Earthquake-induced Soft-sediment Deformation Structures in the Dengfeng Area,Henan Province,China:Constraints on Qinling Tectonic Evolution during the Early Cambrian

Soft-sediment deformation structures are abundant in the Cambrian Zhushadong and Mantou formations of the Dengfeng area, Henan Province, China. Soft-sediment deformation structures of the Zhushadong Formation consist of fluidized deformation, synsedimentary faults, seismo-folds and plastic deformation; the Mantou Formation is dominated by small-scale horst faults, intruded dikes, fluidized veins, and seismo-cracks. These structures are demonstrated to be earthquake-related by analysis of trigger mechanisms, and may indicate the activity of the Qinling tectonic belt during the early Cambrian. Furthermore, the assemblages of soft-sediment deformation structures altered with time： large-scale, intense deformation in the Zhushadong Formation alters to small-scale, weak deformation in the Mantou Formation. This striking feature may have been caused by changes in hypocentral depth from deep-focus to shallow-focus earthquakes, indicating that the Qinling tectonic belt developed from the subduction of the Shangdan Ocean to the extension of the Erlangping back-arc basin. This study suggests that soft-sediment deformation structures can be used to reveal the activity of a tectonic belt, and, more importantly, changes in deformation assemblages can track the evolution of a tectonic belt.

Soft-sediment deformation structures in the Mesoproterozoic Kaimur Sandstone,Vindhyan Supergroup(Central India),and their seismotectonic implications

The unequivocal identification of soft-sediment deformation structures(SSDS)is a significant attribute to constrain the effect of transient geological events in the spatio-temporal evolution of ancient sedimentary basins.This paper reports and discusses,for the first time,the occurrence of several cm-to dm-scale SSDS within sandstone successions of the Mesoproterozoic Kaimur Group(Vindhyan Supergroup),exposed at the Hanumandhara Hill of Chitrakoot-Satna border region,Madhya Pradesh State,India.The SSDS are confined to a deformed interval comprising seven individual sedimentary units of variable composition and texture,which are sandwiched between nearly horizontally undeformed sandstone beds.The SSDS consist of load structures(load casts,flame structures,pseudonodules and ball-and-pillow structures),contorted lamination,convolute lamination,boudins and pinch-and-swell structures,deformed cross-stratification,slump structures,clastic injections,fluid escape structures,and syn-sedimentary fractures/faults.The pre-sent study suggests that the formation of these SSDS is essentially related to a combination of processes(gravitational instability,liquefaction,fluidization,and fluid escape)predominantly induced by seismic shocks.In addition,the restricted occurrence of fractures/faults in these deformed layers emphasizes the passage of seismically-induced Rayleigh waves.Considering the observed types of SSDS,their lateral homo-geneity and geographic distribution along with the geodynamic framework of the Vindhyan Basin,the whole area can be tentatively attributed to having experienced moderate-to high-magnitude(M≥5)seismicity.The present study combined with earlier reports of seismically-induced SSDS,from other regionally disposed formations belonging to the Lower(e.g.,Kajrahat Limestone,Chopan Porcellanite,Koldaha Shale,Rohtas Limestone,and Glauconitic Sandstone of the Semri Group)and Upper(e.g.,Bhander Limestone of the Bhander Group)Vindhyan Supergroup,respectively,provides evidence for the constant regional-scale seismo-tectonic activity within the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Vindhyan Basin.Importantly,this observation further suggests that the intracratonic basins can be active tectonically contrary to the earlier propositions.

Researches of soft-sediment deformation structures and seismites in China—A brief review

During the past 30 years （1987-2016）, a great progress has been made in researches of soft-sediment deformation structures （SSDS）, seismites and pataeoearthquakes in China. However, the research thought of this academic fietd is not open enough. It is atmost with one viewpoint or one voice, i.e., atmost art the papers pubtished in journals of China considered the layers with SSDS as seismites. On the other hand, the authors are very glad to learn that the professors and students of China University of Petroleum （East China） have proposed different academic viewpoints on the origin of SSDS in Lingshan Istand, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. It is a very active academic atmosphere. The authors＇ ideas are as follows： （1） The SSDS are sedimentary structures with multi-origin. The term ＂SSDS＂ is a good sedimentary and geological term and shoutd be utilized continuat[y. （2） The term ＂seismites＂ is a term which is definitety assigned to the layers with SSDS induced by earthquakes. It is one type of the tayers with SSDS. It is not equal to SSDS. （3） Some geotogists suggested obsoleting the term ＂seismites＂. These suggestions are rational However, since the term ＂seismites＂ has been utilized for a long time in China and worldwide, to obsolete this term should be discussed and agreement should be acquired from numerous geologists in China and worldwide. It may be suitable that let the geological practice decide whether to obsolete it or not. （4） Hopefully, further progress will be made in the researches of SSDS.

Earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation structures in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,North China,and their geologic implications

Soft-sediment structures are key to defining seismites. Two soft-sediment deformation horizons, bounded by undeformed carbonate strata, have been found in the Wumishan Formation in the Jumahe region, 175 km southwest of Beijing. One is in the lowest part of Wumishan Formation; and the other is in the uppermost part of Litho-member I. The soft-sediment structures in these two horizons fall into three categories: mould-and-sag structures, hydraulic shatterings and liquefaction dikes. The mould-and-sag structures are divided into two types: one developed in tidal-flat sediments, accompa-nied by many liquefaction-related structures and characterized by autochthonous post-earthquake sediments in sags, and the other type developed in deep-water environments, is not associated with liquefaction structures, and is overlain immediately by seismogenic tsunamites. The hydraulic shat-terings are composed of pockets of fluidization conglomerate, sand intrusions, and syndepositional faults. The liquefaction dikes fall into two categories: hydraulic-fracturing dikes and lateral-spreading dikes. The former are steep, planar, and pinch out upwards. The latter are snake-like and characterized by no diapir-related drag structures in surrounding rocks. Examination of the attitudes and strati-graphic positions of these structures suggests that these soft-sediment structures are seismogenic, and consequently, are seismites. Most seismites in the Wumishan Formation are developed near the former western, margin fault of Yanliao rift. This occurrence suggests that they could be related to movements on this fault. Other geological implications are discussed.

Characteristics, Genesis, and Sedimentary Environment of Duplex-Like Structures in the Jurassic Sediments of Western Qaidam Basin, China

A particular type of soft-sediment deformation structure, similar to imbricate structure, is developed in the Jurassic strata at Honggouzi, western Qaidam Basin, China. We refer to this structure as a duplex-like deformation structure, because it is inferred to have been formed by the action of fast-moving, submarine gravity current sediments gliding across a pre-existing semiconsolidated sedimentary layer. The layers of duplex-like structure crop out in the southeastern limb of the core of a medium-sized anticline. The average dip direction of the duplex-like structure is 301.2° and the average dip angle is 54.7°. Duplex-like deformed laminations are composed mainly of weakly metamorphosed, extremely poorly sorted, feldspathic lithic graywacke. Sericite can be observed along bedding planes. The duplex-like structure occurs within a sequence of river-channel fine conglomerate, interchannel carbonaceous mudstone（shale）, shallow-water delta sand-shale, shallow-lake calcareous mudstone, olistostromes, and a turbidite. At the bottom of the sequence, we found brownish-red shallow-lake calcareous mudstone and carbonaceous mudstone and at the top olistostromes whose genesis is related to the slip and drag of a slumped body of submarine sediment. In combination with other symbiotic and associated structures, it is considered that the duplex-like structure was formed by the slumping and subsequent movement and traction of delta-front semiconsolidated sediments over the bottom sediments of a shore or shallow-lake sedimentary environment, probably triggered by an earthquake. The attitude of the duplex-like structure indicates that the direction of gliding was from NW301.2° toward SE121°, which is consistent with the current location of the Altun Mountains, indicating that the Altun Mountains existed in the Jurassic. The orogenesis of these mountains likely involved seismic activity, and an earthquake was the triggering factor in the formation of the duplex-like structure by causing the slumping/gliding of the olistostrome sediments.

减水保坍型聚羧酸减水剂的合成及性能研究

以4-羟丁基乙烯基聚氧乙烯醚(VPEG)大单体、丙烯酸(AA)为主要原料,引入保坍单体丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA),以巯基丙酸(MPA)为链转移剂,在H_(2)O_(2)/L-抗坏血酸(V_(C))氧化还原引发体系下,通过自由基聚合制备出减水保坍型聚羧酸减水剂(V-HEA)。通过红外光谱、凝胶色谱测试对合成的V-HEA进行分子结构表征,并与市售保坍型聚羧酸减水剂(HPWR-S)进行水化热与混凝土性能对比分析。结果表明,V-HEA的最佳合成工艺参数为酸醚比4.4,酯醚比2.5,引发剂、硫酸亚铁和链转移剂掺量分别占大单体质量的0.76%、0.10%和0.74%。掺入硫酸亚铁可提高单体的转化率,且V-HEA的数均分子量为17650,重均分子量为42713,单体转化率高达95.03%。掺入V-HEA时混凝土的水化峰值温度较掺入HPWR-S时延迟4 h 24 min,且第二水化速率峰出现时间延迟约4 h,更加延缓水泥的水化。掺入V-HEA的混凝土2 h坍落度仅损失5.8%,且混凝土强度与掺入HPWR-S产品相当,V-HEA具有较好的应用前景。

Seismites、地震岩、震积岩和软沉积物变形构造等术语问题的讨论

文章主要内容为:(1)同意山穆玕(Shanmugam)的观点,即赛拉赫提出的seismites这一术语有问题。它不是具软沉积物变形构造的岩层,也没有地震成因的证据,因此应当否定。(2)不同意龚一鸣把赛拉赫提出的seismites译为"震积岩",应把它译为"地震岩"。(3)软沉积物变形构造是多成因的。由地震引起的具软沉积物变形构造的岩层可称作"地震岩",不是由地震引起的具软沉积物变形构造的岩层不能称作"地震岩"。(4)即使在地震高发地区,也不是所有的软沉积物变形构造都是由地震引起的。(5)在印度北部的一个地震高发地区的河谷中,在2013年的洪水沉积物形成后即刻观察到的软沉积物变形构造,是一个无可争辩的非地震成因的实例。因为2013年至今该地区没有发生过地震。这一实例应引起重视和深思。

Advances and Overview of the Study on Paleo-earthquake Events: A Review of Seismites

The distribution and formation mechanisms of typical identified seismites are analyzed based on various factors from plate tectonic positions, types of sedimentary basins and properties of seismogenic faults to focal mechanisms.Especially, structural styles, reserved positions, activity times, formation mechanisms and dynamics of soft-sediment deformation structures triggered by seismic activity are systematically analyzed.According to the genetic types of seismites, we propose 5 categories, including liquefied deformation, thixotropic deformation, hydroplastic deformation, superimposed gravity driving deformation and brittle deformation.Further, based on the main genetic types, composition of sediments and deformation styles, we draw up 35 secondary classifications.To determine paleo-seismic sequences in different times, activities of seismogenic faults, high-resolution tectonic events in one main tectonic movement and paleo-tectonic settings, and to understand the inducing mechanisms of paleo-earthquakes and ecologic environment evolution, researching on seismites are of great significance.Combing multiple approaches to identify the paleoearthquake records, simulating experiments on various soft-sediment deformation structures triggered by different magnitudes of shocking, dating precisely on paleo-seismic events, impacting on paleogeography and biological environment and on energy and resources domain are the frontiers of paleoseismic research.

Seismites(地震岩)等术语的概念与名称

seismites,按其字面意思理应翻译成地震岩,即与地震有成因联系或受发震断裂改造、变形的岩石。按发震时地质材料的固结程度与力学性质,地震岩可分为震积岩(地震时尚未固结成岩的含水沙土层,即软沉积物)和脆性断层岩(地震时已经固结成岩的沉积岩、岩浆岩和变质岩)。脆性断层岩包括断层角砾岩、碎裂岩、超碎裂岩、假熔岩和断层泥等。发育由沙土液化形成的软沉积物变形构造的沉积岩,统称为"沙土液化岩"(liquefactites),但是长期以来一直被误译为seismites。大量的研究表明,并不是所有的沙土液化和软沉积物变形都是由地震造成的,也并不是所有地震都能导致沙土液化。只有那些所在区域存在重要发震断层、真正由地震引起的区域性的沙土液化造成的软沉积物发育变形构造的岩层才能称之为震积岩(seismic liquefactites)。震积岩不应再翻译成seismites。零星出现的软沉积物变形构造与沙土液化构造(例如:砂涌丘)不足以作为古地震的证据。

改性镁渣基充填材料的性能评价及其孔结构演变规律研究

工业产生的固废所造成的环境污染问题是实现清洁生产的主要阻碍。为实现可持续发展,将镁渣(MS)和粉煤灰(FA)回收作为胶凝材料,再与尾砂(TL)混合,制成一种可用于采矿工程中的膏体充填材料,研究了不同粉煤灰掺量和尾砂含量充填体的流变特性、力学性能和孔结构演变。结果表明:(1)随着粉煤灰掺量增加,微型坍落度值先增大后减小,粉煤灰掺量为20%时,充填体的流动性最好。(2)单轴抗压强度随养护龄期和粉煤灰掺量的增加而增加,随尾砂含量增加而降低,低粉煤灰含量的充填体在早期强度发展缓慢,而高粉煤灰掺量的充填体早期强度发展较快。(3)临界孔径和孔隙率随着粉煤灰掺量的增加而减小,掺量越大临界孔径减小的幅度越大,随着尾砂含量增加,临界孔径和孔隙率逐渐增大。

陆相湖盆沉积物滑塌变形研究进展

陆相湖盆中沉积物滑塌常造成复杂的同沉积变形,对确定古地震事件、古地形等有重要作用,系统研究滑塌变形体系有助于厘清变形成因、理解变形机理和深化区域构造背景认识。笔者等梳理国内外滑塌变形研究进展,总结沉积物顺坡滑塌的形成条件、滑塌变形特征,尤其是滑塌褶皱的形态演化、伴生构造、对古斜坡的指示、有关滑塌变形的物理模拟等,并结合野外变形成因的识别,探讨滑塌成因与后期构造成因变形的有效鉴别标志。综合分析认为,陆相湖盆滑塌变形与重力流沉积密不可分,单一滑塌体的褶皱形态从滑塌体后缘到前缘由圆柱状褶皱、紧闭等厚直立褶皱转变为蘑菇状褶皱,演化过程可划分为多个阶段。在滑塌褶皱中存在逆冲断层、碎屑脉体、不规则侵蚀面、软布丁构造等,引起滑塌变形的机制可分为应力作用机制和液化作用机制。物理模拟因其可改变材料物理参数的优势,可能成为未来滑塌变形的重要研究方向。指出在鉴别滑塌成因变形和后期构造成因变形研究中仍然存在较多争议,其中未固结沉积物的活化、再改造、生物扰动、液化现象的存在是确定软沉积物变形的关键,变形构造在大尺度、层系规模上具有相同的应力场并与区域构造背景相符合是后期构造成因变形的最有力证据。

水溶液中可逆加成断裂链转移法制备梯度结构保坍型聚羧酸减水剂

通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合在水溶液中利用半连续单体投料工艺成功合成了一种梯度结构保坍型聚羧酸减水剂(PCEs)。TPEG大单体采用一次性加入、AA和保坍型功能单体HEA采用滴加工艺,用水溶性RAFT试剂BDMAT调控三者的共聚合,所得共聚物的分子质量分布很窄,分布指数在1.26~1.35;大单体的转化率与反应时间呈线性关系,验证该体系为活性聚合体系;TPEG单体转化率随时间呈梯度变化,证明共聚物的序列特征为梯度结构;水泥净浆流动度测试表征了梯度产物的保坍性能。

轻质陶粒混凝土的配合比优化及性能研究

为了解决装配式结构在村镇建筑应用中存在预制构件自重较大、运输和安装要求较高等问题,用轻质陶粒混凝土替代普通混凝土生产预制构件,以减轻预制构件的重量。开展轻质陶粒混凝土的配合比优化及性能试验研究。结果表明:轻质陶粒混凝土中的水泥、砂、陶粒、水用量分别为400、540、450、170 kg/m^(3)时,试件的干表观密度为1816.7 kg/m^(3),满足轻质混凝土相关要求;28 d抗压强度为35.5 MPa,满足承重构件强度要求;坍落度为78 mm,和易性满足30~80 mm要求。

广西丹池盆地晚古生代震积岩及其构造意义

广西丹池盆地(即南丹—河池盆地)为晚古生代与金沙江—红河—马江古特提斯洋共生的大陆边缘裂谷盆地,盆地从早泥盆世晚期开始裂陷,与相邻地区形成条块分割的深水裂陷槽(条)和孤立台地(块)间列的局面。该盆地于三叠纪随着金沙江—红河—马江古特提斯洋的闭合而逐渐萎缩,消亡。在丹池裂陷盆地形成、演化过程中,形成一系列典型的震积岩及与地震相关的滑塌构造。地震形成的沉积构造包括沉积岩墙、地裂缝、沉积岩脉、微褶皱、负荷构造、火焰构造、滑塌构造(滑塌不整合、滑塌褶皱、角砾岩化)等。丹池盆地的震积岩反映晚古生代处于强烈的伸展活动期,震积岩及其伴生的滑塌构造序列反映盆地的幕式构造活动。

软沉积变形构造的分类和形成机制研究

软沉积变形构造是指沉积物沉积之后、固结之前在处于软沉积物阶段时由于物理作用发生变形所形成的一系列构造。作为一种广泛发育的沉积构造,对其分类和成因机制的研究一直是国内外研究的热点。目前主流的分类方案是依据其成因机制为主再考虑其他因素将软沉积变形构造分为负载构造、包卷层理、变形交错层、滑塌构造、泄水和沉积物挤入构造、塌陷构造以及由生物和化学作用所形成的变形构造。而作为一种重要的软沉积变形构造,震积构造可以依据地震对沉积物改造的时间划分为同生、准同生和后生变形三种基本类型,而每一种基本类型可以分别受到伸展、挤压、剪切、液化以及震动而形成不同的软沉积变形构造。软沉积变形构造的触发因素多样,但主要是地震引起沉积物的液化产生的变形,因此可以按照沉积相分析、触发因素评估和标准评估三个步骤对软沉积变形构造的成因进行识别。作为一种广泛分布的沉积构造,软沉积变形构造成因机制的识别和判断仍然将是其研究的一个重要方向;其次软沉积变形在地质工程方面的应用也是一个研究方向;最后,随着油气勘探走向深水,发现软沉积变形构造有关的油气藏也将是另外一个研究的方向。

济阳坳陷古近系震积岩特征

通过岩芯观察和描述 ,在济阳坳陷古近系沙河街组沙四段上部和沙三段地层中识别出震积岩。震积岩的主要标志是发育各种类型的软沉积变形构造 ,包括小规模阶梯状正断层、层内小褶皱、扭曲变形、振动液化砂岩脉、微裂缝、震碎角砾岩、火焰构造等。各凹陷的北部陡坡带的沙三段震积岩较发育 ,沙四段上部次之。凹陷的不同位置 ,震积岩的序列有所不同 ,远离控盆边界断裂 ,震积岩序列的完整性变差 ,这反映出震积岩是由控盆边界断裂强烈活动引发的地震所产生的直接结果。震积岩在地层剖面中多次出现表明边界断裂的活动具有周期性和幕式特点。这一成果为陆相断陷湖盆构造演化研究及震积岩的识别和描述提供了重要的地质理论依据。

中国软沉积物变形构造及地震岩研究简评

近30年(1987—2016)来,中国的软沉积物变形构造、地震岩、震积岩及古地震研究,取得了很大的进展和成绩。但是,在国内中文期刊中已发表的约140篇文章和已出版的一些专著中,几乎都把具软沉积物变形构造的岩层当作地震岩。可喜的是,中国石油大学(华东)的老师们和学生们,对山东青岛灵山岛下白垩统中的软沉积物变形构造的研究,却有多种不同的观点,呈现出了一种活跃的学术气氛。笔者等的看法是:(1)软沉积物变形构造是一种沉积构造,它有多种成因,它是一个很好的沉积学和地质学术语,应继续地和更广泛地使用下去。(2)地震岩是专指由地震引起的具软沉积物变形构造的岩层,它是具多成因的软沉积物变形构造的岩层的一种,不能把所有的具软沉积构造的岩层都当作地震岩。有的地质学家建议废弃地震岩这一术语。(3)震积岩是"seismites"(地震岩)的误译,不宜再继续使用。(4)由于地震岩和震积岩这两个术语在国内外已使用多年,要废弃它们或不再继续使用它们,应得到国内外的多数地质学家的同意才行。

鄂尔多斯盆地早期构造演化与沉积响应——以姬塬地区长8～长6油层组为例

通过对姬塬地区晚三叠世延长组的长8～长6油层组岩石组分特征、沉积相特征、震积岩及凝灰岩发育规律的分析,探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地早期构造演化与沉积响应过程。研究表明,秦岭隆升时间大致在长8沉积早期,而六盘山的隆升则是稍晚的长7沉积期,长8～长6沉积期可视为中生代鄂尔多斯盆地的早期成形阶段。姬塬地区长8沉积期构造相对稳定,砂岩中不含碳酸盐岩岩屑,无震积岩发育,主要发育浅水三角洲沉积;长7沉积期盆地西南缘的挤压导致了湖盆强烈坳陷,砂岩中开始出现碳酸盐岩岩屑,大量发育的震积岩与频繁出现的凝灰岩共生,研究区以发育水下扇的半深湖为特征;长6沉积期火山活动减弱,但盆地西部断裂带的构造活动仍较强烈,地层中常有震积岩出现,沉积环境以湖泊三角洲为主。由姬塬地区长8～长6沉积期古地理演化,证明以长7沉积期为界,之前鄂尔多斯盆地的演化主要受南缘构造活动控制,自长7沉积期开始同时受盆地南缘和西缘构造活动影响,但以西缘的构造活动控制更强烈。

鄂尔多斯盆地白豹—华池地区长6砂岩储层特征

根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、碳氧同位素、物性、孔隙结构和声发射、岩心和测井分析和化验资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地白豹—华池地区长6砂岩储层特征进行的研究结果表明,该套储层储集空间以剩余原生粒间孔和次生粒间孔组合为主;储层物性较差,微裂缝对改善储层孔隙渗透性贡献不大;排驱压力和饱和度中值压力较高,孔喉半径小且分选性较差,歪度细,溶蚀作用对改善喉道连通性的效果不佳,孔隙结构参数总体较差。储层质量受沉积微相和成岩作用的综合影响,其中,由三角洲前缘滑塌形成的内-中扇较粗粒水道砂体为最有利储层发育的微相,成岩早期碳酸盐矿物和环边绿泥石胶结作用有利于部分原生孔隙和喉道的保存。利用储层物性和孔隙结构参数,将长6砂岩评价为4类储层,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层在目前的工艺技术条件下为可动用储层,是增储上产的首选储层。

松辽盆地青山口组震积岩特征及油气地质意义

通过大量岩芯观察,结合构造背景研究,在松辽盆地白垩系青山口组中识别出震积岩。将震积岩变形构造划分为固结地层震积变形构造和未固结地层震积变形构造两大类。研究区所见固结地层震积变形构造主要有裂缝、微型断层、龟裂式地层破碎及内碎屑角砾岩等,未固结地层震积变形构造主要有液化砂岩脉、石香肠构造、同沉积塑性变形构造、环状层理、震积枕状及伴生构造等。总结震积岩的沉积特征并讨论了其油气地质意义:由地震活动引发三角洲前缘砂体垮塌沉积而成的滑塌浊积岩、高能波浪带形成的滨浅湖滩坝砂体都为良好的储集层;震裂缝附近发育溶孔和微裂缝。溶孔的发育程度无疑对改善储层的储集性能起到建设性作用;已固结地层中发生地震的断裂系统为油气运移提供通道;强烈的地震活动会造成固结的致密泥岩盖层的破裂,大量裂缝会导致油气的快速散失。