Genetic differentiations between randomly and selectively bred pig populations in Yunnan,China

To assess the genetic diversity between randomly and selectively bred populations,we sequenced 438 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region from 102 pigs.These samples represented four native pig breeds,one nucleus and one conservation herd from Yunnan,China.Twenty haplotypes with sixteen polymorphic sites were identified.The number of haplotypes in the nucleus herd of Saba pig and the conservation herd of Banna miniature pig were restricted to three and one,respectively,while the randomly bred pig populations exhibited over six haplotypes.Notably,haplotype diversity in randomly bred populations was significantly greater than the selectively bred populations（h=0.732 vs.0.425 and 0,exact test,P≤0.0036）.These findings demonstrate that selective breeding generated low genetic diversity compared to randomly bred pig breeds.A timely intervention and well programmed breeding approach would stop further genetic diversity reduction in the nucleus and conservation herds of native pig breeds.Otherwise,selective breeding would dramatically reduce genetic diversity in only several years,indicating that sharp contradictions exist between breeding,conservation and genetic diversity.Genetic relationships are discussed based on net genetic distances among pig populations.

Study on Quality Improvement Effect and Separate Character of Soybean Male Sterile (MS1) Recurrent Selection Population

To solve the problem that soybean has narrow genetic base, we constructed a series of male sterile recurrent selection populations, and studied the effects of quality improvement and practical value. An LD-base population, which fits to our ecology type was constructed by 6 years＇ gene enrichment through the introduction of new genes from 23 local varieties and recurrent selection. The LD-base populations were then improved by making crosses with high protein and high oil genotypes. As a result we obtained a high protein sub-population （db） and a high oil sub-population （gy）, For the db sub-population, the protein content is 1.18% higher than the base population, 22.38% of the individuals contain 45% or more of protein, which is 10.99% higher than the base population. For the gy sub-population, oil content is 0.24% higher than the base population. Individuals with oil content of 20% or more are 11.05% higher than the base population. The quantitative characters such as flowering date, mature date, pod habit, and hilum color, etc., all showed wide range of separation, and the segregation ratio approached balance. The c.v. of branch number of ms1 recurrent population （72.8%） is higher than general cross-population （57.3%）, and the c.v. of 100 seed weight of ms1 （18.1%） is higher than general cross population （16.5%）, the coefficient of variation of plant height, pods per plant, and seeds per pod were not significantly different. It was demonstrated in this paper that the quality character of ms 1 male sterile recurrent selection population was improved by adding new genes. And the segregation of other characters widened, making the populations suitable for the objective of soybean breeding. In this paper, we also discussed the breeding method, key technology, and selection effect of soybean ms 1 population.

Defensive physiological characters of Pyropia yezoensis resistant lines to the red rot disease

To explore ef fective physiological indexes to distinguish the resistant lines and susceptible lines of Pyt hium porphyrae,the causal agent of red rot disease of Pyropia yezoensis,and establish the disease-resistance breeding strategy,we obtained and analyzed the candidate resistant and susceptible lines by population selection.Gametophytes of the candidate lines were cultured in seawater containing Pyt.porphyrae zoospores.Antioxidase activities,including superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and polyphenol oxidase(PPO),were measured and compared between the two lines before and after infection.In the resistant lines,SOD and POD activities increased and then decreased,but PPO activity rose with the prolongation of the infection time.The phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL)activities also increased and then decreased after infection,but it had significantly different expression in the two lines without pathogen attack.The synthesis rates ofβ-1,3-glucanase,and cell-wall degrading enzyme were different from each other between the two lines after infection of P yt.porphyrae.Comparison in the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA)and reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the two lines showed that,the two contents varied synchronously in response to the pathogen attack.Changes of these enzymes activities or contents demonstrated that Pyr.yezoensis could resist against the pathogen of P yt.porphyrae with the antioxidant defense capacity.In addition,β-1.3-glucanase content showed extremely significant dif ference between the two lines,and the PAL had consistent expression dif ference.Therefore,phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL)andβ-1,3-glucanase can be considered as an ef fective index to distinguish susceptible line and resistant line,with which the workload of the resistant breeding could be reduced in the future.

Improvement of Yield and Its Related Traits for Backbone Hybrid Rice Parent Minghui 86 Using Advanced Backcross Breeding Strategies

How to overcome yield stagnation is a big challenge to rice breeders. An effective method for quickly developing new cultivars is to further improve an outstanding cultivar. In this study, three advanced backcross populations under yield selection that consist of 123 BC2F2：4 introgression lines （ILs） were developed by crossing Minghui 86 （recurrent parent, RP） with three high-yielding varieties （donors）, namely, ZDZ057, Fuhui 838, and Teqing, respectively. The progeny testing allowed the identification of 12 promising ILs that had significantly higher mean grain yields than Minghui 86 in two environments. A total of 55 QTLs that affect grain yield and its related traits were identified, which included 50 QTLs that were detected using the likelihood ratio test based on stepwise regression （RSTEP-LRT） method, and eight grain yield per plant （GY） QTLs were detected using ehi-squared （X2） test. Among these QTLs, five QTLs were simultaneously detected in different populations and 22 QTLs were detected in both environments. The beneficial donor alleles for increased GY and its related traits were identified in 63.6% （35 out of 55） of the QTLs. These promising ILs and QTLs identified will provide the elite breeding materials and genetic information for further improvement of the grain yield for Minghui 86 through pyramiding breeding.

Highly selective population of two excited states in nonresonant two-photon absorption

A nonresonant two-photon absorption process can be manipulated by tailoring the ultra-short laser pulse. In this paper, we theoretically demonstrate a highly selective population of two excited states in the nonresonant two- photon absorption process by rationally designing a spectral phase distribution. Our results show that one excited state is maximally populated while the other state population is widely tunable from zero to the maximum value. We believe that the theoretical results may play an important role in the selective population of a more complex nonlinear process comprising nonresonant two-photon absorption, such as resonance-mediated （2-~l）-three-photon absorption and （2q-1）-resonant multiphoton ionization.

Atomic Coherent Trapping and Properties of Trapped Atom

Based on the theory of velocity-selective coherent population trapping, we investigate an atom-laser system where a pair of counterpropagating laser fields interact with a three-level atom. The influence of the parametric condition on the properties of the system such as velocity at which the atom is selected to be trapped, time needed for finishing the coherent trapping process, and possible electromagnetically induced transparency of an altrocold atomic medium, etc., is studied.

Gametic selection in a doubled haploid population derived from anther culture of indica/japonica hybrid of Oryza Sativa L.

It is one of the key problems for application ofanther culture in hybrid breeding, geneticanalysis, and molecular mapping whether thedoubled haploid (DH) population derived fromanther culture of rice crosses represents a ran-dom array of the microspore population, i.e.whether gametic selection occurs in androgene-sis. A DH population including 132 lines de-

Population transcriptomics reveals a potentially positive role of expression diversity in adaptation

While it is widely accepted that genetic diversity determines the potential of adaptation,the role that gene expression variation plays in adaptation remains poorly known.Here we show that gene expression diversity could have played a positive role in the adaptation of Miscanthus lutarioriparius.RNA-seq was conducted for 80 individuals of the species,with half planted in the energy crop domestication site and the other half planted in the control site near native habitats.A leaf reference transcriptome consisting of 18,503 high-quality transcripts was obtained using a pipeline developed for de novo assembling with population RNA-seq data.The population structure and genetic diversity of M.lutarioriparius were estimated based on 30,609 genic single nucleotide polymorphisms.Population expression（Ep） and expression diversity（Ed）were defined to measure the average level and the magnitude of variation of a gene expression in the population,respectively.It was found that expression diversity increased while genetic Resediversity decreased after the species was transplanted from the native habitats to the harsh domestication site,especially for genes involved in abiotic stress resistance,histone methylation,and biomass synthesis under water limitation.The increased expression diversity could have enriched phenotypic variation directly subject to selections in the new environment.