Response of Surface Soft Soil and Fine-Grained Sand Layers to Seismic Waves

Shanghai is located in eastern China and is built on overburden soil layers. It can be seen from the Mexico M S=8.1 earthquake on September 19, 1985 and the Hanshin M S=7.4 earthquake on January 17,1995 that heavy casualties and property losses have a direct relationship with overburden soil layers. Ground motions caused by earthquakes are significantly amplified when passing through the soil layers. Under the influence of these amplified motions, building structures, whose nature frequency is within the frequency band of soil amplification response, will experience more severe damage than those built on bedrock. Therefore, engineering seismologists have paid considerable attention the amplification responses in the Shanghai overburden soil layers. The amplification responses of soil and sand layers in this paper are given by the M L=4.1 earthquake in Nantong, Jiangsu Province on December 25, 2001 at 31.8° N, 120.9° E. It can be seen that the responses of soil and sand layers are very different. That is important.

A Study of the Effect of Soil Improvement Based on the Numerical Site Response Analysis of Natural Ground in Babol City

A series of numerical calculations have been performed to investigate the effect of soil improvement on seismic site response. Seismic site response analyses were also performed using data collected from a study area in Babol city. The improved site is a composite ground and has more or less different mechanical properties than the natural ground. In this research, the influence of the elastic modulus of the pile, the pile distance ratio, ground motion input, distance to fault rupture, and PGA of the earthquakes on seismic response characteristics are especially investigated. The results reveal that the values of the PGA and amplification factor on the surface of the natural and improved grounds depend strongly on the fundamental period of the site, the predominant period, and the intensity of the ground motion input. The acceleration response spectra also are affected by the characteristics of ground motion input and soil layers. Changing the pile distance ratio doesn’t have a significant effect on the seismic response of the site.

Accuracy of three-dimensional seismic ground response analysis in time domain using nonlinear numerical simulations

To provide appropriate uses of nonlinear ground response analysis for engineering practice, a three-dimensional soil column with a distributed mass system and a time domain numerical analysis were implemented on the Open Sees simulation platform. The standard mesh of a three-dimensional soil column was suggested to be satisfied with the specified maximum frequency. The layered soil column was divided into multiple sub-soils with a different viscous damping matrix according to the shear velocities as the soil properties were significantly different. It was necessary to use a combination of other one-dimensional or three-dimensional nonlinear seismic ground analysis programs to confirm the applicability of nonlinear seismic ground motion response analysis procedures in soft soil or for strong earthquakes. The accuracy of the three-dimensional soil column finite element method was verified by dynamic centrifuge model testing under different peak accelerations of the earthquake. As a result, nonlinear seismic ground motion response analysis procedures were improved in this study. The accuracy and efficiency of the three-dimensional seismic ground response analysis can be adapted to the requirements of engineering practice.

Mode-based equivalent multi-degree-of-freedom system for one-dimensional viscoelastic response analysis of layered soil deposit

Discrete models such as the lumped parameter model and the finite element model are widely used in the solution of soil amplification of earthquakes. However, neither of the models will accurately estimate the natural frequencies of soil deposit, nor simulate a damping of frequency independence. This research develops a new discrete model for onedimensional viscoelastic response analysis of layered soil deposit based on the mode equivalence method. The new discrete model is a one-dimensional equivalent multi-degree-of-freedom（MDOF） system characterized by a series of concentrated masses, springs and dashpots with a special configuration. The dynamic response of the equivalent MDOF system is analytically derived and the physical parameters are formulated in terms of modal properties. The equivalent MDOF system is verified through a comparison of amplification functions with the available theoretical solutions. The appropriate number of degrees of freedom（DOFs） in the equivalent MDOF system is estimated. A comparative study of the equivalent MDOF system with the existing discrete models is performed. It is shown that the proposed equivalent MDOF system can exactly present the natural frequencies and the hysteretic damping of soil deposits and provide more accurate results with fewer DOFs.

Effect of nonlinear soil-structure interaction on seismic response of low-rise SMRF buildings

The nonlinear behavior of a soil-foundation system may alter the seismic response of a structure by providing additional flexibility to the system and dissipating hysteretic energy at the soil-foundation interface. However, the current design practice is still reluctant to consider the nonlinearity of the soil-foundation system, primarily due to lack of reliable modeling techniques. This study is motivated towards evaluating the effect of nonlinear soil-structure interaction （SSI） on the seismic responses of low-rise steel moment resisting frame （SMRF） structures. In order to achieve this, a Winkler- based approach is adopted, where the soil beneath the foundation is assumed to be a system of closely-spaced, independent, nonlinear spring elements. Static pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed on a 3-story SMRF building and the performance of the structure is evaluated through a variety of force and displacement demand parameters. It is observed that incorporation of nonlinear SSI leads to an increase in story displacement demand and a significant reduction in base moment, base shear and inter-story drift demands, indicating the importance of its consideration towards achieving an economic, yet safe seismic design.

Stochastic Response Analysis of Piled Offshore Platforms to Earthquake Load

In this paper, using the theory of stochastic analysis of the response to earthquake load, a stochastic analysis method of the response of piled platforms to earthquake load has been established. In the method, the strong ground motion is considered as three dimensional stationary white noise process and the pile-soil interaction and water-structure interaction are considered. The stochastic response of a typical platform to earthquake load has been computed with this method and the results compared with those obtained with the response spectrum analysis method. The comparison shows that the stochastic analysis method of the response of piled platforms to earthquake load is suitable for this kind of analysis.

Research on the attribution evaluating methods of dynamic effects of various parameter uncertainties on the in-structure floor response spectra of nuclear power plant

： Consideration of the dynamic effects of the site and structural parameter uncertainty is required by the standards for nuclear power plants （NPPs） in most countries. The anti-seismic standards provide two basic methods to analyze parameter uncertainty. Directly manually dealing with the calculated floor response spectra （FRS） values of deterministic approaches is the first method. The second method is to perform probability statistical analysis of the FRS results on the basis of the Monte Carlo method. The two methods can only reflect the overall effects of the uncertain parameters, and the results cannot be screened for a certain parameter＇s influence and contribution. In this study, based on the dynamic analyses of the floor response spectra of NPPs, a comprehensive index of the assessed impact for various uncertain parameters is presented and recommended, including the correlation coefficient, the regression slope coefficient and Tornado swing. To compensate for the lack of guidance in the NPP seismic standards, the proposed method can effectively be used to evaluate the contributions of various parameters from the aspects ＆sensitivity, acuity and statistical swing correlations. Finally, examples are provided to verify the set of indicators from systematic and intuitive perspectives, such as the uncertainty of the impact of the structure parameters and the contribution to the FRS of NPPs. The index is sensitive to different types of parameters, which provides a new technique for evaluating the anti-seismic parameters required for NPPs.

Highway bridge seismic design:summary of FHWA/MCEER project on seismic vulnerability of new highway construction

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored a large,multi-year project conducted by the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) titled'Seismic Vulnerability of New Highway Construction'(MCEER Project 112),which was completed in 1998.MCEER coordinated the work of many researchers,who performed studies on the seismic design and vulnerability analysis of highway bridges,tunnels,and retaining structures. Extensive research was conducted to provide revisions and improvements to current design and detailing approaches and national design specifications for highway bridges.The program included both analytical and experimental studies,and addressed seismic hazard exposure and ground motion input for the U.S.highway system;foundation design and soil behavior: structural importance,analysis,and response:structural design issues and details;and structural design criteria.

Influence of site conditions on seismic design parameters for foundations as determined via nonlinear site response analysis

Site conditions,including geotechnical properties and the geological setting,influence the near-surface response of strata subjected to seismic excitation.The geotechnical parameters required for the design of foundations include mass density(ρ),damping ratio(β_(s)),shear wave velocity(V_(s)),and soil shear modulus(G_(s)).The values of the last three parameters are sensitive to the level of nonlinear strain induced in the strata due to seismic ground motion.In this study,the effect of variations in soil properties,such as plasticity index(PI),effective stress(σ′),over consolidation ratio(OCR),impedance contrast ratio(ICR)between the bedrock and the overlying strata,and depth of soil strata over bedrock(H),on seismic design parameters(β_(s),V_(s),and G_(s))was investigated for National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program(NEHRP)site classes C and D,through 1D nonlinear seismic site response analysis.The Morris one-at-a-time(OAT)sensitivity analysis indicated thatβ_(s),V_(s),and G_(s)were significantly influenced by variations in PI,while ICR affectedβ_(s)more than it affected V_(s)and G_(s).However,the influence of H on these parameters was less significant.It was also found that variations in soil properties influenced seismic design parameters in soil type D more significantly than in soil type C.Predictive relationships forβ_(s),V_(s),and G_(s)were derived based on the 1D seismic site response analysis and sensitivity analysis results.Theβ_(s),V_(s),and G_(s)values obtained from the analysis were compared with the corresponding values in NEHRP to determine the similarities and differences between the two sets of values.The need to incorporate PI and ICR in the metrics for determiningβ_(s),V_(s),and G_(s)for the seismic design of foundations was highlighted.

地震作用下双层土质边坡稳定性上限分析

为探究地震作用对双层土质边坡稳定性的影响,基于极限分析上限理论,建立了地震作用下双层土质边坡旋转破坏机构。采用拟静力法简化地震荷载作用,推导了双层土质边坡安全系数表达式。分析土体黏聚力比、边坡坡角以及地震作用对双层土质边坡稳定性及其滑动面参数的影响。研究结果表明:在水平地震作用下,随着黏聚力比的增大,边坡安全系数呈非线性增大且潜在滑动面变浅;当水平地震作用增强时,边坡失稳破坏范围显著加大;随着竖向地震系数及黏聚力比的增大,边坡安全系数略微降低;水平地震作用增强时,竖向地震作用对边坡稳定性的影响逐渐增大,此时需要考虑竖向地震的影响。

考虑流固耦合效应的核电储液结构晃动特性与隔震特性研究

泳池式反应堆是一种核能供热堆厂房结构,其中的堆水池是关键部位。在地震发生时,堆水池内的液体会与结构发生流固耦合效应,威胁到堆水池的完整性,因此需要进行抗震分析和隔震保护。首先,以某反应堆的堆水池为研究对象,在地面地震动水平双向输入条件下,对比分析了非隔震结构和隔震结构的动力响应;其次,使用位移、加速度、主应力、晃动波高和基底剪力指标分析隔震层对储液结构抗震性能的提升程度。研究结果表明:设置隔震层对加速度、位移、应力和基底剪力都有明显降幅,隔震效果明显,起到了良好的隔震效果;而对于晃动波高来说,隔震尚不能有效控制晃动波高,反而有一定的放大作用。研究成果可为核电储液结构的隔震设计提供参考。

软土地基上的港口陆域回填区场地地震反应分析

在软土地基上通过回填砂形成的港口后方陆域,其场地为在密实砂层下卧软弱土层的特殊场地。利用一维场地地震反应分析软件DEEPSOIL的时域非线性分析方法建立分析模型,选择10组地震加速度记录作为输入地震动,分析该类特殊场地的地震反应。结果表明,软弱土层在强震作用下会产生大的剪切变形,使滞回阻尼充分发挥从而耗散地震能量;地震在通过软弱土层向上传递过程中迅速减小,软弱土层具有明显的减震和隔震效果。

水平非均匀场地中油气管道地震响应分析及试验

针对水平非均匀场地中埋地油气管道的地震响应,开展了埋地油气管道振动台试验和有限元模拟分析,研究了不同强度地震激励下埋地油气管道的应变和加速度响应,以及场地管周土体的加速度和位移响应规律。结果表明:研发的土箱能够满足试验的要求,试验方案合理可行;由于非均匀场地土体特性的不同,在地震激励下不同土体的动力响应不一致,进而会对管道不同区段形成不同的动力作用,加剧管道整体的动力响应;随着加载等级的提高,土体在振动过程中先是被压实,然后逐渐破坏,土体的非线性特征越来越明显,管道振动现象更为明显;相比于均匀场地条件,相同工况非均匀场地条件下的管道应变峰值和加速度峰值响应明显增大,表明非均匀场地条件下管道周围的土体破坏更为严重,管道的运动更加剧烈。建议在埋地管道抗震设计中要考虑非均匀场地条件和管周土体特性不一致对管道地震响应的增大影响。

近直下型断层的地铁车站结构地震响应

目前在近断层场地中地下地铁车站抗震性能水平认识方面相对匮乏,鉴于此,提出了一种考虑发震断层-地下结构全过程地震响应的IBE-FEM联合求解分析方法。首先,基于运动学有限断层模型,采用间接边界元方法(IBE)求解直下型走滑断层错动作用下上覆软土沉积层场地内的地震波场,并验证了有限元法(FEM)间接求解地震波场的可行性;在此基础上,通过建立土-地下连续墙-主体结构非线性静-动力耦合的二维整体时域有限元模型,初步探究了断层-软土场地耦合效应对地铁车站抗震性能的影响规律。结果表明:在近断层区域,地铁车站结构震害具有典型的断层上盘效应和震害集中效应,更容易进入塑性变形发展阶段;在远断层区域,由于断层-场地效应耦合作用,断层下盘场地内地震波场衰减较缓,其内车站结构整体震害略大于断层上盘。本文研究方法为近断层场地条件下地下结构地震响应分析开辟新思路,也可为相关场地区域内的地下结构抗震设计提供技术参考。

考虑SSI效应时TMD的减震优化设计

土-结构相互作用(SSI)效应可能会对地震作用下调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)的有效性产生重要影响,因此本文研究了考虑SSI效应时TMD对高层建筑的抗震控制性能。针对一个质量分布均匀、层刚度随高度呈线性分布的40层benchmark结构,以结构顶层均方根位移最小为优化目标,采用改进粒子群算法对其在不同地基土条件以及地震波激励下的调谐质量阻尼器参数进行优化设计。优化结果表明,忽略SSI效应可能会造成地震激励下高层结构中TMD减震性能的不恰当估计,TMD的优化参数与地基土类型和地震波种类紧密相关。优化后的TMD可以有效降低结构顶层位移响应且不增加其峰值加速度,优化后的TMD耗散了绝大部分地震输入能量,并大大降低了结构能量。

冻土层覆盖条件下砂土地震液化特性振动台试验研究

冻土区地震液化现象频发,上覆盖土层的冻结将砂土地震液化特性分析变得复杂化。为研究上覆冻土层对砂土地震液化特性的影响,设计了具有土体冻结系统的剪切模型箱,开展冻土层覆盖条件下砂土地震液化振动台试验,分析不同地震波作用下模型土体加速度、孔隙水压力、土压力、层间和顶部位移的变化规律。结果表明,冻土层覆盖条件下砂土层从底部开始出现局部液化现象,随输入地震动峰值的增大,其液化高度逐渐增加。砂土层液化后的加速度放大系数变化规律与冻土层保持一致,均随着输入地震动峰值的增大先增加后降低,但砂土层对输入地震波的放大能力大于冻土层,不同土层对地震动放大的敏感程度不同。此外,冻土层出现震陷和滑移现象,地震液化造成水分上迁汇聚在冻土-砂交界处,致使冻土层滑移加剧,砂土层的层间位移会随土层高度的增加而增大,但在液化面高度以上发生突降。因此,上覆冻土层可液化场地中结构的抗震验算需重点关注冻土-砂交界处以及液化高度处。本文可为上覆冻土层的可液化场地中土体力学行为变化研究提供数据支撑。

考虑不同桩-土相互作用模型的海上升压站抗震性能分析

由于海上升压站上部平台设有许多大质量专业设备,使其呈现“头重脚轻”的特征,直接借鉴传统海洋平台的设计方法难以准确评价海上升压站结构的承载能力与变形能力,其中桩-土相互作用对于地震作用下的结构动力响应分析的影响尤为显著。以国内某位于地震高烈度区的海上升压站为对象,分别基于等效线性桩长法、API规范p-y曲线法、修正p-y曲线法建立3种不同考虑桩-土相互作用的计算模型,对比中震作用下结构的抗震性能。结果表明,基于3种模型校核该海上升压站结构均符合抗震设防要求;海上升压站结构受竖向地震作用影响较明显;在砂土层占比较高的地基条件下,使用修正p-y曲线方法可以更合理地模拟桩-土相互作用。

考虑桩-土相互作用的深水桥墩地震响应分析

深水桥梁往往为桩基础形式,其地震作用下桩-土相互作用效应显著,掌握桩-土相互作用对深水桥墩地震响应的影响,有助于指导深水桥梁结构的抗震设计。该文通过附加质量方法考虑动水压力作用,采用精细化模型模拟桩-土相互作用,引入动力松弛技术完成初始地应力平衡,建立了考虑桩-土相互作用的深水桥墩地震响应数值模拟方法,并通过离心机振动台试验验证了其正确性。利用已验证的数值模拟方法分析了不同地震强度和不同场地土体强度对深水桥墩地震响应的影响,结果表明:随着场地土体强度提高,桥墩的地震位移响应减小,水体的存在不会改变此规律;软弱土场地的动水压力对桥墩和桩基的地震响应影响较小,最大影响程度在10%左右;中硬土场地的动水压力明显增大桥墩和桩基的地震响应,且地震强度越大,增大效应越明显,因此强震作用下处于硬土场地的动水压力作用在桥梁结构抗震设计中必须予以考虑。

多维地震对非对称地下空间结构反应影响分析

以一典型上层五跨和下层三跨的非对称地下空间结构为实际工程背景,同时考虑到土-结构相互作用效应,设计了水平向输入地震动、水平向及竖向联合输入地震动两类工况,采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS对该复杂地下空间结构的抗震性能与损伤情况开展了研究,研究成果揭示了非对称地下空间结构在地震作用下的薄弱部位和损伤水准,为此类结构的抗震设计与分析提供合理的参考。

New pseudo-dynamic analysis of two-layered cohesive-friction soil slope and its numerical validation

Natural slopes consist of non-homlogeneous soil profiles with distinct characteristics from slopes made of homogeneous soil.In this study,the limit equilibrium modified pseudo-dynamic method is used to analyze the stability of two-layered c-φsoil slopes in which the failure surface is assumed to be a logarithmic spiral.The zero-stress boundary condition at the ground surface under the seismic loading condition is satisfied.New formulations derived from an analytical method are proposed for the predicting the seismic response in two-layered soil.A detailed parametric study was performed in which various parameters(seismic accelerations,damping,cohesion,and angle of internal friction)were varied.The results of the present method were compared with those in the available literature.The present analytical analysis was also verified against the finite element analysis results.