Seismic anisotropy of the crust in Yunnan,China:Polarizations of fast shear-waves

Using seismic data recorded by Yunnan Telemetry Seismic Network from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2003, the dominant polarization directions of fast shear-waves are obtained at 10 digital seismic stations by SAM technique, a systematic analysis method on shear-wave splitting, in this study. The results show that dominant directions of polarizations of fast shear-waves at most stations are mainly at nearly N-S or NNW direction in Yunnan. The dominant polarization directions of fast shear-waves at stations located on the active faults are consistent with the strike of active faults, directions of regional principal compressive strains measured from GPS data, and basically consistent with regional principal compressive stress. Only a few of stations.show complicated polarization pattern of fast shear-waves, or are not consistent with the strike of active faults and the directions of principal GPS compressive strains, which are always located at junction of several faults. The result reflects complicated fault distribution and stress field. The dominant polarization direction of fast shear-wave indicates the direction of the in-situ maximum principal compressive stress is controlled by multiple tectonic aspects such as the regional stress field and faults.

Shear-wave splitting beneath Yunnan area of Southwest China

Systematic analyses of seismic data recorded by the Yunnan regional seismograph network reveal significant crustal and upper mantle anisotropy. Splitting of the S phase of local earthquakes and teleseismic SKS, PKS, and SKKS phases indicates time-delays from 1.60 ms/km to 2.30 ms/km in the crust, and from 0.55 s to 1.65 s in the upper mantle which corresponds to an The polarization orientations of fast shear waves in direction, and the mantle anisotropy has a nearly styles and mechanisms exist between the crust and anisotropic layer with a thickness about between 55 165 km. the crust are complicated with a predominantly north-south west-east direction. Our results show different deformation upper mantle.

Shear-wave splitting in the crust:Regional compressive stress from polarizations of fast shear-waves

When propagating through anisotropic rocks in the crust, shear-waves split into faster and slower components with almost orthogonal polarizations. For nearly vertical propagation the polarization of fast shear- wave （PFS） is parallel to both the strike of the cracks and the direction of maximum horizontal stress, therefore it is possible to use PFS to study stress in the crust. This study discusses several examples in which PFS is applied to deduce the compressive stress in North China, Longmenshan fault zone of east edge of Tibetan plateau and Yunnan zone of southeast edge of Tibetan plateau, also discusses temporal variations of PFS orientations of 1999 Xiuyan earthquake sequences of northeastern China. The results are consistent to those of other independent traditional stress measurements. There is a bridge between crustal PFS and the crustal principal compressive stress although there are many unclear disturbance sources. This study suggests the PFS results could be used to deduce regional and in situ principal compressive stress in the crust only if there are enough seismic stations and enough data. At least, PFS is a useful choice in the zone where there are a large number of dense seismic stations.

A seismological evidence for the northwestward movement of Africa with respect to Iberia from shear-wave splitting

Seismic anisotropy and its main features along the convergent boundary between Africa and Iberia are detected through the analysis of teleseismic shear-wave splitting. Waveform data generated by 95 teleseismic events recorded at 17 broadband stations deployed in the western Mediterranean region are used in the present study. Although the station coverage is not uniform in the Iberian Peninsula and north- west Africa, significant variations in the fast polarization directions and delay times are observed at stations located at different tectonic domains. Fast polarization directions are oriented predominantly NW-SE at most stations which are close to the plate boundary and in central Iberia; being consistent with the absolute plate motion in the region. In the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula, fast velocity direc- tions are oriented nearly E--W; coincident with previous results. Few stations located slightly north of the plate boundary and to the southeast of lberia show E--W to NE-SW fast velocity directions, which may be related to the Alpine Orogeny and the extension direction in lberia. Delay times vary significantly between 0.2 and 1.9 s for individual measurements, reflecting a highly anisotropic structure beneath the recording stations. The relative motion between Africa and lberia represents the main reason for the observed NW-SE orientations of the fast velocity directions. However, different causes of anisotropy have also to be considered to explain the wide range of the splitting pattern observed in the western Mediterranean region. Many geophysical observations such as the low Pn velocity, lower lithospheric Q values, higher heat flow and the presence of high conductive features support the mantle flow in the western Mediterranean, which may contribute and even modify the splitting pattern beneath the studied region.

Shear-wave Splitting in the Crust beneath Shandong and Its Adjacent Area

Based on the seismic data of near-field source from the Shandong Digital Seismic Network,this study obtained the shear-wave splitting parameters from multiple stations. The results show that dominant directions of polarizations of fast shear-waves reflect the spatial distribution characteristics of tectonic stress in this area,CHD and LIS stations show 2 dominant directions,and reveals that the crustal seismic anisotropy in the Shandong area is constrained by the regional stress background,local failure and structure.

Effect of Point Source, Self-Reinforcement and Heterogeneity on the Propagation of Magnetoelastic Shear Wave

This paper investigates the propagation of horizontally polarised shear waves due to a point source in a magnetoelastic self-reinforced layer lying over a heterogeneous self-reinforced half-space. The heterogeneity is caused by consideration of quadratic variation in rigidity. The methodology employed combines an efficient derivation for Green’s functions based on algebraic transformations with the perturbation approach. Dispersion equation has been obtained in the closed form. The dispersion curves are compared for different values of magnetoelastic coupling parameters and inhomogeneity parameters. Also, the comparative study is being made through graphs to find the effect of reinforcement over the reinforced-free case on the phase velocity. It is observed that the dispersion equation is in assertion with the classical Love-type wave equation in the absence of reinforcement, magnetic field and heterogeneity. Moreover, some important peculiarities have been observed in graphs.

基于XGBoost算法的v_(P)/v_(S)预测及其在储层检测中的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地碳酸盐岩地层蕴含着丰富的油气资源。在勘探实践中发现,大牛地气田马家沟组断层发育、断距小,类型多样且成因复杂,给勘探、开发带来了较多挑战。为了应对这些挑战,提高储层预测的精度变得至关重要。在分析大牛地气田敏感弹性参数的基础上,建立地震属性与储层纵横波速度比(v_(P)/v_(S))的关系,提出一种基于XGBoost算法的地震多属性v_(P)/v_(S)预测方法。为了进一步提升XGBoost算法的预测精度和泛化能力,采用贝叶斯算法对XGBoost算法的超参数进行优化,从而找到最佳的超参数组合,以确保模型在训练集和测试集上的性能均能得到提升。将XGBoost算法应用于Marmousi 2模型进行横波速度预测,预测值与实际值相关系数超过0.88,而均方误差、平均绝对百分比误差分别低于6.55×10^(-7)和4%,验证了该方法的准确性和可靠性。在鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田,应用该方法获得的v_(P)/v_(S)成功识别出含气储层,结果与实际钻井数据一致。理论模型和实际数据应用结果表明,XGBoost作为一种强大的机器学习算法预测精度较高,为直接由叠后地震属性预测v_(P)/v_(S)提供了一种有效的途径。

陆上可控震源技术的未来发展与思考

本文首先回顾了陆上可控震源技术的发展历程,又介绍了目前具有国际领先水平的可控震源技术—高精度可控震源(EV-56)技术和新型横波可控震源(EV-56RS)技术。针对目前可控震源技术的工业化推广应用和研究现状,提出了可控震源技术面临的一些技术挑战和难点,同时给出了关于当前可控震源技术的发展和提高的一些技术思路与思考,希望能为广大震源科研技术人员提供一些技术层面的帮助和研究参考。

Seismic anisotropy beneath the Chinese mainland

We investigated the upper mantle anisotropy beneath China by applying teleseismic shear wave splitting measurements at 119 seismic stations from CDSN and GSN//RIS networks in China. The splitting observations are characterized by apparent diversity of anisotropy pattern in adjacent tectonic domains, including the Tianshan orogenic belt, Tibetan plateau, the Yangtze craton, the North China craton and northeastern region. In western China （Tianshan orogenic belt and Tibetan plateau）, fast polarization directions of split SKS waves coincide strikingly well with the dominating trend of deformational crustal features and delay times range from 0.5 s to 1.6 s. While in eastern China, seismic anisotropy deduced from shear wave splitting reveals a homogeneous NW-SE trending structure, almost perpendicular to the strike of large-scale surface structures. The observed delay times of 1.5 s to more than 2 s favor consistent mantle flow over large mantle thicknesses Based upon the straightforward relationships between seismic anisotropy and the development of lattice preferred orientation of mineral in upper mantle rocks, we interpret the splitting results in terms of tectonic fabric within the upper mantle. Since the lithosphere is less than 100 km thick beneath eastern China and the observed fast directions are subparallel to the trend of the absolute plate motion （APM） of Eurasian plate, we propose that the asthenosphere may mainly contribute to the anisotropic effects beneath eastern China. However, the upper mantle anisotropy beneath western China may have developed more recently in the subcrustal lithosphere because of rather small delay times and thick lithosphere. We also use the opportunity of the dense geodetic measurements available in China to discuss the coupling between the crust and mantle. In the Eura- sia-fixed reference frame, GPS and shear wave splitting both depict a similar trend beneath eastern China, suggesting a lithospheric block ＂escaping＂ toward the east that could orient olivine [001 ] axis in the upper mantle. There is a strong cou- pling between the crust and the mantle in eastern China. A different behavior is observed in western China. The GPS vectors trend NS-NE in Tibet and NW in Tianshan, close to the regional compression direction, whereas the fast directions trend EW in Tibet and NE in Tianshan, suggesting a tectonic regime close to a mode of axial shortening, generating the development of EW-trending foliation in Tibet and NE-trending foliation in Tianshan at depth. The crust and mantle deform independently in western China.

Seismic Performance of High-Strength Short Concrete Column with High-Strength Stirrups Constraints

The seismic performance of four short concrete columns was investigated under low cycle and repeated loads, including the failure characteristics, hysteretic behavior, rigidity degeneracy and steel-bar stress. The influences of reinforcement strength, stirrup ratio and shear span ratio were also compared. Test results reveal that the restriction effect of stirrups can improve the peak stress, so the bearing capacity of specimen can be improved; for the high-strength short concrete column with high-strength stirrups, it was more reasonable to use ultimate displacement angle to reflect the ductility of the specimen, and the yield strength of high-strength stirrups should be devalued when calculating the stirrup characteristic value; the seismic performance of short column would be improved with the increase of volume–stirrup ratio and shear span ratio;the high-strength stirrups and high-strength longitudinal reinforcements did not yield when the load acting on the specimen reached the peak value, which brought adequate safety stock to these short columns.

Assessment of seismic ground motion amplification and liquefaction at a volcanic area characterized by residual soils

A seismic hazard was assessed related to site effects at Abbadia San Salvatore, central Italy, on the Mt. Amiata slopes, an ancient volcanic area characterized by residual soils(thick layers of loose to dense sands originated from weathering of the trachydacitic lavas). The seismic ground amplification and soil liquefaction related to these layers were recognized as the major seismic hazards for the area.Geological, geophysical, and geotechnical surveys were carried out on the volcanic rocks. The Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio(HVSR) analysis of 252 noise measurements and 29 shear-wave velocity models of the subsoil allowed a seismic microzonation of the studied area, distinguished by thick weathered volcanic sands and shear-wave impedance contrast with respect to the seismic bedrock(volcanic bedrock). The differentiation of classified zones allowed recognition of areas characterized by residual(almost undisturbed) soils from those with soils probably affected by flowing water. The analysis of hazards revealed that peak acceleration by seismic amplification of ground motion exceeded the value set by the national rules(0.175 g) in a restricted area of the zone characterized by the most perturbed soils(Zone D);the potential occurrence of soil liquefaction was also greater in this zone. Finally, the study showed potential high hazards due to site effects of the volcanic mountainous area characterized by residual soils as opposed to an alluvial plain formed by volcanic debris where these effects have generally been more recognized.

Preliminary Study on Seismic Anisotropy in the Crust in the Northeast of Hainan

With SAM shear-wave splitting analysis,shear-wave splitting parameters at two stations of the digital seismic network in the northeast of Hainan are obtained based on the data from the Hainan Digital Seismic Network from 2000 to 2013. The results show that the predominant polarization direction of fast share-wave represents the direction of in-situ maximum principal compressive stress. The predominant polarizations of Qixingling( QXL) seismic station are in the NEE direction,which is different from the direction of principal compressive stress of the Hainan area,but same as the strikes of faults in the NE direction,which means that the local tectonics and stress fields are complicated. The predominant polarization of Qingshanling( QSL) seismic station is in the NNE-NS direction,which indicates the tectonic significance of the strikes of NNE-trending faults.At the same time,the study confirms that the predominant polarizations of the stations located on active faults or at the junctions of several active faults are parallel to the strikes of faults which control the earthquakes used in this analysis, and the predominant polarizations are scattered,which indicates the complicated background of fault structures and stress distribution.

Study on the S-wave Splitting Characteristics in the Longtan Reservoir Area,Guangxi,China

In this paper,the shear wave splitting features of the Longtan reservoir area are studied by adopting the traditional cross-correlation coefficient method and polarization analysis,using the data recorded by the seismic network founded by a project under the National Science and Technology Pillar Program from April 2009 to April 2010.We found that most of polarization directions at seismic stations are consistent with the direction of the overall regional stress field,but local structures and faults may control or influence the fast shear-wave polarization direction.The time-delay normalized to source-station path is between 10 to 25ms/km,and among them,the time-delay is about 10ms/km at the LIL and XIL sites,which are farther away from the dam.The water depth is relatively shallow and seismic activity relatively weak after water storage,indicating the effect of reservoir water penetration,or loading,on the state of cracks in the reservoir area.We also found that the delay time changes consistently with the water level at stations DPD and GAL.It may be related to crack expansion and water penetration caused by the reservoir impoundment.

SH-Mode Seismic-Reflection Imaging of Earthfill Dams

评价地下物性和地质特征成像(如断层、空洞、低速层等)是近地表地球物理学中的经典问题,这些问题通常会危害岩土工程,尤其对大型土石防洪坝这类高危结构物危害更大。在美国,由于大部分重要的基础设施在20世纪初至20世纪中叶设计建成,目前这些堤坝已处于设计寿命的末期,之前被人忽略的或者在设计建造过程中被认为无关紧要的细微缺陷将会对堤坝安全造成严重威胁。这些构造在高水动力条件下会加速薄弱区域的恶化,并破坏其长期完整性。仅用传统钻探技术解决大坝的相关问题通常存在不足(缺乏横向分辨率),过高的成本同样限制了钻探技术的发展。然而,有选择的岩土钻探技术与近地表地球物理相结合,尤其是对堤坝内部细小结构和地质基础条件成像方面的剪切波(shear-wave,SH波)地震反射技术,可以有效地降低堤坝修复工程所需的成本。为支持上述观点,本文以美国中部两个防洪坝为例,对其原位组分和工程建设组分进行SH波地震反射成像。

INFLUENCE OF UNCERTAINTY OF ROCK PROPERTIES ON SEISMIC RESPONSES OF REACTOR BUILDINGS

分散的影响和不确定性动态砍波浪速度和泊松“在一个硬岩石地点的土壤的 s 比率在反应堆造的地震反应上被调查结构。分析被认为土壤结构是相互作用效果并且基于在一个典型的密封的水反应堆核电厂(NPP ) 造的反应堆的模型执行。数字结果为选择的典型地板显示出那，当时相对增长比率动态砍波浪速度变化从-30%到30%与 1 930 m/s 的基础相比，在为内部结构的 +-10 百分比的范围的水平反应系列山峰价值谎言的相对变化，和相应于系列山峰的频率的相对变化在大多数情况中是0.0%。在到 22% 的 -10 百分比的范围的垂直反应系列山峰价值谎言的相对变化，和相应于系列山峰的频率的相对变化躺在 -22percent 的范围到 4% 。分析显示动态砍波浪速度和泊松“岩石的 sratio 将影响结构和效果应该甚至为一个硬岩石地点在 NPP 的地震分析和设计被考虑的土壤结构相互作用的地震反应。

PDC钻头随钻地震技术在胜利油田某井区的应用探索

本文分析了聚晶金刚石复合片钻头(Polycrystalline diamond compact bit,PDC)破岩机制以及钻进过程中所产生的波场特征,采集获得了波场信息丰富的三分量随钻地震数据,经精细预处理后,成功分离获得高信噪比横波信息,基于此求取了精度较高的横波层速度,进而实现了PDC钻头随钻地震资料反射波成像,实现了PDC钻头随钻地震在胜利油田某井区的成功应用。本文技术的成功探索,为我国石油钻井中PDC钻头随钻地震的工程应用指明了方向。

场地土对枢纽车站屋盖空间结构地震响应影响分析

城市综合枢纽车站结构一般由屋盖大跨空间结构和下部混凝土框架结构组成,目前对车站结构抗震性能的研究很少考虑场地土的影响。建立国内某典型枢纽车站土-车站结构有限元模型,研究了场地土对车站屋盖大跨空间结构地震响应的影响规律。结果表明:考虑场地土改变了屋盖大跨空间结构的动力特性,随着场地土厚度增大结构自振频率减小;随着场地土剪切波速增大结构自振频率增大,场地土厚度较小时屋盖结构挠度和杆件应力随场地土剪切波速增大而减小;场地土厚度较大时存在临界剪切波速,小于临界剪切波速即在场地土较软时,屋盖结构挠度和杆件应力随剪切波速增大而增大;大于临界剪切波速即场地土较硬时,屋盖结构挠度和杆件应力随剪切波速的增大而减小;随着场地土厚度增大临界剪切波速增大;在临界剪切波速下,屋盖挠度为基岩条件下的2.34~3.07倍,最大杆件应力为基岩条件下的1.35~2.86倍,因此,综合枢纽车站结构抗震性能分析时应考虑场地土的影响。

资阳东峰场地区须家河组五段河道砂岩储层叠前地震预测

资阳东峰场地区须五段发育多期叠置河道,河道砂岩沉积相相变快、储层非均质性强、砂岩阻抗与泥岩阻抗差异小、储层地震响应特征复杂,且叠前地震道集资料品质差、缺少横波测井,前期利用常规叠后属性对河道砂体边界及优质储层分布特征刻画精度不高。针对以上问题,利用道集噪音压制、道集拉平、道集拓频优化处理技术获得了高品质叠前道集;采用基于改进XU-WHITE岩石物理理论模型的优化方法预测了横波速度,结合岩石物理分析,创新性构建了岩性和物性指示因子,并通过叠前三参数同时反演获得了岩性和物性地震预测体,精细刻画了砂体边界及展布,在有利相带控制下,利用物性预测属性,预测了致密砂岩储层“甜点”分布区。研究结果表明:(1)基于高保真的道集优化处理可以获得可靠和符合AVO(振幅随偏移距变化)规律的叠前道集,为叠前反演奠定高质量基础资料;(2)基于改进XU-WHITE模型的横波速度预测技术,能够获取更精确的横波速度,更有利于岩石物理分析;(3)岩性和物性指示因子构建及反演技术可有效地实现致密砂岩储层岩性和物性精细刻画。该技术在资阳须五气藏致密砂岩刻画及储层“甜点”预测中获得了较好的效果,具有一定的推广应用价值。

新西兰弧后塔拉纳基地区地幔楔各向异性

太平洋板块沿希库兰吉海沟俯冲至新西兰北岛下方300km左右,向南与新西兰南岛发生碰撞,导致北岛发生顺时针旋转。该区域为研究俯冲带地幔楔变形,理解俯冲过程中地幔物质运动及其动力学过程的理想场所。本研究利用近震(深度范围在70~150km)S波分裂计算获得了北岛弧后塔拉纳基地区的地幔楔各向异性特征,结果显示快波方向和延迟时间在空间上存在一定的变化。深度在120km之上的地震对应的快波优势方向为NE—SW,近似平行于海沟走向,反映了地幔楔中平行于海沟方向的地幔流动引起的橄榄岩晶格优势排列;而120km之下地震主要集中在塔拉纳基地区北部,快波方向为NNE—SSW向,且延迟时间随深度增大而增加。由于太平洋板块俯冲到100~150km处的俯冲角度急剧变陡至近似直立,引起深部地幔楔强烈变形。因此,推测弧后北部深度>120km地震的NNE—SSW快波方向可能是受到地幔楔中平行于海沟走向的地幔流动,以及俯冲角度变陡而使深部地幔楔强烈变形的共同作用的结果。弧后北部地幔楔深部的拉张作用更为强烈,是造成各向异性在空间上变化的主要原因。