Crustal structure of the eastern Dabie orogenic belt from the seismic tomography and wide-angle reflection studies

The studies of seismic tomography and wide-angle reflection have been carried out to reveal the velocity structUrebeneath the eastern Dabie orogenic belt. The result from the seismic tomography shows the high velocity bodiesmight be positioned to a depth of only about 1 .5 km below sea level within the Dabie ultra-high pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belt; the fan-profile shows the Shuihou-Wuhe fault, the demarcation between the South Dabieand the North Dabie, slopes to the south-west at a dip angle of about 45° in the bottom of upper crust. The wideangle reflection shows the middle crustal boundaries and the complex features from the lower crust.

Structural Characteristics of the Basement beneath Qiangtang Basin in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Results of Interaction Interpretation from Seismic Reflection/Refraction Data

The studies on configuration, character/property of the basement of Qiangtang basin is helpful for evaluating petroleum and nature gas resources as well as understanding the basin evolvement. Recently a moderate to high-grade metamorphic gneiss rock was found underlying beneath very low metamorphic Ordovician strata in Mayer Kangri to the north of the central uplift. That fact actually proved existence of the crystalline basement just the distribution and structures of pre-Paleozoic crystalline basement still remain puzzle. In recent years a number of active sources deep seismic profiling, to aim at lithospheric structure of northern Tibet and petroleum resources of the Qiangtang basin, had been conducted that make it possible to image the structure of the basement of the Qiangtang. Near vertical reflection profiles, included those acquired previously and those during 2004 to 2008, have been utilized in this study. By through the interaction process and interpretation between the reflection profiles and the wide-angle profile, a model with the detailed structure and velocity distribution from surface to the depth of 20 km of Qiangtang basin has been imaged.Based on the results and discussions of this study, the preliminary conclusions are as follows： （1） The velocity structure section （~20 kin） that is interactively constrained by the refraction and reflection seismic data reveals that the sedimentary stratum gently lie until 10 km in the south Qiangtang basin. （2） The basement consists of fold basement （the upper） and crystalline basement （the lower）.The fold basement buried at the average depth of 6 km with a velocity of 5.2-5.8 km/s. The shallowest appear at range of the central uplift. The crystalline basement is underlying beneath the fold basement at the average depth of 10 km with a velocity of 5.9-6.0 km/s except near Bangong-Nujiang suture. （3） The high-velocity body at the depth range of 3-6 km of the central uplift is considered as a fragment of the crystalline basement that perhaps was raised by Thermal or deformation. （4） The lower-consolidated fold basement show more affinity of Yangtze block but the crystalline basement seems more approximate to Lhasa terrene in geophysical nature. We have attempted to improve the resolution and reliability by interaction of the active seismic data and prove it effective to image complex basement structure. It will be a potential to process the piggy-back acquisition data and has wide prospects.

Crustal wide-angle reflection imaging along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in Guangdong province,China

A 400 km-long wide-angle seismic experiment along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in South China was carried out to study contact relationship between southeast continental margin of Yangtze block and northwest continental margin of Cathaysia block. We reconstructed crustal wide-angle reflection structure by the depth-domain pre-stack migration and the crustal velocity model constructed from the traveltime fitting. The wide-angle reflection section shows different reflection （from crystalline basement and Moho） pattern beneath the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, and suggests the Wuchuan-Sihui fault is the boundary between them. A cluster of well-developed reflections on Moho and in its underlying topmost mantle probably comes from alternative thin layers, which may be seismic signature of strong interaction between crust and mantle in the tectonic environment of lithosphere extension.

Characteristics of crustal variation and extensional break-up in the Western Pacific back-arc region based on a wide-angle seismic profile

The marginal sea and back-arc basins in the Western Pacific Ocean have become the focus of tectonics due to their unique tectonic location.To understand the deep crustal structure in the back-arc region,we present a 545-kmlong active-source ocean bottom seismometer(OBS)wide-angle reflection/refraction profile in the East China Sea.The P wave velocity model shows that the Moho depth rises significantly,from approximately 30 km in the East China Sea shelf to approximately 16 km in the axis of the Okinawa Trough.The lower crustal high-velocity zone(HVZ)in the southern Okinawa Trough,with V_(p) of 6.8-7.3 km/s,is a remarkable manifestation of the mantle material upwelling and accretion to the lower crust.This confirms that the lower crustal high-velocity mantle accretion is developed in the southern Okinawa Trough.During the process of back-arc extension,the crustal structure of the southern Okinawa Trough is completely invaded and penetrated by the upper mantle material in the axis region.In some areas of the southern central graben,the crust may has broken up and entered the initial stage of seafloor spreading.The discontinuous HVZs in the lower crust in the back-arc region also indicate the migration of spreading centers in the back-arc region since the Cenozoic.The asthenosphere material upwelling in the continent-ocean transition zone is constantly driving the lithosphere eastward for episodic extension,and is causing evident tectonic migration in the Western Pacific back-arc region.

Joint exploration of crustal structure in Fuzhou basin and its vicinities by deep seismic reflection and high-resolution refraction as well as wide-angle reflection/refraction

The Fuzhou basin and its vicinities are located at the northern end of the southeastern coastal seismic zone of the mainland of China. By the joint explorations of high-resolution seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection/refraction as well as deep seismic reflection in the region, which is the first synthetic profile in China, its fine velocity structure and geometric structure from the ground to Moho discontinuity is obtained. The result shows that the crust is obviously layered with a thickness of about 32 km. Basically, it consists of two parts: upper crust and lower crust. The velocity of the upper crust is 5.9-6.2 km/s in which there is a 3-4-km-thick weak low-velocity layer between the depths of 10-15 km, while the velocity of the lower crust in the range of 6.3-7.2 km/s. There exists a strong velocity gradient layer about 3 km thick above the Moho discontinuity whose velocity increases from 6.5 to 7.27 km/s. There exist high-angle normal faults that are small in size and extend only in the shallow crust. These faults are the secondary developed on the hanging wall of westward dipping low-angle normal faults. Thus, their seismogenic ability is limited, however, there exists a high-angle deep fault in the crust from Changle-Zaoan fault zone to seashore fault zone. This deep fault has cut the interface between the upper and lower crusts and Moho discontinuity, and may be the deep structure to trigger destructive earthquake source in future to affect Fuzhou City. These results have advanced the detecting precision of the deep structure in the southeastern coastal seismic zone of the mainland of China. In the aspect of the combined feature of the deep and shallow extensional structures that consist of the westward dipping low-angle normal faults and secondary normal faults on their hanging walls in the upper crust, it is firstly obtained that a united structural interpretation has deepened the knowledge about the deep dynamic process in the southeastern coastal seismic zone. At the same time, in synthetic application of deep seismic detecting methods for deep tectonic background, it possesses a wide referenced meaning to the other regions.

The deep background of large-scale,Mesozoic Cu-Au-W metallogenesis in northeastern South China:Constraints from Yingshan-Changshan wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction data

To investigate the geodynamic processes of Mesozoic large-scale mineralization in South China,we deployed a 350-km-long,wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction sounding profile between Yingshan in Hubei and Changshan in Zhejiang.This profile traverses the Cu-Au metallogenic belt in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River(YMB),the Jiangnan W-polymetal metallogenic belt(JNMB),and the Qinhang Cu-polymetal metallogenic belt(QHMB).Our imaging results reveal various interesting velocity features along the profile.(1)The velocity structure is characterized by vertical layering and horizontal blocking;(2)the YMB is marked by high velocity and high V_(p)/V_(s) ratios in general with a significantly uplifted Moho interface and a thin crust of~31 km,and the lower crust contains high-velocity anomalies and has the characteristics of a crustmantle transition zone;(3)the JNMB is bounded by the Jiangnan fault and Jingdezhen-Huangshan fault and has low-velocity anomalies and low V_(p)/V_(s) ratios;and(4)the QHMB is characterized by high-velocity anomalies and high V_(p)/V_(s) ratios.The highvelocity anomalies in the YMB and QHMB represent relatively Cu-Au-rich mafic juvenile lower crust.The formation of this kind of crust is considered to be related to mantle-derived magma underplating or residues of Neoproterozoic oceanic crustal materials,and it also provided sources for large-scale Cu-Au mineralization in the Mesozoic.The JNMB has features similar to those of ancient crusts enriched in W-Sn,the partial melting of which played a leading role in the formation of the superlarge W deposits in this belt.Considering these results and other regional geological data,we propose that a large-scale oblique upwelling of the asthenosphere along the collisional belt of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks during the Mesozoic was the deep driving mechanism for the explosive mineralization of Cu,Au,and W in northeastern South China.The boundaries of the blocks or terrains and discontinuities of the lithosphere were the main channels for deep heat and magmas and therefore controlled the spatial distribution of the metallogenic belt.

Seismic Acquisition Parameters Analysis for Deep Weak Reflectors in the South Yellow Sea

The Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine residual basin in the South Yellow Sea(SYS) is a significant deep potential hydrocarbon reservoir. However, the imaging of the deep prospecting target is quite challenging due to the specific seismic-geological conditions. In the Central and Wunansha Uplifts, the penetration of the seismic wavefield is limited by the shallow high-velocity layers(HVLs) and the weak reflections in the deep carbonate rocks. With the conventional marine seismic acquisition technique, the deep weak reflection is difficult to image and identify. In this paper, we could confirm through numerical simulation that the combination of multi-level air-gun array and extended cable used in the seismic acquisition is crucial for improving the imaging quality. Based on the velocity model derived from the geological interpretation, we performed two-dimensional finite difference forward modeling. The numerical simulation results show that the use of the multi-level air-gun array can enhance low-frequency energy and that the wide-angle reflection received at far offsets of the extended cable has a higher signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and higher energy. Therefore, we have demonstrated that the unconventional wide-angle seismic acquisition technique mentioned above could overcome the difficulty in imaging the deep weak reflectors of the SYS, and it may be useful for the design of practical seismic acquisition schemes in this region.

Static Corrections Methods in the Processing of Deep Reflection Seismic Data

Statics are big challenges for the processing of deep reflection seismic data. In this paper several different statics solutions have been implemented in the processing of deep reflection seismic data in South China and their corresponding results have been compared in order to find proper statics solutions. Either statics solutions based on tomographic principle or combining the low-frequency components of field statics with the high-frequency ones of refraction statics can provide reasonable statics solutions for deep reflection seismic data in South China with very rugged surface topography, and the two statics solutions can correct the statics anomalies of both long spatial wavelengths and short ones. The surface-consistent residual static corrections can serve as the good compensations to the several kinds of the first statics solutions. Proper statics solutions can improve both qualities and reso- lutions of seismic sections, especially for the reflections of Moho in the upmost mantle.

Indian plate blocked by the thickened Eurasian crust in the middle of the continental collision zone of southern Tibet

The relationship of the crustal contact between the Indian and Eurasian plates is a key issue in understanding crustal thickening and the subduction of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Across the middle of the Yarlung-Zangbo Suture(YZS), we deployed an ~450-km-long SN-trending wide-angle reflection/refraction profile to observe the P-wave velocity(vP) structure beneath the northern Himalaya and the southern plateau. Our results show that, 1. the high vP(~7.1 km/s) indicates that the Indian lower crust extends no more than 50 km north of the YZS. 2. The lower crust beneath the southern part of the plateau features an extremely low vP(<6.7 ± 0.2 km/s). 3. Compared with the velocities of several typical crustal lithologies in different temperature regimes, the low vPin the lower crust can be explained by felsic-intermediate granulite, which has prevented the lower crust from further eclogitization. We propose that the dip angle of the Indian lithospheric slab beneath the YZS is partly controlled by the composition of the lower crust of the plateau. In the northern middle YZS, the crust of the southern plateau is too thick and blocks the northward advancement of the Indian lower crust, resulting in the subduction of the Indian lithospheric slab into the upper mantle. The lower crust in western and eastern Lhasa is dominated by a mafic composition, and it was delaminated after eclogitization before the Miocene. The void zone generated by delamination favors the flattening and underthrusting of the Indian lower crust.

上海地区地壳精细结构的综合地球物理探测研究

通过在上海地区开展深、浅地震反射、地震宽角反射／折射、高分辨地震折射和大地电磁测深等联合剖面探测，获得了该地区近地表至Moho面的精细速度结构、电性结构和深浅构造关系．结果表明，该地区地壳可划分为上、中、下三个组成部分．其中，上地壳厚为12～14km，波速为5．7～5．9k/s；中地壳厚度约为10km，波速为5．9～6．2km/s；下地壳厚为10～11km，波速为6．2～6．3km/s，Moho面深度约为32km．剖面浅部地质构造复杂，共解释出12条特征明显的断裂．其中，除3条断裂错断结晶基底（G界面）并向下延伸至上地壳底界面外，其他断裂均在深度3～5km以上终止或收敛于G界面之上．此外，仅在剖面西侧基底下部约13～15km埋深处发现一厚度在2km左右的壳内高导层．所以，在综合各方面资料后分析认为，在剖面经过地区不存在发生大地震的深部构造条件，近地表所存在的活动断层是未来产生对该区有影响地震的震源区．

高分辨折射和浅层反射地震方法在活断层探测中的联合应用

浅层反射地震方法是城市活断层探测常用的技术,但在基岩埋深比较浅的地区,往往只能识别出基岩顶面的反射波,而仅根据反射地震剖面上单个同相轴的变化很难准确判定断层是否存在.浅层地层的错断往往会引起速度的横向变化,利用高分辨折射地震方法采集的数据,应用层析成像方法获得的速度剖面,能够反映地下速度结构的变化,可以从另一方面揭示浅层断层存在的可能性.在四川某地,将这两种方法同时应用于活断层浅层地震勘探中.结果表明,两种方法联合应用可在一定程度上弥补浅层反射地震勘探方法在基岩埋深较浅地区的不足.

利用宽角反射/折射和深反射探测剖面揭示三河—平谷大震区深部结构特征

利用三河—平谷 8.0级大震区实施的深地震反射剖面与宽角反射剖面探测方法获得的结果进行了综合研究和解释 .结果表明 :两种探测方法给出的地壳基本分层是一致的 ,在三河—平谷大震区上地壳的埋深为 2 1～2 3km ,莫霍界面的深度为 36～ 37km ;该地区基底结构起伏变化较大 ,浅部断裂发育 ,在确定的数条断裂构造带中夏垫断裂是一条特征明显、深浅共存的断裂构造带 ;震源区周围差异明显的速度异常结构和特殊而复杂的地质构造环境意味着这些部位是发生大地震的有利部位 ;该地区莫霍界面起伏变化和较厚的反射叠层以及局部复杂的楔形反射带的存在等现象表明 ,该地区地壳结构发生过强烈的挤压、变形 ,同时也反映出岩浆活动对下地壳结构进行了物质的和结构的强烈改造 ,从而构成了该地区复杂的地壳深部结构 ,可将其视为三河—平谷 8.

青藏高原莫霍面的研究进展

本文首先简要回顾了莫霍面的发现 ,介绍其基本性质 ,然后对青藏高原莫霍面研究的重要进展进行了评述。在区域尺度上 ,被动源地震 (天然地震 )方法研究结果勾勒出青藏高原地壳及岩石圈底部的深部构造轮廓。然而受分辨率的限制 ,天然地震结果给出的地壳及上地幔结构的细节不足。近年来已经用分辨率达到几千米甚至百米级的主动源地震 (包括宽角反射与折射地震和深反射地震 )方法 ,揭示出青藏高原地壳及上地幔的精细结构。本文对近 30年来深地震探测获得的青藏高原各个地块的莫霍面深度、壳幔结构和上地幔盖层速度等基本数据进行了较系统的分析 。

漳州盆地及其邻区地壳深部结构的探测与研究

漳州盆地及其邻区地处我国大陆东南沿海地震带中段。通过该地区高分辨率折射及宽角反射，折射地震探测剖面，获得了该区地壳几何结构与速度结构、地壳深浅部断裂的几何形态和构造关系等。结果表明，该区地壳分为上地壳和下地壳。上地壳的厚度为16．5～18．8km，下地壳厚度为12．0～13．0km。上地壳分为上下两部分。在上地壳下部有一个低速层，速度约为6．00km／s，低速层顶面深度为12．0km左右，厚度约为5．0km。下地壳也分为上下两部分。Moho界面的深度为29．0～31．8km。该区6条地壳浅部正断层大部分向地下延伸深度不超过4km，最大延伸深度达5km左右。据推测，浅部正断层下方有一条高倾角地壳深断裂带，该断裂带向下断至Moho面，向上断至上地壳下部低速层中。深浅部断裂构造不相连接。漳州盆地深浅部构造组合特征表明，九龙江断裂带是该区内一条特征明显、具有复杂深浅构造背景的深断裂带。这一深地震探测成果的获得，使得该地区深部资料解释的可靠性和探测精度比以往显著提高；对深浅部构造的组合可作统一解释，地壳的分层和结构特征更为确切和精细；首次发现上地壳的拉张性构造及铲式正断层组合特征，不仅有助于对漳州及其邻区地震危险性的综合判定，而且对深化东南沿海地震带深部动力学过程的认识具有重要意义。

薄覆盖层地区隐伏断层及其上断点探测的地震方法技术——以废黄河断层为例

通过在同一条测线上应用三种不同地震勘探手段(共偏移距地震反射法、横波反射法与高分辨率折射法)联合反演的方法,获得了测线控制地段内废黄河断层的确切位置、上断点埋深以及速度分布图像.探测结果表明:在薄覆盖层地区的断裂调查中,上述三种技术手段的联合反演要比单独使用其中任何一种手段更加可靠,并能从不同角度查明断层的位置、性质及其特征,为钻孔联合剖面位置的布设和钻孔深度的设计提供地震学依据.经高精度钻孔联合地质剖面证实,三种地震勘探方法反演得到的主要地层界面和构造特征都与钻孔联合地质剖面吻合较好.试验表明了上述三种地震勘探方法在基岩面埋深较浅地区联合反演的可行性以及地震勘探与钻孔联合地质剖面相结合的工作方法的有效性.

小波变换在地震宽角反折射资料处理中的应用

小波分析方法用于地震宽角反折射资料处理 ,它可将地震信号的分辨率由传统的1 /2— 1 /4λ(波长 )提高到优于 1 /6λ .利用小波分析方法对沙雅—布尔津地震宽角反折射剖面资料进行处理 ,发现天山造山带的壳幔过渡带由 7— 8个高低速相间的薄层构成 ,平均速度较低 ,总厚度约 2 0km .而塔里木盆地北缘与准噶尔盆地的壳幔过渡带不具有这一特点 ,壳幔间主要以一级间断面实现过渡 .天山造山带与准噶尔盆地壳幔过渡带详细结构及其二者之间的差异特征为天山造山带地球动力学“层间插入消减模型”

渭河断裂西安段的展布及其结构特征

地震深反射、高分辨率折射和浅层人工地震探测结果表明,渭河北岸断裂由两条断层组成:一条为窑店—张家湾断层,另一条为船张—咀头断层.窑店—张家湾断层从陈家沟,经窑店镇、前排村、庇李村、吴家村、张家湾到贾家滩,长约22 km,基本呈东西走向;船张—咀头断层从船张,经马北到咀头,长约15 km,近东西走向.渭河断裂为基底和上地壳断裂,错断了T_Q、T_N、T_E和T_g反射层,深约15 km.在深部渭河断裂与次级断层形成"Y"字型构造或同向低角度相交.渭河断裂为铲形正断层.该断裂深度在1000 m以浅,具有明显的逆牵引正断层和正牵引正断层的结构特性,并具有同生沉积的特点.渭河断裂是控制盆地沉积的断裂之一,是西安凹陷与咸阳凸起的分界断裂.该断裂从西向东深度逐渐减小,深部在渭河、泾河和灞河三河交汇区与临潼—长安断裂相交,浅部与渭南—泾阳断裂相连.地震探测结果同时表明,渭河南岸断裂不存在.

中国南方海相地层下组合地震采集方法研究

中国南方海相地层“下组合”油气勘探领域广泛,但地震地质条件异常复杂。通过近几年的勘探实践,形成了一套实用的野外地震资料采集技术——基于饱和激发概念的激发方法、多检波器组合接收技术、小道距高覆盖次数变观观测技术、浅层反射法与微测井相结合的表层结构调查方法、盒子波调查干扰波技术、针对目标的观测系统设计技术、试验方法与试验资料量化分析技术和复杂山地测量技术、SPS实时监控技术、适应不同地表的钻井成井技术、闷井方法、精细表层结构调查方法、综合静校正技术等。应用这些方法技术,在黔中-川东南三叠系-震旦系碳酸盐岩裸露区获得了可用于构造解释的高品质地震剖面;改善了米苍-大巴山中央造山带推覆构造南沿的地震资料品质,发现和落实了一批构造和岩性圈闭;在江南隆起前震旦系变质岩出露区得到了高品质的地震剖面;提高了中下扬子平原水网地区地震资料的品质。

嘉鱼断裂西向延伸与第四系活动特征

嘉鱼断裂为已证实的隐伏断层。该断裂从洪湖老湾西南横切长江,沿近东西—北东东向延展,经嘉鱼县城东北马鞍山北缘向东延伸于斧头湖,长约40km,该断裂东端已有明显出露,而断裂尾部并没有明显出露。由于区内小尺度物探资料的缺乏,使得该断裂的走向和活动性都缺少相关证据。本文利用浅层地震反射结合折射层析成像方法,采用2m道间距接收人工地震波,利用多次覆盖技术和密集炮集折射记录,分别对数据进行反射处理和层析成像,获取了浅层地震反射剖面和高分辨率折射层析成像剖面,并参考相关区域地震安全性评价钻孔资料进行解译。综合研究结果表明:浅层地震反射和高分辨率折射联合应用可互补,尤其在外界干扰较为严重的区域,利用高分辨率折射层析成像可减少浅层地震反射对断层的误判。此外,研究结果证实了嘉鱼断裂的具体位置,其性质为北盘下降、南盘上升的正断层,且该断层错断了第四系沉积层。

南海南部海底地震仪试验及初步结果

采用德国SedisIV型海底地震仪(OBS)和中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所自主研发的OBS,以4×24.5L的大容量气枪阵列为震源,于2009年4～6月在南海南部开展了OBS试验,获得了两条勘测线,其中OBS2009-1测线(剖面1)从南海西南次海盆南部陆缘延伸到海盆中央,另一条OBS2009-2测线(剖面2)穿过礼乐滩东部向西北延伸进入海盆。由剖面2的14台OBS采集的广角地震反射、折射勘测地震数据可知,此次试验,OBS地震记录清晰、震相丰富,所使用的气枪有足够的能量输出,显示了其良好的工作能力,是一次比较成功的地震勘测。数据初步处理和初至波层析成像结果表明,礼乐滩地块的基底较高,很有可能与南海北部陆缘存在共轭关系,但与南海北部陆缘不同的是,北部陆缘有较厚的沉积层覆盖,而礼乐滩块体上的沉积层很薄;东部次海盆地壳明显被拉薄,海盆内的地壳也很薄,莫霍面埋深较浅。