Reflection and transmission of seismic waves at an interface betwen two saturated soils

Based on the modified Biot model for asturated soils, taking the compressibilities of the grains and the pore fluid as well as the viscous coupling into account, the reflection and transmission of seismic aves at an interface between two saturated soils are studied in this paper. A formula is derived for calculation of the amplitude reflection and transmission coefficients of various waves. A aumerical investigation of the dependence of the coefficients on the angle of incidence and the frequency is performed. This study is of a value for seismological studies and geophysical exploration.

Effective wave identification and interference analysis of the seismic reflection method in mines

Through discussion of the time-distance curve characteristics of the direct waveand from the front,side and rear of the reflection waves of the seismic reflection methodfor advanced exploration in mines,and analysis of several major interference waves inmines,the differences in time-distance curve,frequency,apparent velocity between theeffective wave and interference wave in the seismic reflection method for advanced explorationare obtained.According to the differences,the effective wave is extracted andthe interference wave is filtered and the system's precision and accuracy is improved.

Comparative Analysis of Application of Seismic Wave Reflection Method in Advanced Geological Prediction

Seismic wave reflection method is an advanced geophysical detection method in tunnel geological prediction.It is more sensitive and effective in detecting geological anomalies such as fault fracture zone and karst.In order to verify the prediction efficacy and accuracy of the seismic wave reflection method with different instruments and equipment(tunnel geological prediction[TGP]/tunnel seismic prediction[TSP])and different vibration modes(hammering,explosives),a comparison test was carried out in Jinping Tunnel.The test results showed that the time-consumption of the hammering source was short,which can greatly reduce the impact on the construction site;different vibration sources methods of seismic wave reflection can predict the unfavorable geological sections accurately.

Study on Dynamic Response of the “Dualistic” Structure Rock Slope with Seismic Wave Theory

Currently, scant attention has been paid to the theoretical analysis on dynamic response mechanism of the ＂Dualistic＂ structure roek slope. The analysis presented here provides insight into the dynamic response of the ＂Dualistie＂ structure rock slope. By investigating the principle of energy distribution, it is shown that the effect of a joint plays a significant role in slope stability analysis. A dynamic reflection and transmission model （RTM） for the ＂Dualistic＂ structure rock slope and explicit dynamic equations are established to analyze the dynamic response of a slope, based on the theory of elastic mechanics and the principle of seismic wave propagation. The theoretical simulation solutions show that the dynamic response of the ＂Dualistic＂ structure rock slope （soft-hard） model is greater than that of the ＂Dualistic＂ strueture rock slope （hard-soft） model, especially in the slope crest. The magnifying effect of rigid foundation on the dynamic response is more obvious than that of soft foundation. With the amplitude increasing, the cracks could be found in the right slope （soft-hard） crest. The crest failure is firstly observed in the right slope （soft-hard） during the experimental process. The reliability of theoretical model is also investigated by experiment analysis. The conclusions derived in this paper could also be used in future evaluations of Multi-layer rock slopes.

The influence of irregular seafloor topography on the seismic wave field and migration imaging

One of the problems experienced in marine geophysical exploration is that the layered features in the migration imaging profile are blurred and the seismic energy reflected is weaker in the middle or lower parts. In this study we model the seismic wavefield records in the undulating seafloor when there is both a slight change and significant change in seafloor topography to analyze its influence on the seismic reflection data and migration imaging profiles. We compare and analyze the wave field records collected at the same point on the original and modified velocity models, and the cross-bonding resulting migration imaging profiles. The results show that whether the seismic reflection data collection is performed along the direction of the survey line or against the direction of the survey line, slight changes in the seafloor topography have little effect on the wave field records and the migration profile, while significant changes in the seafloor topography have great effect on both the wave field records and migration profile.

Seismic reflection and transmission coeffi-cients at an air-water interface of saturated porous soil

Based on the modified Biot＇s theory of two-phase porous media, a study was presented on seismic reflection and transmission coefficients at an air-water interface of saturated porous soil media. The major differences between air-saturated soils and water-saturated soils were theoretically discussed, and the theoretical formulas of reflection and transmission coefficients at an air-water interface were derived. The characteristics of propagation and attenuation of elastic waves in air-saturated soils were given and the relations among the frequency, the angle of incidence and the reflection, transmission coefficients were analyzed by using numerical methods. Numerical results show that the propagation characteristic of the wave in air-saturated soils is great different from that in water-saturated soils. The frequency and the angle of incidence can have great influences on the reflection and transmission coefficients at interface. Some new cognition about the wave propagation is obtained and the study suggests that we may carefully pay attention to the influence of air on the dynamic analysis of seismic wave.

Mechanism of Elastic Waves Reflection in Geological Media

Reflecting properties of layered geological media are substantiated in the framework of phonon-phonon mechanism of elastic wave propagation in porous media. In this scope the reflection coefficient is calculated using not impedances but impulses of phonons in adjoining porous media. Assuming for the first approximation that rocks do fulfill an average time equation we got an expression for the reflection coefficient via porosity factors of that geological medium. For calculation of reflection coefficient the wavelength is chosen as averaging line scale. These coefficients are calculated at every depth point for a set of frequencies in seismic range. Resulting curves have special depth points. Being cross-plotted in time-frequency space such points do form coherent units. These units we call effective boundaries, because they cause all reflections for the given media in the framework of considered model. Effective boundaries are not wide-band as for two half spaces but have a cutoff at some low frequency. Geological medium at a whole is characterized by the system of such effective boundaries that are capable to form a reflection waves field. To construct this field an algorithm is developed that solves the direct problem of seismic in the framework of effective boundaries theory. This algorithm is illustrated with vibroseis survey modeling for a specific geological section.

A Method of Improving Seismic Data Resolution：Comprehensive Inversion of Well logging and Seismic Data

Comprehensive inversion of logging and seismic data presented in this paper is a method to improve seismic data resolution. It involves using ample high-frequency information and complete low-frequency information of known logging to make up for the lack of limited bandwidth of practical seismic recording, obtaining an approximate reflection coefficient sequence (or wave impedance) of high resolution by iterative inversion and providing more reliable seismic evidence for further lithologic interpretation and lateral tracking, correlation and prediction of thin reservoir. The comprehensive inversion can be realized in the following steps: (1) to establish an initial model of higher resolution; (2) to obtain wavelets, and (3) to constrain iterative inversion. The key to this inversion lies in building an initial model. It is assumed from our experience that when the initial model is properly given, iterative inversion can be quickly converged to the ideal result.

Separation of diffracted waves via SVD filter

Diffracted seismic waves may be used to help identify and track geologically heterogeneous bodies or zones.However,the energy of diffracted waves is weaker than that of reflections.Therefore,the extraction of diffracted waves is the basis for the effective utilization of diffracted waves.Based on the difference in travel times between diffracted and reflected waves,we developed a method for separating the diffracted waves via singular value decomposition filters and presented an effective processing flowchart for diffracted wave separation and imaging.The research results show that the horizontally coherent difference between the reflected and diffracted waves can be further improved using normal move-out(NMO) correction.Then,a band-rank or high-rank approximation is used to suppress the reflected waves with better transverse coherence.Following,separation of reflected and diffracted waves is achieved after the filtered data are transformed into the original data domain by inverse NMO.Synthetic and field examples show that our proposed method has the advantages of fewer constraints,fast processing speed and complete extraction of diffracted waves.And the diffracted wave imaging results can effectively improve the identification accuracy of geological heterogeneous bodies or zones.

Pitfalls in interpretation of shallow seismic data

High-resolution shallow seismic methods are the most widely used geophysical methods in near surface characterization. However, in many cases interpreting the seismic images can be misleading. In this article, we present three case studies where results from P-wave seismic reflection, SH-wave seismic reflection, and multi-channel analysis of surface wave （MASW） surveys were incorrectly interpreted because of inadequate constraints on either the surveyed sites surface or subsurface conditions. A P-wave reflection survey feature was first interpreted as a shallow fault zone but it was later determined to result from a high level of background noise as the acquisition passed through a road intersection. A SH-wave seismic reflection survey feature was interpreted to be a reverse dip-slip fault but targeted drilling showed it was deep local erosion into the bedrock surface. Finally, in an MASW survey, a steeply dipping feature was first interpreted as a bedrock valley. However, later exploratory drilling showed the feature to be a shallow layer of very soft lake sediment that severely damped most of the applied surface wave frequency band. Although initial interpretations were incorrect, they stimulated discussions among geophysicists and geologists and underscored the need for meaningful cooperation and discourse between the scientists before, during, and after geophysical data acquisition.

远探测声波测井处理解释方法发展与展望

远探测声波测井技术(亦称反射声波测井技术)能够从井中探测及评价井外数十米范围内的裂缝、洞穴和断层等地质异常反射体,大大拓展了测井技术的应用范围。在回顾该技术发展历程的同时,重点介绍了远探测声波测井处理解释核心方法、软件和现场应用效果。结合目前油田实际生产需求和现有技术面临的挑战,指出远探测声波测井处理解释方法有5个最重要的发展方向:继目前利用声波时差和密度通过反射系数褶积进行“测井约束下的地震反演”后,突破实现井下实测反射波和地面地震反射波正反演关系的直接建立,同时开展页岩储层裂缝成像、压裂效果评价、随钻地质导向研究及远探测声波测井仪器革新。

巴基斯坦东部海域中生代地层发现与油气意义

巴基斯坦海域历经60余年油气勘探,长期以新生界为主要目标,对中生代地层展布、构造演化特征等认识不清。巴基斯坦东部海域中—新生代时期经历了复杂的构造—沉积演化过程,新生代受喜马拉雅隆升影响而沉积了巨量陆缘碎屑物质,因此是研究诸多重大基础科学问题的极佳场所。受白垩纪晚期区域火成岩影响,对该区中生代地层是否存在、如何展布等问题一直存在较大争议,这极大限制了区域油气勘探活动的开展。本研究基于新采集的高品质二维地震剖面,突破了火成岩层的屏蔽作用,通过地震反射界面刻画、地震波组特征分析和层速度分析等手段,揭示了中生代地层在巴基斯坦东部海域广泛分布,中生代地层受控于同期活动的强烈伸展断陷作用,被隆坳相间的构造古地理格局分割在多个规模不等的次级凹陷内部。整体厚度800~10000 m,表现为东南厚、西北薄,向北和向西超覆,最大沉积厚度位于研究区东南和西北两个区域,该套地层在陆域下印度河盆地已证实为重要烃源岩层,因此海域中生代地层的发现有效拓展了该区未来油气勘探方向和潜在价值。

散射波波场在裂缝性储集层识别中的应用

裂缝性油气藏是目前油气增储上产的重要勘探开发目标,常规叠后地震数据预测裂缝效果差,无法满足裂缝性储集层识别的要求。为此,建立了一种基于扩散滤波的地震反射波波场和散射波波场相对分离方法,通过调节扩散系数和迭代次数,把叠后地震数据体分离为反射波波场和散射波波场数据体,并在散射波波场数据体上提取相干、曲率、蚂蚁体等地震属性,进行裂缝性储集层预测。在松辽盆地基岩风化壳裂缝性储集层和四川盆地茅口组裂缝性储集层进行裂缝预测,结果表明:该方法对裂缝性储集层的预测结果具有更高的分辨率;大庆探区基岩风化壳裂缝性储集层2口钻井验证该方法预测储集层符合率达到67%,应用效果好,可供同类油气藏的勘探开发和井位部署参考。

反射波法隧道超前地质预报地震波走时模拟研究

隧道施工安全常常由于复杂的地质情况面临着巨大的挑战,反射波法地震勘探具有探测深度大、抗干扰能力强等优点,是确保隧道施工安全的重要超前地质预报手段。反射地震波走时计算与地震数据处理中的纵横波分离、速度建模、偏移成像等多个步骤息息相关,直接影响着隧道地质预报的结果。本文将仿照反射波法隧道超前地质预报的实际施工区域进行速度建模,以求解程函方程为基础,结合快速推进法(FMM)中的迎风有限差分方法以及窄带扩展技术实现针对隧道模型的初至地震波走时模拟。并通过对隧道模型中反射界面位置信息的提取,构建反射波初始窄带以及结合窄带扩展技术实现针对隧道模型反射波走时的计算。通过数值分析以及复杂隧道模型计算表明,文中给出的反射波法隧道超前地质预报地震波走时模拟具有良好的计算精度以及较强的适应能力。

浅层地震反射波法及地质雷达法在地下防空洞探测的应用研究

由于早期人防工程相关资料的缺失,形成若干盲区。本文采用浅层地震反射波法及地质雷达法对浙江宁波地区的地下防空洞盲区进行定位探测,分析其满水和抽水后状态下进行无损检测的可行性。结果表明,结合两种方法的应用可基本实现对防空洞埋深定位探测,抽干水后状态下的反射信号更为清晰。在现场勘测应用时,应减少环境干扰,优选测试分析参数并验证结果。

瞬变电磁法和地震反射波法在不良地质洞段超前地质预报中的应用

物探方法是超前地质预报的主要手段,通过不良地质体与围岩物性参数差异,及时发现和预测地质条件的变化。较完整一完整围岩岩体物性参数与不良地质体物性参数存在较明显差异,有利于分辨出不良地质体;但是在地质条件差洞段的不良地质体与围岩岩体物性参数差异极小,不利于分辨出不良地质体,使得岩体质量情况和地质灾害风险预报难度极大。本次采用瞬变电磁法与地震反射波法的综合物探法,在滇中引水工程大理Ⅱ段Ⅴ_(特)类岩体开展专项超前地质预报工作,主要利用岩体视电阻率、应力梯度、纵波波速、横波波速等参数对未开挖段岩体质量和可能存在的地质灾害风险进行预测。创造性地通过“日进尺”这一指标间接对开挖岩体破碎程度进行评价,经对比,预报成果中符合长度占实际开挖过程中问题段长度的85.1%,预报结果与开挖成果较为吻合;此外,对坍塌失稳段、突泥涌水段也有明显反映,为该方法组合在不良地质洞段超前地质预报中的应用提供了借鉴。

利用环境噪声自相关研究唐海—商都台阵测线下方的莫霍面深度

基于唐海—商都宽频带地震台阵2006—2009年连续三年的波形记录,利用环境噪声相位自相关函数对台阵下方的莫霍面反射P波进行分析。通过对同一个台站多个时间段的自相关结果进行分组、采用两步叠加处理增加信号强度:(1)在组内进行线性叠加,对组间的叠加结果进行相位加权叠加;(2)基于华北地区的背景速度结构信息,在地壳平均速度5%不确定性的时窗内,根据自相关函数包络线的二阶导数最大值确定P波的莫霍面反射时间,经时间-深度转化,获得台阵下方的莫霍面深度。结果显示,莫霍面从东南向西北总体由浅变深,中间有小幅度的起伏。噪声自相关方法确定的莫霍面平均深度相较于参考的接收函数结果的偏差为0.8 km,相应的双程走时偏差约为0.3 s。以月份叠加的自相关函数结果显示,PmP信号的噪声源具有显著的季节性变化。自相关函数的波形特征显示华北地区的地壳-地幔转换带的速度梯度模式不同。

南海北部中生界地震成像制约因素分析

南海北部中生界油气勘探积累了多个年度、多次采集、多种处理方案的地震资料,但地震成像品质总体上仍难以满足目前中生界油气勘探研究需求,对制约地震成像的影响因素认识不一,缺乏系统对比论证。通过对地质背景及沉积特征的分析,以现有二维地震资料为基础,建立典型地质结构模型并正演模拟,对制约中生界地震成像品质的地质、地球物理因素进行剖析对比和论证,从定性和定量的角度明确了不同地质条件下造成现有地震资料品质差的主控因素。研究表明,制约中生界地震成像的主要因素是海底及中新生界之间的两个强反射界面、中生界地层内部波阻抗差异小所导致的低信噪比;绕射波、多次波等各种干扰波异常发育使有效信号难以识别和成像;崎岖海底造成照明能量散射等。南海北部中生界制约地震成像因素的明确为后续中生界地震数据采集、处理提供了有效指导及技术支持,并进一步提出通过适当加大震源容量、提高覆盖次数、深沉放枪缆、高维度,获得更多深层有效反射波能量的采集建议;通过自适应鬼波压制、多域提高信噪比处理及基于频率谐振能量补偿等技术解决弱反射问题,宽频组合解决多次波发育问题,基于地质、折射波增强速度规律认识,沿层高密度速度拾取提高速度分析精度等处理建议。

带压开采工作面综合勘探技术和施工治理的应用研究——以内蒙古不连沟煤矿F6226工作面为例

不连沟煤矿位于准格尔煤田的北部。由于F6226工作面的部分煤层在奥灰水水头以下,需要进行带压开采,必须对潜在的顶板砂岩裂隙水和底板奥陶系灰岩岩溶裂隙水导水构造进行采前探查,并对导水构造实施治理。在探查工作中,利用瞬变电磁法在工作面顶板发现2处低阻异常,均为断裂影响形成岩石破碎,相对富水;经钻孔验证均未出水,预测在回采作业中只会产生局部淋水,不会出现大规模涌(突)水。音频电透视探测发现煤层底板中有4处低阻异常,槽波地震探测共探查出13条断裂和1处地质异常;对异常验证的25个钻孔注浆处理后,最大出水量为0.3 m^(3)/h,并未见到岩层的错乱等异常现象。评价认为,基本可以排除F6226工作面范围内煤层顶板砂岩水和底板奥灰水涌(突)水的可能性。

Applying accurate gradients of seismic wave reflection coefficients (SWRC) to the inversion of seismic wave velocities

Through solving the Zoeppritz's partial derivative equations, we have obtained accurate partial derivatives of reflected coefficients of seismic wave with respect to Pand S-wave velocities.With those partial derivatives, a multi-angle inversion is developed for seismic wave velocities.Numerical examples of different formation models show that if the number of iterations goes over 10, the relative error of inversion results is less than 1%, whether or not there is interference among the reflection waves.When we only have the reflected seismograms of P-wave, and only invert for velocities of P-wave, the multi-angle inversion is able to obtain a high computation precision.When we have the reflected seismograms of both P-wave and VS-wave, and simultaneously invert for the velocities of P-wave and VS-wave, the computation precisions of VS-wave velocities improves gradually with the increase of the number of angles, but the computation precision of P-wave velocities becomes worse.No matter whether the reflected seismic waves from the different reflection interface are coherent or non-coherent, this method is able to achieve a higher computation precision.Because it is based on the accurate solution of the gradient of SWRCs without any additional restriction, the multi-angle inversion method can be applied to seismic inversion of total angles.By removing the difficulties caused by simplified Zoeppritz formulas that the conventional AVO technology struggles with, the multiangle inversion method extended the application range of AVO technology and improved the computation precision and speed of inversion of seismic wave velocities.