies in the study area has been depicted at a fine scale.

鄂北S井区盒8上亚段砂体叠置类型及其对气藏分布的影响

为明确鄂北S井区盒8上亚段地层砂体叠置类型及其与气藏分布的关系,通过岩心观察、测井解释等方法对研究区盒8上亚段沉积微相类型、砂体的垂向叠置及侧向接触关系进行深入研究,再结合试气资料探讨不同砂体叠置类型的气藏分布特征。结果表明:鄂北S井区盒8上亚段为曲流河三角洲平原亚相,有利砂体对应的沉积微相类型为边滩与河道充填微相;砂体垂向叠置类型可划分为分离式、叠加式、切叠式、替代式,侧向接触关系可划分为间湾接触、堤岸接触、对接式、侧切式、替代式;鄂北S井区盒8上亚段砂体垂向叠置类型主要为侧向切叠式和替代式,增加了砂体在侧向上的连通性;盒8上亚段砂体侧向接触关系主要为侧切式,提升了砂体侧向上的连通程度,气藏储存关系较好;单一、孤立存在的砂体,其连通性较差,整体的含气性也较差。该研究对寻找低渗透背景下产能高、潜力大的砂体分布区具有重要指导意义。

Analysis on Characteristics of Seismic Damage of the Nepal M_S8.1 Earthquake in the Tibet Area of China

On April 25,2015,a M_S8. 1 earthquake occurred in Nepal. In the Tibet area of China,this earthquake caused heavy casualties and damage to housing,roads,communications,other lifeline engineering, water conservancy and other infrastructure. This paper introduces the basic situation of the earthquake,and based on the investigation and assessment of seismic intensity,the damage of the disaster area is analyzed,and building types and damage to the lifeline systems and various industries are given. Through the analysis of the characteristics of the earthquake disaster,this paper points out the existing problems in seismic fortification,and finally puts forward proposals for the prevention and control of earthquake geological disasters, scientific planning for the restoration and reconstruction,strengthening earthquake prevention and disaster reduction propaganda,improving the awareness of earthquake preparedness in the agricultural and pastoral areas,strengthening the guidance and supervision of housing construction in rural areas to reduce the casualties and losses,and promoting the harmonious development of economy in Tibet.

基于Landsat 8遥感数据的森林火灾过火面积估算——以贵州毕节市赫章县“3·18”火灾为例

以贵州省毕节市赫章县2021年3月18日较大森林火灾为例,利用火灾前后Landsat 8遥感数据及ENVI遥感数据处理分析软件,通过图像预处理、计算归一化植被指数和燃烧面积指数等方法,提取森林火灾过火区域,计算过火面积。结果表明,利用Landsat 8数据能够较好地提取森林火灾过火区域,过火面积估算准确率达96.2%。

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区长8段油气成藏主控因素研究

近年来,富县地区延长组长8段油层组发现了工业油流井,但平面分布不均,具有点状含油的特点,勘探开发总体显示出该区具有多层位含油、局部层位富集的特征,但油水分布主控因素与富集规律尚不清楚,制约了该区下组合油气的勘探开发,为此,基于钻井和生产资料,分析了研究区长8段油层组的油藏类型、主控因素和成藏模式,研究表明,区内长8段油藏类型主要为上倾尖灭岩性油藏、透镜状岩性油藏和致密层遮挡岩性油藏;油气成藏受烃源岩、储层物性、砂体厚度、局部构造共同控制;长8段油气成藏模式为典型的三明治型,有利于致密油的形成。

吴起油田白豹地区东部长8、长9储层特征研究

对鄂尔多斯盆地吴起油田白豹东部地区长8、长9储层进行储层特征研究。结果表明:白豹东部长8和长9储层的砂岩多为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩;储层孔喉类型属于细孔粗喉,渗透率为强非均质型;长8砂体发育好,长9砂体发育程度差。同时储层敏感性研究表明:白豹项目区的长8、长9储层均为弱-中速敏、弱水敏和弱碱敏及中偏弱应力敏特征,但长8储层显示为弱酸敏,长9储层为强酸敏。

Co-seismic changes of well water level and volume strain meter in capital area and its vicinity,due to the Nov.14,2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake,China

The Kunlunshan Mountain Ms8.1 earthquake, occurred in Nov.14, 2001, is the first event with magnitude more than 8 in the China earthquake monitoring history, specifically at the beginning of digital techniques in precursor monitoring networks. Any investigation of recorded data on this earthquake is very important for testing the operation of the digital monitoring networks and understanding the preparation, occurrence, and adjustment of stress/strain of strong continental earthquakes. In this paper we investigated the coseismic response changes of well water level of groundwater and volume strain meter of bore hole in digital earthquake monitoring network of Capital area and its vicinity, due to the Nov.14, 2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake. The responding time, shapes or manners, amplitudes, and lasting time of well water level and strain-meters to seismic wave are studied in comparison. Then we discussed the possibility that the response changes of groundwater to strong distant earthquakes can be understood as one kind of observing evidence of stress/strain changes induced by distant earthquake.

鄂尔多斯盆地南梁-华池地区长8储层微观孔喉结构差异及成藏意义

南梁-华池地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地的湖盆中心,长8层紧邻上部优质烃源岩,是鄂尔多斯盆地勘探开发的重点层系之一。为探究该区不同物性储层微观孔喉结构特征及差异,通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞、恒速压汞等方法,系统研究了南梁-华池地区长81储层微观孔隙结构,对比分析了研究区不同物性样品微观孔喉结构差异及其成因。研究结果表明,南梁-华池地区长8_(1)储层微观孔隙结构复杂多样,微观非均质性较强;随着渗透率的增大,孔喉变异系数、分选系数越大,微观均质系数越小,储层微观非均质性越强;渗透率大于1 mD的储层,大孔喉数量相对较多,连通孔喉半径比、迂曲度较小,孔喉结构多呈“通道型”型,渗透率贡献率主要依靠少数半径大于6μm的连通喉道,而渗透率小于1 mD的储层,连通孔喉半径比较大,孔喉结构多呈“束口袋”型,渗透率贡献率主要由其喉道半径峰值区间的小喉道决定。不同储层物性的微观孔喉差异主要由沉积、成岩差异而形成的。研究区水下分流河道、河口坝主砂带沉积粒度相对较粗,孔隙衬里状绿泥石薄膜发育,薄膜厚度可达10~25μm,可增加岩石颗粒的抗压强度和抑制后期碳酸盐、硅质胶结,有效保存了原生粒间孔;但由于绿泥石薄膜易吸附有机质,致使储层润湿性转向亲油,复杂的孔喉结构与润湿性特征,对该区油气运移、成藏有着重要的影响。

8.5度设防区剪力墙结构层间位移角限值探讨

为满足小震作用下结构层间位移角限值的要求,抗震设防高烈度区设计的结构竖向构件多,截面尺寸大,影响建筑使用空间。控制小震作用下的层间位移角除满足舒适度、装饰结构和机械设备正常使用的需求外,主要目的是确保结构大震不倒。根据新疆喀什地区(8.5度设防)128条强震地震动和当地实际工程,参照现行不同规范对层间位移角限值的规定,以层间位移角和高度为控制参数,设计6个剪力墙结构模型,采用基于构件变形的抗震性能评估方法研究大震作用下结构的安全性。结果表明:6个剪力墙结构在8.5度大震作用下均满足“大震不倒”的要求,且在两倍大震作用下具有合理的屈服耗能机制。建议小震作用下新疆喀什地区剪力墙结构的弹性层间位移角限值放松至1/500。

Seismic Facies in a Deepwater Area of a Marine Faulted Basin:Deepwater Area of the Paleogene Lingshui Formation in the Qiongdongnan Basin

In recent years, deep water areas have become popular exploration fields because of their abundant hydrocarbon resource potential. There are only relatively poor planar seismic profiles and no wells for deepwater areas of the Lingshui Formation in the Qiongdongnan Basin. A lot of faults developed and strata are fragmented due to high temperatures and high pressure, and this has resulted in dim sequence boundaries. Based on seismic data of the deepwater area and well data of bordering shallow water areas, Lingshui Formation was divided into four third class sequences; namely SI, SII, SIII and SIV, and the three-dimensional isochronous stratigraphic framework of the Lingshui Formation in the studied area was shaped. Based mainly on seismic attributes such as amplitude, continuity, internal structure and external shape, six typical seismic facies were identified, including mat-shaped, filling, wedge-shaped, foreset, moundy-shaped and lenticular-shaped, and a seismic facies distribution map was subsequently drawn. With studies on wells of bordering shallow water areas, regional sedimentary characteristics, and isopach map as references, sedimentary planar distribution features were analyzed. The deepwater area of the Lingshui Formation has mainly developed littoral and shallow sea. Sandstone bodies of fan delta, braided river delta, slope fan, basin floor fan, and turbidite fan are at an interdigitate junction to marine hydrocarbon source rocks and thus are favorable prospecting targets.

Application of Seismic Interferometric Migration for Shallow Seismic High Precision Data Processing: A Case Study in the Shenhu Area

The stability of submarine geological structures has a crucial influence on the construction of offshore engineering projects and the exploitation of seabed resources. Marine geologists should possess a detailed understanding of common submarine geological hazards. Current marine seismic exploration methods are based on the most effective detection technologies. Therefore, current research focuses on improving the resolution and precision of shallow stratum structure detection methods. In this article, the feasibility of shallow seismic structure imaging is assessed by building a complex model, and differences between the seismic interferometry imaging method and the traditional imaging method are discussed. The imaging effect of the model is better for shallow layers than for deep layers because coherent noise produced by this method can result in an unsatisfactory imaging effect for deep layers. The seismic interference method has certain advantages for geological structural imaging of shallow submarine strata, which indicates continuous horizontal events, a high resolution, a clear fault, and an obvious structure boundary. The effects of the actual data applied to the Shenhu area can fully illustrate the advantages of the method. Thus, this method has the potential to provide new insights for shallow submarine strata imaging in the area.

On seismic strengthening area before strong and great shocks and its mechanism

By systematically studying seismic strengthening areas before 85 earthquakes with M>=6.0 in China, some results have been extracted. 1) Earthquake active strengthening area exists universally before strong shock or great earthquake; 2) The size of the strengthening area and its appearing time will increase when the earthquake magnitude increases; 3) The rate between the size of seismic strengthening area and the size of the source region decreases when earthquake magnitude increases; 4) The appearing time of the earthquake active strengthening region in the eastern part of China is longer than that in the western part of China. The above characteristics have been preliminarily explained qualitatively and half-quantitatively by applying the strong body earthquake generating model and the hard inclusion theory. Then applying the seismic strengthening area, we have obtained long-term predictions of 2 earthquakes, so the seismic strengthening area before strong earthquake or great earthquakes is a universal phenomenon, which has some mechanical base.

Three-dimensional seismic velocity tomography of the upper crust in Tengchong volcanic area, Yunnan Province

Based on data collected by deep seismic sounding carried out in 1999, a three-dimensional P wave velocity structure is determined with tomographic inversion. The tomographic result shows that there is a P wave low velocity zone (LVZ) in the upper crust beneath the Tengchong volcanic area. The LVZ is in the depth of 7~8 km and may be a smgma chamber or a partial melting body. The result also shows that the LVZ is in the northeastern side of the Rehai hydrothermal field, which is located in another LVZ near the surface. The shallow LVZ may represent a well-developed fracture zone. The strong hydrothermal activity in Rehai area can attribute to the existence of fractures between two LVZs. These fractures are the channels for going upwards of the deep hot fluid.

Assessment of seismic ground motion amplification and liquefaction at a volcanic area characterized by residual soils

A seismic hazard was assessed related to site effects at Abbadia San Salvatore, central Italy, on the Mt. Amiata slopes, an ancient volcanic area characterized by residual soils(thick layers of loose to dense sands originated from weathering of the trachydacitic lavas). The seismic ground amplification and soil liquefaction related to these layers were recognized as the major seismic hazards for the area.Geological, geophysical, and geotechnical surveys were carried out on the volcanic rocks. The Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio(HVSR) analysis of 252 noise measurements and 29 shear-wave velocity models of the subsoil allowed a seismic microzonation of the studied area, distinguished by thick weathered volcanic sands and shear-wave impedance contrast with respect to the seismic bedrock(volcanic bedrock). The differentiation of classified zones allowed recognition of areas characterized by residual(almost undisturbed) soils from those with soils probably affected by flowing water. The analysis of hazards revealed that peak acceleration by seismic amplification of ground motion exceeded the value set by the national rules(0.175 g) in a restricted area of the zone characterized by the most perturbed soils(Zone D);the potential occurrence of soil liquefaction was also greater in this zone. Finally, the study showed potential high hazards due to site effects of the volcanic mountainous area characterized by residual soils as opposed to an alluvial plain formed by volcanic debris where these effects have generally been more recognized.