The Integrated Approach to Seismic Attributes of Lithological Characterization of Reservoirs: Case of the F3 Block, North Sea-Dutch Sector

Technological development, particularly the development of signal processing, has contributed to the improvement of the quality of results in the analysis of the characteristics of hydrocarbon reservoirs. This scientific advance is especially marked by the introduction of seismic attributes in the characterization of reservoirs. This paper is aimed at evaluating the contribution of seismic attributes in the lithological characterization of hydrocarbon accumulation zones. Thus, it has been found that instantaneous attributes make it possible to highlight the different properties of reservoir rocks. Techniques for extracting three-dimensional volume attributes have been applied to a 3D seismic data volume of the F3 block in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. The purpose of using these volume attributes is to extract signal characteristics from lithofacies in hydrocarbon zones. The results provide a remarkable contribution to instantaneous seismic attributes in reservoir location, hydrocarbon detection, and reservoir lithological prediction. The instantaneous amplitude, the derivative of amplitude 1, the factor Q, the energy and the Hilbert transform are attributes which highlight the presence of hydrocarbons through the bright spots. Thus, curvature, similarity, dip, and coherence are useful in the determination of traps such as faults and anticlines. The crossing of the instantaneous amplitude and the instantaneous frequency makes it possible to analyze the lithofacies. In the same way, the analysis of the crossed diagrams between the porosity and the instantaneous amplitude made it possible to define the different layers of the reservoir.

Effects of structural characterizations on fragility functions of bridges subject to seismic shaking and lateral spreading

This paper evaluates the seismic vulnerability of different classes of typical bridges in California when subjected to seismic shaking or liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. The detailed structural configurations in terms of superstructure type, connection, continuity at support and foundation type, etc. render different damage resistant capability. Six classes of bridges are established based on their anticipated failure mechanisms under earthquake shaking. The numerical models that are capable of simulating the complex soil-structure interaction effects, nonlinear behavior of columns and connections are developed for each bridge class. The dynamic responses are obtained using nonlinear time history analyses for a suite of 250 earthquake motions with increasing intensity. An equivalent static analysis procedure is also implemented to evaluate the vulnerability of the bridges when subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Fragility functions for each bridge class are derived and compared for both seismic shaking （based on nonlinear dynamic analyses） and lateral spreading （based on equivalent static analyses） for different performance states. The study finds that the fragility functions due to either ground shaking or lateral spreading show significant correlation with the structural characterizations, but differences emerge for ground shaking and lateral spreading conditions. Structural properties that will mostly affect the bridges＇ damage resistant capacity are also identified.

四川盆地元坝地区二叠系茅口组相控岩溶刻画及预测

通过岩溶古地貌恢复、倾角约束增强相干、相控岩溶地震反演和非线性伽马模拟等技术,对四川盆地元坝地区二叠系茅口组相控岩溶异常及有效储层分布进行了研究。研究结果表明:①四川盆地元坝地区二叠系茅口组在纵向上可划分为表层风化壳、垂直渗流带、水平潜流带3个岩溶作用带,茅三段相控岩溶储层受浅滩相带和岩溶作用共同控制,储层类型分为孔隙-孔洞型和半充填溶洞型。②岩溶残丘地貌相对较高,为岩溶作用供水区域,是相控岩溶发育的有利位置;溶丘平原地貌相对较低,为岩溶作用汇水区域。③倾角约束的增强相干技术可定性描述岩溶残丘内相控岩溶发育的有利带,研究区的该类储层主要分布于古地貌高部位,并呈北西向展布。④相控岩溶储层预测方法可以相对准确地预测有效岩溶储层的分布范围,研究区垄脊带、峰丛带岩溶储层最为发育,最大厚度为28m。

基于线性贝叶斯和改进的典型相关分析法的地震岩石物理反演

岩石物理反演作为一种直观的定量解释手段,是储层表征的一个重要研究课题,其中岩石物理模型是联系储层物性参数与弹性参数的桥梁.传统岩石物理反演往往需要在井位处校准岩石物理模型,而在地下介质复杂时,常规的岩石物理模型难以准确描述二者之间的关系,极大地影响了岩石物理反演的准确性.为降低岩石物理模型校准带来的误差,本文引入改进的典型相关分析(BP-CCA)法来构建储层物性参数与弹性参数之间的统计岩石物理关系,从而获得地下储层物性参数的空间展布信息.此外,该方法采用线性贝叶斯理论从叠前地震数据反演得到纵、横波速度及密度等弹性参数,具有较高的反演精度和计算效率.本文对提出的方法进行了合成数据实验和实际数据应用测试.结果表明,该方法可实现对储层参数的准确刻画,验证了其可靠性.

基于五维地震数据的火山机构刻画及岩相识别——以准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩为例

五维地震数据可以更好地分析地震波在各向异性介质中传播的旅行时间、速度、振幅、频率和相位等属性随方位角的变化,而且炮检距信息与目标地质体的尺度、地层岩性和流体成分等存在相关性,方位角信息则与地层中的断裂、裂缝等的发育特征相关。为此,提出了基于五维地震资料的火山机构刻画和岩相识别技术。考虑到地下构造在垂直于走向方向的响应更明显的特点,通过构建方位分析窗提取优势方位信息,利用倾角成像增强处理的地震资料预测火山机构,利用倾角及方位角的变化计算相邻道的相似性,提高了地震资料的横向信噪比,明确了火山机构宏观分布范围;通过定义方位时窗,结合地震道反距离加权算法,提取每个方位对断裂最敏感的信息,提高了火山机构刻画精度,得到的火山形态更清晰;再结合核主成分分析(KPCA)融合优势属性预测火山岩有利岩相,精细预测了准噶尔盆地KM1井区的三期火山岩有利区带,为高效勘探、开发该区的火山岩储层奠定了基础。

巴西桑托斯盆地S油田盐下地层的OBN地震数据与拖缆地震数据的对比

相较于拖缆地震数据,OBN地震数据品质较高,但OBN地震采集施工复杂、费用高昂,因此有必要厘清拖缆地震数据和OBN地震数据在成像质量以及构造和储层的刻画能力,了解OBN地震数据的相对优势,进而指导油气勘探、开发地震数据的优选。深入对比了针对深水盐下目标的OBN地震数据和拖缆地震数据:首先根据二者观测方式的特点,对比分析二者在偏移距、方位范围、照明度、信噪比和地震速度场方面的差异;然后针对复杂盐下地层成像难的特点,全面分析了两种数据的绕射波成像、断层成像、基底成像、纵横向分辨率等数据特征以及构造深度、地震反演等解释结果特征;最后针对OBN地震数据低频信号丰富的特点,通过测井数据滤波分析了丰富的低频信号对地质体轮廓刻画的作用,并提出了利用统计子波计算地震分辨率的方法。研究发现相较于拖缆地震,OBN地震作为大偏移距、宽方位的采集方式,使得其地震照明度更好和速度场精度更高,OBN地震数据品质更好;拖缆地震数据和OBN地震数据在盐下的构造形态和地震反演趋势大体一致,但OBN地震数据在构造和储层细节刻画上优势明显。OBN地震数据具有成像效果佳、断层反射清楚、基底响应清晰、地震分辨率高、地震频带宽且低频信号丰富、构造深度误差小、地震反演细节多等优点,研究结果可为同类型油田研究和应用拖缆地震和OBN地震提供较高的参考价值。

Turbidite Dynamics and Hydrocarbon Reservoir Formation in the Tano Basin: A Coastal West African Perspective

This study examines the turbidite dynamics and hydrocarbon reservoir formation in Ghana’s Tano Basin, which is located in coastal West Africa. Through an exploration of geological processes spanning millions of years, we uncover key factors shaping hydrocarbon accumulation, including source rock richness, temperature, pressure, and geological structures. The research offers valuable insights applicable to exploration, management, and sustainable resource exploitation in coastal West Africa. It facilitates the identification of exploration targets with higher hydrocarbon potential, enables the anticipation of reservoir potential within the Tano Basin, and assists in tailoring exploration and management strategies to specific geological conditions of the Tano Basin. Analysis of fluvial channels sheds light on their impact on landscape formation and hydrocarbon exploration. The investigation into turbidite systems unveils intricate interactions involving tectonics, sea-level fluctuations, and sedimentation patterns, influencing the development of reservoirs. An understanding of sediment transport and depositional settings is essential for efficient reservoir management. Geomorphological features, such as channels, submarine canyons, and distinct channel types, are essential in this situation. A detailed examination of turbidite channel structures, encompassing canyons, channel complexes, convex channels, and U-shaped channels, provides valuable insights and aids in identifying exploration targets like basal lag, channel levees, and lobes. These findings underscore the enduring significance of turbidite systems as conduits for sediment transport, contributing to enhanced reservoir management and efficient hydrocarbon production. The study also highlights how important it is to examine the configuration of sedimentary layers, stacking patterns, and angular laminated facies to identify turbidites, understand reservoir distribution, and improve well design. The dynamic nature of turbidite systems, influenced by basin characteristics such as shape and slope, is highlighted. The research provides valuable insights essential for successful hydrocarbon exploration, reservoir management, and sustainable resource exploitation in coastal West Africa.

Performance of Continuous Wavelet Transform over Fourier Transform in Features Resolutions

This study presents a comparative analysis of two image enhancement techniques, Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), in the context of improving the clarity of high-quality 3D seismic data obtained from the Tano Basin in West Africa, Ghana. The research focuses on a comparative analysis of image clarity in seismic attribute analysis to facilitate the identification of reservoir features within the subsurface structures. The findings of the study indicate that CWT has a significant advantage over FFT in terms of image quality and identifying subsurface structures. The results demonstrate the superior performance of CWT in providing a better representation, making it more effective for seismic attribute analysis. The study highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate image enhancement technique based on the specific application needs and the broader context of the study. While CWT provides high-quality images and superior performance in identifying subsurface structures, the selection between these methods should be made judiciously, taking into account the objectives of the study and the characteristics of the signals being analyzed. The research provides valuable insights into the decision-making process for selecting image enhancement techniques in seismic data analysis, helping researchers and practitioners make informed choices that cater to the unique requirements of their studies. Ultimately, this study contributes to the advancement of the field of subsurface imaging and geological feature identification.

Reservoir stress path and induced seismic anisotropy： results from linking coupled fluid-flow/geomechanical simulation with seismic modelling

We present a workflow linking coupled fluid-flow and geomechanical simulation with seismic modelling to predict seismic anisotropy induced by non-hydrostatic stress changes. We generate seismic models from coupled simulations to examine the relationship between reservoir geometry, stress path and seismic anisotropy. The results indicate that geometry influences the evolution of stress,which leads to stress-induced seismic anisotropy. Although stress anisotropy is high for the small reservoir, the effect of stress arching and the ability of the side-burden to support the excess load limit the overall change in effective stress and hence seismic anisotropy. For the extensive reservoir, stress anisotropy and induced seismic anisotropy are high. The extensive and elongate reservoirs experience significant compaction, where the inefficiency of the developed stress arching in the side-burden cannot support the excess load.The elongate reservoir displays significant stress asymmetry,with seismic anisotropy developing predominantly along the long-edge of the reservoir. We show that the link betweenstress path parameters and seismic anisotropy is complex,where the anisotropic symmetry is controlled not only by model geometry but also the nonlinear rock physics model used. Nevertheless, a workflow has been developed to model seismic anisotropy induced by non-hydrostatic stress changes, allowing field observations of anisotropy to be linked with geomechanical models.

Analysis Method and Application of Multiple Antiquities Sources in the Shahejie Formation of the Paleogene in the Southern Bohai Sea

B Oilfield is the most representative mid to deep oil field in the Bohai Sea, with the main oil bearing intervals being the upper and middle Shahejie-3 sections of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Through the development of ancient landforms, characterization of material source channels, analysis of missing heavy mineral sources, and seismic reflection characteristics of multiple material source missing, the material sources of the middle and upper Shahejie-3 sections are analyzed. During the sedimentation period of the II oil formation in the middle section of the Shasan Formation, the study area was mainly dominated by the Kendong Uplift source rocks;During the sedimentation period of the I oil formation in the middle section of the Shasan Formation, there were three material sources in the study area, namely the Kendong Uplift, the Laibei Low Uplift, and the Weibei Uplift. The Kendong Uplift was the main material source, followed by the Laibei Low Uplift;During the sedimentation period of the Upper Shasan Formation, the study area still had three sources of material supply simultaneously. At this time, the Laibei Low Uplift was the main source area, while the Kendong Uplift and Weibei Uplift had a relatively small supply capacity for the study area. In the analysis of archaeological sources, the distribution characteristics of the sedimentary system in the third section of the Shahejie Formation have been clarified, providing a research basis for the later development and adjustment of the oilfield.

深层-超深层碳酸盐岩多类型储集体地震预测

塔里木盆地、四川盆地以及鄂尔多斯盆地深层-超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏是中国油气勘探的重要领域.由于中国海相深层碳酸盐岩储层发育的主控因素差异很大,碳酸盐岩储集体类型多,非均质性极强.随着深度增加,海相地层地震资料信噪比低、分辨率变差,增加了碳酸盐岩储层地震预测的难度.本文提出了以“相、面、断”三种端元为基础的深层碳酸盐岩储集体分类的新方法,针对相控型、面控型和断控型三种类型储集体,形成了相应的储集体预测方法、流程,包括:(1)川西雷口坡组气田潮坪相白云岩薄储层“三型两构”组合预测技术;(2)川北茅口组气藏礁滩相白云岩薄储层地震沉积学分析约束的高分辨率反演技术;(3)顺北油气田奥陶系断控储集体基于振幅响应正演模拟的定性-定量描述;(4)大牛地奥陶系不整合面岩溶储集体地质规律指导下的波形分类与古地貌刻画技术.这些方法围绕特定类型储集体的特征,充分运用地质分析所建立的储集体模式,较好地预测了储集体的厚度、物性、含油气性及分布范围,实现了单纯依据地震数据无法达到的预测目标,取得了良好的应用效果,有力支撑了深层-超深层油气勘探突破与高效开发.

基于地震属性智能融合的湖相重力流沉积致密砂岩储层预测

湖相重力流是目前沉积学研究的热点与难点,也是致密油、页岩油富集的有利场所,鄂尔多斯盆地庆城油田三叠系延长组作为致密油、页岩油的典型代表已显示出巨大的勘探开发前景。然而,由于湖相重力流砂体分布认识不清,导致油田并未达到预期的开发效率。本文采用支持向量机(SVR)的机器学习方法,先优选频段再优选属性,建立分频属性与测井解释砂体厚度的非线性映射关系,实现了致密砂岩的定量预测。研究结果表明,低频地震属性适合预测厚层砂体,高频地震属性适合预测薄层砂体;采用机器学习的方法,将不同频率的地震属性智能融合,能够兼顾预测不同厚度砂体,既提高了地震属性的解释精度,又降低了地震解释的多解性,实现了砂体厚度的定量预测。检验结果显示,智能融合属性与砂体厚度的分布趋势与值域区间基本一致,智能融合属性预测砂体分布的可靠性明显提高,与测井解释砂体厚度的相关性由0.60提高至0.79,大多数井点处预测的砂体厚度误差小于5 m。继而,根据融合属性与测井解释,刻画了研究区的沉积微相展布特征:研究区目的层发育湖底扇沉积,细分为分支水道、朵叶主体、朵叶侧缘、滑塌体与朵叶间/水道间5种沉积微相;砂体主体呈扇形连片式沉积,厚度顺物源方向逐渐减薄;分支水道呈窄条带状树形分叉,下切发育于朵叶体之上;朵叶体沉积为研究区的沉积主体;滑塌体为湖底扇前端失稳滑塌形成的小规模孤立砂体,长轴方向多平行于湖底扇前端。研究成果对油田下一步高效开发具有重要意义。

油田密井网条件下井震匹配构造表征技术及应用

特高含水老油田井网密,剩余油高效挖潜要求精细刻画构造在三维空间展布特征。在对油田资料信息特点、开发需求以及构造解释和构造建模两种方法在构造表征方面的优势与不足分析基础上,总结出井震匹配构造表征方法。方法包含不同井网井震标定及层位解释、断点落实及断层解释、动态信息断层检验、深度域断点二次组合、井震匹配断层建模,地震约束层位建模6个关键步骤,详细分析每个步骤中井震匹配的关键要素。该方法将地震资料空间识别构造特征的优势和井信息在构造表征中的定位、判别作用结合起来,对断层及微幅度构造进行准确描述。结果表明,采用该方法建立的构造模型精度高,对剩余油精准预测及挖潜有积极的指导作用。

塔里木盆地顺北地区海相超深碳酸盐岩油气勘探物探技术需求与创新应用

塔里木盆地顺北地区海相超深层碳酸盐岩是塔里木盆地油气勘探的重点领域之一。经过地震采集、处理成像、量化识别和地质工程一体化解释的系统攻关,逐渐形成了高密度、高精度、面向缝洞体的三维地震采集技术;宽频带、高保真全波场地震处理技术;叠前宽方位分析、各向异性检测、可视化等多维度解释技术。但作为典型的非层状油气藏,塔里木盆地顺北地区海相超深碳酸盐岩油气地震勘探理论与地震勘探实践仍面临全方位的挑战,未来应进一步加强物探技术攻关,包括进一步完善地震散射波传播与成像理论;试验以“共中心点离散化、近偏高覆盖、多观测系统”为主的地震采集技术;重新认识噪声,实现多态式地震波处理和全波场地震成像;积极探索智能化解释技术,综合岩石物理分析与正演模拟、多态式的叠前反演与地震属性分析,精细描述缝洞体及其内幕。这些技术对支撑顺北地区持续重大突破和持续发展,以及对国内外超深层碳酸盐岩勘探和非层状油气藏勘探具有借鉴意义。

地震沉积学在东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷河流-三角洲相储集层刻画中的应用

针对东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷渐新统花港组河流-三角洲相储集层横向变化快、常规切片属性形态差、储集层预测难度大、难以满足岩性油气藏的后续勘探开发的问题应用分频解释、反演-常规-90°相移联合构建地震岩性体、非线性切片、古地貌恢复、多属性融合等特色技术对传统地震沉积学方法进行优化。研究发现花港组发育辫状河、曲流河和浅水三角洲3类沉积体,垂向沉积演化受中期基准面旋回和古地貌联合控制。在中期基准面旋回上升阶段的早—中期以辫状河道沉积为主,发育垂向叠置型砂体;在上升半旋回晚期和下降半旋回的早期以曲流河沉积为主,发育孤立型砂体;在中期基准面下降半旋回的中—晚期以浅水三角洲沉积为主,发育迁移型中—厚层砂体。限定性古地貌对砂体展布具有控制作用,非限定性古地貌对砂体展布影响较小。在储集层刻画的基础上,提出断层封堵型和储集层上倾尖灭型构造岩性圈闭是西湖凹陷下一步滚动挖潜的主力方向。

渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷新生界断层精细表征及地质意义

断层的精细表征对高含水期复杂断块油田剩余油挖潜具有重要意义。利用井-震标志层对比、地震同相轴变异识别与断层叠合模型验证等方法,对渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷新生界复杂断块油田开展了断层精细表征。研究结果表明:(1)沾化凹陷复杂断块油藏断层两侧岩层的对接关系复杂,断层组合样式多样,继承性小微断层发育,通过断点定位、断面解释、断层平面组合与空间叠合建模等,实现断层特别是小微断层的精准识别、定位与表征。(2)研究区小微断层发育的重要特征为地震剖面中同相轴的扭曲、分叉、合并等变异现象,同相轴微扭动、微扭曲、微错断是小微断层断点识别与定位的重要依据。(3)断层精细表征使研究区断层的断边“盲区”和“模糊区”变为剩余油富集的潜力区,断层两侧外扩可新增地质储量。断层精细表征可优化完善井网布局、增加挖潜开发实效,还可为进一步明确剩余油富集分布规律、调整开发井网和实施精准开发等提供科学依据。

AVO信息约束匹配追踪技术在富煤储层刻画中的应用

针对西湖凹陷富煤环境下储层刻画精度低问题,本文结合煤层AVO截距、梯度特征,提出一种基于AVO信息约束的匹配追踪技术,压制煤层强反射引起的岩性假象,凸显储层真实、有效信号。该方法首先利用煤层4类AVO负强截距P、正强梯度G特点,构建煤层地震敏感因子P-G,放大煤层地震响应,并压制非煤层强振幅影响,实现煤层位置精细定位;在此基础上,将该煤层地震信息作为匹配追踪需要分解、重构的原始信号,利用复地震道分析技术提高信号快速匹配分解的效率,完成煤层强反射解耦。模型试算及实际资料应用表明:匹配追踪技术在精细定位煤层地震响应基础上,提高了匹配追踪算法去煤层强振幅效率;煤层解耦后地震数据较好地凸显储层横向展布变化,提高主力气层的纵向刻画精度。

AVO梯度谱蓝化在中深层薄砂岩刻画中的应用

传统谱蓝化主要用于叠后地震拓频处理,适用于测井波阻抗能较好辨别砂、泥岩的浅层,对于中深层阻抗混叠区局限性较大。AVO梯度反映相对反射系数随炮检距的变化,与泊松比变化率呈现正相关,而泊松比能较好辨别中深层砂、泥岩。本文首先通过岩性组合、物性及流体等参数变化,正演论证了AVO梯度在中深层辨识砂岩顶界面的可靠性与稳定性;进一步地,针对中深层薄砂岩刻画精度低问题,提出一种基于AVO梯度信息的谱蓝化地震拓频技术,通过对AVO梯度谱蓝化拓频,提高薄储层刻画精度。模型试算及实际应用表明:基于AVO梯度的谱蓝化可以直接运用AVO梯度辨识储层界面信息,简化基于CRP道集或角度部分叠加的多参数岩性预测方法;同时,该方法较好解决了XH凹陷深埋地层薄砂岩刻画难题,对中深层地震高分辨率处理有一定借鉴意义。

基于模型的薄层结构智能反演试验分析

受地震数据有效频带的限制,常规的地震反演方法很难对薄层结构进行准确刻画和描述。基于机器学习的地震反演方法是近年来用于薄层结构预测的新技术。为此,基于BLSTM-Net神经网络模型,针对薄层空间结构的预测问题开展了简单及复杂陆相沉积模型的阻抗反演试验分析。首先,构建简单的薄互层模型,开展基于BLSTM-Net模型智能反演与基于测井约束的常规地震反演方法的试验对比,同时对BLSTM-Net模型的抗噪性进行测试;然后,构建典型的陆相沉积复杂薄互层地质模型,对反演结果的可靠性及其对地震频带的依赖性进行试验分析;最后,对比分析BLSTM-Net神经网络模型与稀疏脉冲反演对弱反射的恢复和保护能力。模型试验结果表明,基于BLSTM-Net模型的反演方法较常规反演方法具有更强的薄层结构预测能力,且对弱反射具有更好的保护作用,具有更大幅度提高实际地震数据薄层刻画精度的理论优势和技术潜力。

多种深度学习算法联合提高地震相分析及油气储层预测效果

联合使用多种深度学习算法,更好地挖掘地震数据中的隐蔽和有用信息,实现相互补充和优化,对于减少地震相分析结果的不确定性,具有重要意义。为此,提出了一种从标签训练到数据挖掘再到优化的全过程深度学习地震相分析的方法和流程。首先,通过自组织映射网络图(SOM)进行波形分类,为监督学习提供具有代表性的训练数据;然后,利用卷积神经网路(CNN)和循环神经网路(RNN)进行地震相分析,将预测得到的地震相分析结果输入到生成对抗神经网络(GAN)进行算法优化及运算结果的不确定性分析;最后,结合实际资料分析给出最优结果。本文提出和实现了SOM+CNN/RNN+GAN的监督和非监督联合的深度学习地震相分析的方法及实用流程,通过在研究区河道砂体储层油气预测的实际应用,证明该方法提高了地震相分析及油气储层预测结果的可靠性及效果。