Prediction of maximum magnitude and original time of reservoir induced seismicity

This paper deals with the prediction of potentially maximum magnitude and origin time for reservoir induced seismicity (RIS). The factor and sign of seismology and geology of RIS has been studied, and the information quantity for magnitude of induced seismicity provided by them has been calculated. In terms of information quan-tity the biggest possible magnitude of RIS is determined. The changes of seismic frequency with time are studied using grey model method, and the time of the biggest change rate is taken as original time of the main shock. The feasibility of methods for predicting magnitude and time has been tested for the reservoir induced seismicity in the Xinfengjiang reservoir, China and the Koyna reservoir, India.

Reservoir prediction using multi-wave seismic attributes

The main problems in seismic attribute technology are the redundancy of data and the uncertainty of attributes, and these problems become much more serious in multi-wave seismic exploration. Data redundancy will increase the burden on interpreters, occupy large computer memory, take much more computing time, conceal the effective information, and especially cause the ＂curse of dimension＂. Uncertainty of attributes will reduce the accuracy of rebuilding the relationship between attributes and geological significance. In order to solve these problems, we study methods of principal component analysis （PCA）, independent component analysis （ICA） for attribute optimization and support vector machine （SVM） for reservoir prediction. We propose a flow chart of multi-wave seismic attribute process and further apply it to multi-wave seismic reservoir prediction. The processing results of real seismic data demonstrate that reservoir prediction based on combination of PP- and PS-wave attributes, compared with that based on traditional PP-wave attributes, can improve the prediction accuracy.

Seismic attributes optimization and application in reservoir prediction

石油地球物理学者认识到与油和煤气的水库有关的许多参数用地震属性数据被预言。然而，优化地震属性，预言薄沙岩水库的特性，并且提高水库描述精确性的最好怎么是为地质学家和地球物理学者的一个重要目标。基于主要部件分析的理论，我们在场一个新优化方法，叫的抑制主要部件分析。在一个油矿的当模特儿的估计和真实申请证明它能提高水库预言精确性并且有更好的适用性。

Quantitative prediction of oil saturation of unconsolidated sandstone reservoir based on time-lapse seismic “relative difference method”: Taking Zeta oil field in West Africa as an example

In view of the disadvantage that the absolute difference of time-lapse seismic(the difference between monitoring data and base data) is not only related to the change of oil saturation, but also closely related to the thickness of reservoir, a time-lapse seismic "relative difference method"(the ratio of monitoring data to base data) not affected by the thickness of reservoir but only related to the change of fluid saturation, is proposed through seismic forward modeling after fluid displacement simulation. Given the same change of fluid saturation, the absolute difference of time-lapse seismic conforms to the law of "tuning effect" and seismic reflection of "thin bed", and the remaining oil prediction method based on absolute difference of time-lapse seismic is only applicable to the reservoirs with uniform thickness smaller than the tuning thickness or with thickness greater than the tuning thickness. The relative difference of time-lapse seismic is not affected by reservoir thickness, but only related to the change of fluid saturation. It is applicable to all the deep-sea unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs which can exclude the effect of pressure, temperature, pore type and porosity on seismic. Therefore, the relation between the relative difference of time-lapse seismic and the change of fluid saturation, which is obtained from seismic forward modeling after Gassmann fluid displacement simulation, can be used to quantitatively predict the change of reservoir water saturation and then the distribution of the remaining oil. The application of this method in deep sea Zeta oil field in west Africa shows that it is reasonable and effective.

Mesozoic Reservoir Predictionin the Longdong Loess Plateau

This paper summarizes a set of interpretation technologies for Mesozoic sandstone reservoir prediction in the Longdong loess plateau, such as seismic sequence processing and interpretation based on generalized S transform, the eroded paleo-geomorphology interpretation of the top of the Triassic and a variety of lateral reservoir predictions. The effects of employing these technologies are compared and analyzed, as well. The research results show that seismic sequence processing interpretation technology based on generalized S transform can distinguish 3ms (about the thickness of 6 m)sequence interface. Consequently the technology can ascertain the distribution of a sand body of the formation Ch 8 and expand the exploration area of the Xifeng oil field in the Longdong area.

Predicting the distribution of thin bed reservoirs by broad frequency band seismic

识别薄内部在在 Songliao 盆的中间浅的阶层的 bedded 水库是一个大困难。以便解决这个问题，我们在场为预言使用一个宽广频率乐队和极端高分辨率的薄水库的分发的一种技术地震。基于向前当模特儿，我们认出了那一张薄床地震思考被与改变频率改变振幅描绘(振幅对频率， AVF ) 。我们从他们的 AVF 特征计算薄水库的厚度并且用宽广频率乐队和极端高分辨率预言薄床水库的分发地震。这种技术在 3D 被使用了在 Songliao 盆的北部分的 Zhaoyuan 的地震区域。地震决定在的上到二或三次被增加常规地震并且许多薄水库被识别了。这种技术有广泛的申请到油和气体的探索和发展，例如优化探索井的地点，井(特别水平的井) 的设计，生产测试层的选择，等等在发展井分析水库连续性。

Prediction of Subtle Thin Gas Reservoir in the Loess Desert Area in the North of Ordos Basin

For thin gas reservoir of low-porosity and low-permeability in the loess desert area, a suite of lateral reservoir prediction techniques has been developed by Changqing Oil Company and the excellent effects achieved in exploration and exploitation in the areas such as Yulin, Wushenqi,Suligemiao, Shenmu etc., so that the Upper Paleozoic gas reserve has been stably increasing for eight years in Changqing Oilfield. The paper analyzed the effects and experience of the application of these techniques in detail.

Predicting gas-bearing distribution using DNN based on multi-component seismic data: Quality evaluation using structural and fracture factors

The tight-fractured gas reservoir of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Western Sichuan Depression has low porosity and permeability. This study presents a DNN-based method for identifying gas-bearing strata in tight sandstone. First, multi-component composite seismic attributes are obtained.The strong nonlinear relationships between multi-component composite attributes and gas-bearing reservoirs can be constrained through a DNN. Therefore, we identify and predict the gas-bearing strata using a DNN. Then, sample data are fed into the DNN for training and testing. After optimized network parameters are determined by the performance curves and empirical formulas, the best deep learning gas-bearing prediction model is determined. The composite seismic attributes can then be fed into the model to extrapolate the hydrocarbon-bearing characteristics from known drilling areas to the entire region for predicting the gas reservoir distribution. Finally, we assess the proposed method in terms of the structure and fracture characteristics and predict favorable exploration areas for identifying gas reservoirs.

Geological Model of Pre-Jurassic Heterogeneous Basement and Hydrocarbon Productivity Prediction of “Oil-and-Gas Bearing Contact Zone Horizon” Between Paleozoic and Mesozoic Deposits of Ostaninskoye and Severoostaninskoye Oil-and-Gas Fields(Western Siberi

This work is devoted to the analysis of the formation conditions and geologic model of Paleozoic basement rocks of a number of oil-and-gas fields, located in Tomsk region(South of West-Siberian Oil-and-Gas Province,Russia).The research is based on integrated data interpretation of seismic exploration, well logging and deep drilling.The study is at the interfaces between exploration geophysics

Predicting Terrestrial Flagstone Reservoirs in the Sha-I Member of the Qibei Depression in the Dagang Oilfield

There are few 3-D seismic profiles and drillings in the middle part of the Qibei depression in the Dagang oilfield, and more than 70% of the 2-D seismic profiles were completed before the 1980s. Meanwhile, changes in the terrestrial formations in this region have been large and complex. These factors have made it difficult to predict reservoirs in this area. The purpose of this paper is to establish a methodology for predicting potential gas and oil reservoirs. Our research combines sequence stratigraphy, well-logs, and seismic analysis to elucidate the prediction of flagstone reservoirs in the S1 (Sha-I) Member in the middle of the Qibei depression. Previous research indicates that these rocks were deposited in an environment that had a semiarid, northern subtropical, and warm, humid climate. The objective strata currently consist mainly of lake fades, deeper lake facies, and shore-shallow lake facies. The study reveals that the lower section of the S1 Member is an important objective region for exploration.

A permeability prediction method based on pore structure and lithofacies

Permeability prediction using linear regression of porosity always has poor performance when the reservoir with complex pore structure and large variation of lithofacies.A new method is proposed to predict permeability by comprehensively considering pore structure,porosity and lithofacies.In this method,firstly,the lithofacies classification is carried out using the elastic parameters,porosity and shear frame flexibility factor.Then,for each lithofacies,the elastic parameters,porosity and shear frame flexibility factor are used to obtain permeability from regression.The permeability prediction test by logging data of the study area shows that the shear frame flexibility factor that characterizes the pore structure is more sensitive to permeability than the conventional elastic parameters,so it can predict permeability more accurately.In addition,the permeability prediction is depending on the precision of lithofacies classification,reliable lithofacies classification is the precondition of permeability prediction.The field data application verifies that the proposed permeability prediction method based on pore structure parameters and lithofacies is accurate and effective.This approach provides an effective tool for permeability prediction.

中国石化油藏地球物理二十年发展与思考

油藏地球物理技术是综合应用多种地球物理资料与油藏动静态信息进行复杂油藏精细表征和动态监测的跨学科技术,对于提高油藏的储量动用程度和提高采收率具有重要的意义,是当前地球物理技术的重要发展方向。系统回顾了中国石化油藏地球物理提出的背景和过去二十年的发展历程,梳理了油藏地球物理技术系列,总结了在油藏地球物理基础研究、井中地球物理技术、多尺度资料联合反演、地球物理约束确定性建模、时移地震剩余油气预测、地震地质工程一体化、微地震油藏监测等方面的技术创新和应用效果。面对中国油气田勘探开发的深层、深水、非常规及老油田(“两深一非一老”)形势和一体化、智能化、绿色化挑战,油藏地球物理在油气产业技术致胜阶段仍然大有可为,要持续创新油藏地球物理技术,井、震、动、模一体化联合和人工智能应用,构建高水平的油藏地球物理勘探开发一体化、地质工程一体化解决方案,支撑油藏全生命周期建设。

塔里木盆地星火井区深层薄储层地震预测

星火井区巴什基奇克组顶部储层埋深超过5 000 m,为超深层强非均质性碎屑岩储层,是塔里木盆地新和地区重要生产层段。储层埋藏深度大、厚度薄、研究区完钻井数量少,勘探开发难度很大。由于传统的地震预测技术精度不够,薄储层预测一直是制约星火井区超深层油气藏勘探开发的瓶颈技术。为落实星火井区薄储层分布特征,利用模型正演明确了星火井区超深薄储层在不同分辨率模型下的地震响应特征、基于谱反演方法的拓频技术提高地震分辨率,识别出超深层6 m以内的薄储层,进而使用波形指示反演技术刻画出薄储层的展布特征。薄储层预测结果与实钻井结果的吻合率超过87%,证明正演-拓频-反演技术在星火井区具有很高的准确性。研究结果可以为与星火井区地质背景相同地区的油藏开发提供借鉴。

四川盆地五百梯地区长兴组古地貌恢复及地震预测

四川盆地五百梯地区长兴组地层分布范围广、勘探潜力大,但存在礁滩储层厚度薄、礁滩体刻画难、演化规律不明显、非均质性强等问题,增加了储层预测的多解性。对此,从生物礁岩石学特征及储层特征研究出发,提出了生物礁储层的纵向发育规律和部位,并利用生物礁储层的地震异常特征,刻画礁滩体优质储层横向展布特征,并重点分析了古地貌对礁滩储层发育特征的关键性控制作用,最后结合古地貌恢复及储层反演等方法,对礁滩储层进行综合评价,并总结形成了长兴组礁滩体储层地震识别模式,降低了礁滩储层预测的多解性。研究发现,长兴组沉积前已形成了海槽雏形,长兴组早中期形成了台缘及台内二排礁区域高地貌基本格局,到长兴组沉积末期海槽特征明显,古地貌高部位是储层发育的最有利区域,优势储层主要集中在台缘外带及台内二排礁局部区域,该认识为四川盆地长兴组台内礁勘探提供了重要的依据及借鉴意义。

基于Stacking集成学习的分频地震属性融合储层预测方法

地震属性蕴含大量储层信息,融合多种地震属性可提高储层预测精度。由于地下地质结构复杂、非均质性强,依据单一的地震属性融合方法难以精细刻画储层特征。为此,提出了一种基于Stacking集成学习的分频地震属性融合储层预测方法。该方法主要包括3个部分:①根据不同厚度储层的振幅与频率关系,利用多个频率的地震信息,降低地震属性的多解性;②联合相关性分析和无监督聚类技术优选地震属性,剔除冗余属性特征;③利用能够综合多个差异化模型优势的Stacking集成学习模型,融合不同频段的地震属性,提高地震属性的解释精度。将该方法用于渤海湾盆地埕岛油田,并使用线性公式定量分析法进一步评估Stacking模型的泛化效果。结果显示:与单类预测模型相比,Stacking模型的综合预测性能和可靠性均有显著提升;对应的地震属性融合结果高值区形态更加清晰,融合属性与砂体厚度的相关系数可达到0.92,这表明该方法具有良好的应用前景。

准噶尔盆地石南地区白垩系储层地球物理方法识别

准噶尔盆地石南地区白垩系清水河组底砾岩中相继获得工业油流,但该套储层却具有多层系立体式含油及纵、横向变化大的特点,急需解决储层识别与精细刻画的难题。本文在精确地震地质层位标定的基础上,采用地震层位拉平残余厚度“三步法”恢复白垩系清水河组一段古地貌,结合自然伽马拟声波储层预测,基本查明了沉积的主控因素及砂体空间展布特征。研究成果为石南地区白垩系储层预测提供了有效的方法组合,为白垩系清水河组砂砾岩油气藏的油气勘探提供了充分的科学依据,可有效降低勘探风险。

改进的地震AVAZ裂缝弱度反演方法及其在致密砂岩储层中的应用

致密砂岩气储层具有低孔、低渗的特征,裂缝的存在可以提高储层的渗透率,同时裂缝是油气重要的储存空间和运移通道,裂缝发育也有利于水力压裂过程中裂缝网络的形成,裂缝预测可为致密砂岩气储层的开发和部署提供重要依据.地震振幅随方位角的变化可以提供储层中垂直裂缝的信息,本文针对HTI介质提出了一种改进的方位振幅差异反演方法,并结合岩石物理理论预测表征裂缝性质的裂缝弱度参数.常规的反演方法一般同时反演弹性参数和裂缝参数,改进的方位振幅差异方法引入一个参考方位,构建消除各向同性背景的方位振幅差异道集,仅反演与各向异性项相关的裂缝弱度参数,充分利用方位各向异性响应,提高裂缝识别的敏感性与裂缝参数反演的准确性.实际数据应用表明,方位振幅差异反演方法对裂缝参数预测的敏感性较常规方法有所提高,预测的裂缝弱度与测井渗透率曲线相吻合,并且与致密砂岩气储层产气性具有明显的相关性.因此,利用方位振幅差异方法预测裂缝分布及其发育程度可为致密砂岩储层含气有利区的识别与开发提供可靠的指标.

蜀南自贡地区茅口组岩溶储层成因及地震预测方法

近年来,四川盆地下二叠统茅口组大量非构造圈闭钻井获得高产,证实了岩溶储层是茅口组岩性气藏的一个重要控制因素。但岩溶储层的成因及地震响应特征尚不明确,不同地区的岩溶储层预测方法不尽相同。通过对蜀南自贡地区茅口组构造特征、地层特征和岩溶储层地震响应特征研究,得出以下5方面认识:①台内滩相是岩溶储层发育的物质基础,自贡地区茅口组台内滩相主要在茅三段和茅二b段发育;②东吴运动差异抬升是研究区岩溶储层的主控因素;③断层形成于茅口组沉积之后,茅口组顶部岩溶储层受后期局部持续风化控制,茅口组内部岩溶储层受后期断层改造控制;④距茅口组顶距离不同,岩溶储层地震响应特征不同,茅三段表层型岩溶储层物性与茅口组顶部波峰振幅呈负相关,茅二b段内幕型岩溶储层物性则与茅口组内部波峰振幅呈正相关;⑤表层型岩溶储层在平面上不依赖断层且具有一定规模。

四川盆地元坝地区二叠系茅口组相控岩溶刻画及预测

通过岩溶古地貌恢复、倾角约束增强相干、相控岩溶地震反演和非线性伽马模拟等技术,对四川盆地元坝地区二叠系茅口组相控岩溶异常及有效储层分布进行了研究。研究结果表明:①四川盆地元坝地区二叠系茅口组在纵向上可划分为表层风化壳、垂直渗流带、水平潜流带3个岩溶作用带,茅三段相控岩溶储层受浅滩相带和岩溶作用共同控制,储层类型分为孔隙-孔洞型和半充填溶洞型。②岩溶残丘地貌相对较高,为岩溶作用供水区域,是相控岩溶发育的有利位置;溶丘平原地貌相对较低,为岩溶作用汇水区域。③倾角约束的增强相干技术可定性描述岩溶残丘内相控岩溶发育的有利带,研究区的该类储层主要分布于古地貌高部位,并呈北西向展布。④相控岩溶储层预测方法可以相对准确地预测有效岩溶储层的分布范围,研究区垄脊带、峰丛带岩溶储层最为发育,最大厚度为28m。