Seismic monitoring of sub-seafloor fluid processes in the Haima cold seep area using an Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS)

The use of ocean bottom seismometers provides an effective means of studying the process and the dynamic of cold seeps by continuously recording micro-events produced by sub-seafloor fluid migration.We deployed a four-component Ocean Bottom Seismometer(OBS)at an active site of the Haima cold seep from 6 November to 19 November in 2021.Here,we present the results of this short-term OBS monitoring.We first examine the OBS record manually to distinguish(by their distinctive seismographic signatures)four types of events:shipping noises,vibrations from our remotely operated vehicle(ROV)operations,local earthquakes,and short duration events(SDEs).Only the SDEs are further discussed in this work.Such SDEs are similar to those observed in other sea areas and are interpreted to be correlated with sub-seafloor fluid migration.In the OBS data collected during the 14-day monitoring period.We identify five SDEs.Compared to the SDE occurrence rate observed in other cold seep regions,five events is rather low,from which it could be inferred that fluid migration,and subsequent gas seepage,is not very active at the Haima site.This conclusion agrees with multi-beam and chemical observations at that site.Our observations thus provide further constraint on the seepage activity in this location.This is the first time that cold seep-related SDEs have been identified in the South China Sea,expanding the list of sea areas where SDEs are now linked to cold seep fluid migration.

Joint observation of long period tremor signals with broadband seismometer,tiltmeter and gravimeter

We report here the observation result of joint observation of long period tremor signals with broadband seismome-ter,tiltmeter and gravimeter at the HUST(Huazhong University of Science and Technology)station.The observed data were compared and analyzed.Since 2005,the several tens of abnormal tremor signals which are weak,com-plex and duration of 2 to 3 days have been synchronously recorded by the different instruments.The tremor signals have the periodic domain in the range of 3 to 5 minutes,20 to 30 minutes and even more than 1 hour.The observa-tion shows such tremors are a physical existence.The analysis indicates that a part of the tremors caused by the typhoon from the western Pacific Ocean.These tremors have a close relationship with wind velocity of typhoon and distance between the typhoon center and the station.Except these,the cause of others is still unclear.

Lithospheric Structure Model of Central Indian Ocean Basin Using Ocean Bottom Seismometer Data

The intense deformation zone in the central Indian Ocean, south of Indian continent is one of the most complex regions in terms of its structure and geodynamics. The deformation zone has been studied and debated in 1990s for its genesis. It was argued that deformation is mainly confined to sedimentary and oceanic crustal layers, while the large wave length geoidal anomalies, on which the deformation region lies, called for deeper sources. The inter connection between deeper and the shallower sources is found missing. The current study focuses on the complexities of this region by analyzing OBS （ocean bottom seismometer） data. The data acquired by five OBS systems along a 300 km long south-north profile in the CIOB （central Indian Ocean basin） have been modeled and the crustal and sub-crustal structure has been determined using 2-D tomographic inversion. Four subsurface layers are identified representing the sediment column, upper crustal layer, lower crustal layer and a sub-crustal layer （upper mantle layer）. A considerable variation in thickness as well as velocity at all interfaces from sedimentary column to upper mantle is observed which indicates that the tectonic forces have affected the entire crust and sub-crustal configuration. The sediments are characterized by higher velocities （2.1 kin/s） due to the increased confining pressure. Modeling results indicated that the velocity in upper crust is in the range of 5.7-6.2 km/s and the velocity of the lower crust varies from 7.0-7.6 km/s. The velocity of the sub-crustal layer is in the range of 7.8-8.4 km/s. This high-velocity layer is interpreted as magmatic under-plating with strong lateral variations. The base of the 7.0 km/s layer at 12-15 km depth is interpreted as the Moho.

OCEAN BOTTOM SEISMOMETER AND ONSHOREOFFSHORE SEISMIC EXPERIMENT IN NORTHEASTERN SOUTH CHINA SEA

Three-component Ocean Bottom Seismometers, portable land stations and marine air gun seismic sources were used to carry out an onshore-offshore deep seismic profile in northeastern South China Sea. This profile, orientated in NNW-SSE, was as long as 500 km and perpendicular to the strike of regional tectonics. The offshore data were processed in Taiwan Ocean University using a number of available software and the onshore data were analyzed in South China Sea Institute of Oceanology by new-written programs and public software. Preliminary results show that the seismic data are in good quality and contain rich information of deep structure. Seismic phases, e.g. Pg, PmP and Pn, are identified in the offset range 5～220 kin, which will provide an important dataset for the deep crustal structure and oil-gas basin evolution studies of this region.

Applicability of the Welch method for examining self-noise level parameters for broadband seismometers

Seismometer self-noise levels were determined using Sleeman’s three-sensor method in combination with the Welch method for different parameter combinations. The self-noise levels decreased with the increasing segment window length, which is equivalent to the subwindow length, and with the increasing segment overlap rate for different frequency points at a fixed band. After the statistical examination of 9800 different parameter combinations, a zone of reasonable self-noise calculation parameter combinations was identified. Reasons for the unsuitability of certain parameter combinations were explored with respect to their distortion of the seismometer’s self-noise levels.

Strains Recorded Using a Seismometer Data Acquisition Unit

A seismometer data acquisition unit has been used in the Changping seismic station to record the output of a strainmeter. The output of a strainmeter was sampled at a rate of l00/sec by seismometer acquisition from the original rate of 1 per minute. Plenty of high frequency sampled data was recorded. The minute value curve calculated from the seismometer acquisition are consistent with that of the original data sampled by the strain acquisition system. More complete waveforms were recorded with a higher sampling rate, and seismic phase parameters calculated by using higher sampling rate strain seismic waves are also in consistency with the results of its predecessors. Spectra of the strain seismic waves are compared with that of seismic waves recorded by a seismometer in the Shisanling seismic station, and their trends are almost the same. Besides, some lower frequency components still exist in strain seismic waves.

ZHANG Heng’s Seismometer and Longxi earthquake in AD 134

Longxi earthquake was the only earthquake example, which ZHANG Heng＇s Seismometer had detected. Therefore this event attracted the attention of the academic circle and also served as crucial evidence to examine the rationality of the reconstructed model of the seismometer. But for a long time, owing to the fact that the Jincheng-Longxi earthquake on February 28, AD 138 was mistaken as the event went against the historical records, it was refuted by the researches of both in China and abroad. By making careful textual research of historical records, especially by analyzing the description of Longxi earthquake of Houhan Shu, by studying the historical background exposed by historical literatures at that time, ZHANG Heng＇s biography, his poems and place names of Han Dynasty, by comparing five earthquakes occurred in Qing Dynasty and their attenuation of seismic intensity, the conclusion can be drawn that the Longxi earthquake should take place on December 13, AD 134 （the third year of Yangjia reign）. As a rough assessment, the epicenter was in Tianshui area and the magnitude was about 7. Due to the political corruption and inability to scientifically explain earthquake phenomenon at the end of Eastern Han Dynasty, a tragedy occurred during the later years of ZHANG Heng＇s life that had direct relations with the earthquake successively occurred in AD 133 and AD 134 after invention of seismometer in AD 132. In order to analyze the ground motion at Lingtai caused by the event in AD 134, the digital broad-band seismic records of three Longxi earthquakes in recent years recorded by Luoyang seismic station are used. The numerical modelings are made from three aspects of seismic magnitude definition, digital broad-band seismograms and empirical Green＇s function method. The results have shown that the maximum horizontal displacement at Lingtai is between 6-8 mm, and the maximum acceleration is less than 10^-2 m/s^2. These results have played an important role in quantitative test of the scientific reconstruction model of ZHANG Heng＇s Seismometer.

Transfer function of FBS-3A feedback broadband seismometer

FBS-3A feedback broadband seismometer has been widely utilized in observation networks up to now. Therefore, it is very important and practically meaningful for the application of this kind of sensor to fulfill some relative research work about its transfer function and for the analysis to the data recorded and the further development of the seismometer. In this paper, from the viewpoint of achieving its working principle, method of systematic analysis is applied to deduce the transfer functions, including both the transfer function for calibration and that for measurement. Moreover, on the basis of that, the distribution of its zeroes and poles in a complex frequency domain is analyzed, which provides a convincing evidence to simplify this seismometer system from a high-order one to a two-order one. And the emulation of the frequency characteristics of FBS-3A is presented in this paper. On the whole, the aim of this article is to do some theoretical work about the earthquake observation sensor, and also to introduce the method of making systematic analysis in a complex frequency domain to the research and the development of the seismometers.

mFAST:A MATLAB toolbox for ocean bottom seismometer refraction first-arrival traveltime tomography

First-arrival seismic traveltime tomography(FAST)is a well-established technique to estimate subsurface velocity structures.Although several existing open-source packages are available for first-arrival traveltime tomography,most were written in compiled languages and lack sufficient extendibility for new algorithms and functionalities.In this work,we develop an open-source,selfcontained FAST package based on MATLAB,one of the most popular interpreted scientific programming languages,with a focus on ocean bottom seismometer refraction traveltime tomography.Our package contains a complete traveltime tomography workflow,including ray-tracing-based first-arrival traveltime computation,linearized inversion,quality control,and high-quality visualization.We design the package as a modular toolbox,making it convenient to integrate new algorithms and functionalities as needed.At the current stage,our package is most efficient for performing FAST for two-dimensional ocean bottom seismometer surveys.We demonstrate the efficacy and accuracy of our package by using a synthetic data example based on a modified Marmousi model.

Development of Six-Degree-of-Freedom GNSS Seismometer

1 THE DEFICIENCY OF OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES ON STRONG NEARFIELD EARTHQUAKES Catastrophic earthquakes often result in huge loss on people s lives and property.Therefore,techniques concerning earthquake prevention and disaster reduction are closely related to citizens livelihood. It requires that seismologists master the mechanisms of seismic hazards,and perform timely w arning for earthquakes. Unfortunately.

Earth's Free Toroidal Oscillations Observed by the JCZ-1 Seismometer

We firstly detected the Earth's free toroidal oscillations excited by three large earthquakes in Japan,2011,Chile,2010 and Indonesia,2005 from the observed data of the JCZ-1 seismometer at Wuhan Seismic Station. The eigenperiods of basic modes (0T2 - 0T67 ) and first modes (1T2 ～ 1T50 ) were detected,and their error ratios were less than 0. 5% by comparing the observed eigenvalues with the theoretical eigenvalues in PREM. We supplemented some modes- 0T11,0T15 , 0T19 , 1T4 , 1T5 and 1T14 ,which were not mentioned in PREM,and also observed the spectral line multi-peak phenomenon from 0T2, 0T6 , 0T7 and 0T8 . These results show that the JCZ-1 seismometer is able to precisely observe the Earth's long period toroidal free oscillations.

链式海底地震仪节点结构设计与试验

海底地震仪是一种重要的海洋地震观测设备。针对中国近岸浅海洋流噪声大和人类活动频繁的特点,提出链式地震观测方式并对链式海底地震仪节点进行机械结构设计。首先根据内部构件尺寸与布局对地震仪节点整体结构进行设计;然后通过理论计算与有限元仿真方式确定地震仪节点仓体的壳体厚度、端盖厚度和密封尺寸;最后通过压力试验验证所设计的地震仪节点结构的耐压和水密性能符合要求,通过地震观测对比试验验证其接收天然地震的能力。此链式海底地震仪未来将应用于浙江近海的实际地震观测,提供实时连续的地震观测数据。

南海北部被动陆缘洋陆转换带张裂–破裂研究新进展

文章基于深地震探测数据与大洋钻探资料,研究了南海北部被动陆缘洋陆转换带张裂–破裂机制科学问题。2018-2023年在国家基金委共享航次的协助下,实施了三维深地震探测实验,共投放海底地震仪52台次,海底电磁仪2台次,放炮数量达8750炮,累积获得了294Gb的第一手数据,并取得了一系列的创新性成果:1)首次获得南海北部陆缘洋陆转换带深达上地幔的三维速度结构,精准确定了研究区洋陆转换带三维空间展布范围宽度为10~20km;2)揭示南海北部陆缘异常活跃的岩浆作用,提出了不同时间段的构造与岩浆相互作用方式,岩浆活动随着伸展作用不断向洋迁移并逐渐占据主导地位;3)建立了边缘海独特的张裂–破裂地质演化模型,最后一期强烈的岩浆活动导致岩石圈破裂,形成由玄武岩为主的“鳄鱼嘴”构造,同时张裂–破裂过程沿其陆缘走向又存在显著的构造–岩浆差异性。

GL-CS120型地震计在永安下渡基准站的应用分析

永安下渡基准站建立于2021年,是国家地震烈度速报与预警工程福建子项目新建的基准站,台址位于福建永安市燕西街道下渡村,属闽西南坳陷带,基岩为砂岩。“预警工程”为该基准站配置了国产最新型号的EDAS-24EEW数据采集器和GL-CS120型地震计,这两款仪器在福建内均是首次安装使用,特别是GL-CS120型地震计具有频带宽、噪声低,稳定性好的特点,能够有效提升我省的地震监测和预警能力。

典型水深与海底介质条件下的OBC/OBN多分量地震数据波型特征

海底电缆或海底节点(OBC/OBN)多分量地震是开展海上复杂油气藏勘探的重要手段之一。由于地震波与自由表面及海底界面的互相作用,海底多分量地震记录中波型成分十分复杂。调查其中各类信号与噪声的形成机制及其影响,可为后续数据处理与解释提供关键依据。针对海底多分量地震观测条件下潜在的波场信号,按照不同水深与典型海底沉积物性质构建代表性的弹性参数模型,利用谱元法合成OBC/OBN多分量地震记录,分析各类波型成分的表现特征,揭示水深和海底介质特性对波场运动学及动力学特征的影响。通过与东海浅水区和南海深水区海底地震仪(OBS)采集的实际地震数据的对比分析,确认了水深与海底介质条件对表面多次波与海底界面波的调控机理,为海底多分量地震数据处理方法研究与技术应用提供有益的指导。

一种确定海底地震仪位置与等效海水速度的多维扫描法

受海流影响,海底地震仪(OBS及OBN)着底点与投放点的位置存在偏差,水越深偏差越大。OBS及OBN的准确定位对后续地震数据的成像处理至关重要。传统处理方法假设海水速度、海底深度已知,或者采用分部策略依次反演海水速度、海底深度与水平坐标,导致误差较大。为此,提出了一种新的OBS及OBN重定位多维扫描方法。利用共检波点道集中拾取的海水直达波震相到达时,经过在水平坐标(x维度和y维度)、海底深度和海水速度4个维度的扫描,确定OBS及OBN着底位置的同时获得海底深度和等效海水速度。与现有技术相比,该方法具有搜索速度快、精度高、原理简单,而且可以同时获得等效海水速度与海底深度等优点。理论模型实验结果表明,在深水情况下用该方法获得的OBS及OBN水平位置误差在20 m以内,海底深度误差在10 m以内;即使拾取的直达波走时存在稍许误差,等效海水速度仍可以被准确地反演出来;以上参数反演精度受扫描密度制约。实际资料处理结果基于重定位结果的直达波线性动校正后同相轴被有效拉平,说明重定位方法的有效性和实用性。此外,基于敏感核函数分析,给出了另外一种不同于前人的分步扫描策略,反演效率再提升2个数量级,但定位精度下降了1个数量级,进一步印证了多维扫描反演方法的优势。数值实验的反演精度是在接近水深3000 m的超深水情况下获得,在浅水情况下,考虑到数据误差与采集孔径更小,扫描密度更高,一定能获得更高的反演精度。

JCZ-360超宽频带地震计研究与实验

介绍了JCZ系列超宽频带地震计JCZ-360的研究进展、定型测试、台站实验观测等情况。结果显示,JCZ-360超宽频带地震计能有效抑制外界大气压力、外部磁场干扰及温度变化对仪器的影响,性能更稳定,在超低频端噪声水平更低。JCZ-360超宽带地震计不仅可以观测到全频段地震波,还可以记录到固体潮汐、地球自由振荡等信息,具备传统地震和地球物理场的综合观测能力。

利用水波初至偏振方位反演海底地震仪位置及方位

OBS(Ocean Bottom Seismometer,海底地震仪)在布放到海底之后,其方位指向通常是随机的;由于海流等因素的影响,其实际位置通常也会偏离投放位置,因此需要对其位置及方位进行重定位定向。针对目前的定位和定向方法大多基于走时计算,本文首先讨论了利用海底地震仪的水波初至偏振方位进行海底地震仪水平位置及方位重定位定向的线性反演方法和非线性反演方法,给出了线性反演的近似公式,并分析了近似公式的误差;然后,通过大量理论模型试验对比了两种方法的误差及稳定性;最后,对我国南海某地的5台OBS实测数据进行了反演处理。理论模型试验结果表明,在一些特殊情况下,线性反演存在不收敛的情况,而非线性方法则具有较好的稳定性和较高的精度。非线性反演方法采用差分演化算法,对比了直接优化方位角残差目标函数和双差法,结果表明,对于理论模型和实际数据两种方法得到的结果几乎完全相同,但迭代收敛情况双差法明显好于前者,双差法经600余次迭代达到最优稳定状态,而前者在迭代1000多次之后才达到稳定最优状态。

海底地震仪数据丢失异常及内部时间校正

TS03航次使用国产海底地震仪(Ocean Bottom Seismometer,OBS)在马里亚纳海沟南段进行了一系列主动源和被动源地震作业,旨在获取跨越海沟的壳幔结构和地震活动性.但在数据处理过程中,我们发现POBS04台站地震剖面的直达水波到时异常,给接下来的计算模拟工作带来困难.为此,本文计算了直达水波理论到时,对比SAC文件中气枪信号到时,以此进行异常数据的检查分析.结果表明,POBS04台站记录过程中发生了部分数据丢失,从而造成其内部时间存在错误,体现在SAC文件中气枪信号到时提前,以及相邻数据文件之间存在数十秒的时间间隔.因此,本文在SAC软件中将整段气枪信号进行延后,使其可以和直达水波理论到时准确对应;之后再进行裁截、分道排列和SEGY格式转换,最终得到了正常的单台地震剖面.这项研究发现了一种新型数据异常,为后续准确的OBS位置校正和地壳结构计算模拟提供了可靠的数据保障,也为国产仪器的改进及其异常数据修复提供了新的参考.

利用P波质点运动估算中国东北地区固定台站地震计方位角

现代地震研究依赖于可靠的三分量观测数据,地震计的北分量是否严格指北将直接影响研究的准确性。然而,受台站附近磁异常或人为安装错误的影响,地震计的方位角可能出现偏差。基于东北地区154个固定台站2020年的远震数据,利用P波质点运动方法,估算了每个台站的北向分量方位角,以判断台站地震计是否存在方位角偏转问题。结果表明,84%的台站运行良好,12%的台站存在方位角偏差绝对值过大(>20°)或分量极性反转等问题。此外,分析后发现方位角偏转较大会导致H-κ叠加方法计算得到的地壳厚度和地震波速比出现偏差。因此,为确保地震学分析的可靠性,固定台站的地震计方位角需要进行定期校标。