Corrosion and wear properties of micro-arc oxidation treated Ti6Al4V alloy prepared by selective electron beam melting

In order to analyze the effect of voltage during micro-arc oxidation(MAO)on corrosion and wear properties of Ti6Al4V(TC4),the MAO technology was employed to treat TC4 samples fabricated by selective electron beam melting(SEBM)at the voltages of 400,420 and 450 V.The results show that the metastable anatase phase gradually transforms to rutile phase with oxidation time and temperature increasing.The surface morphology of coating contains numerous micropores with uniform size distribution.Cracks and pores over 10μm are found on MAO-TC4 sample with applied voltage of 450 V.The thickness of MAO coating is positively correlated with the voltage.The corrosion resistance and wear resistance are related to phase composition,micropore size distribution on the surface and film thickness.When the voltage is 420 V,the coating shows the smallest corrosion current density(0.960×10^-7 A/cm^2)and the largest resistance(7.17×10^5Ω·cm^2).Under the same load condition,the coating exhibits larger friction coefficient and wear loss than the TC4 substrate.With the increase of voltage,the wear mechanism of the coating changes from abrasive wear to adhesive wear,and the adhesive wear is intensified at applied voltage of 450 V,with a maximum friction coefficient of 0.821.

A yttrium-containing high-temperature titanium alloy additively manufactured by selective electron beam melting

A yttrium-containing high-temperature titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-2.7Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si-0.1Y, mass fraction, %) has been additively manufactured using selective electron beam melting(SEBM). The resulting microstructure and textures were studied using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD) and compared with the conventionally manufactured form. A notable distinct difference of microstructures is that additive manufacturing by SEBM enables homogeneous precipitation of fine Y2O3 dispersoids in the size range of 50-250 nm throughout the as-fabricated alloy, despite the presence of just trace levels of oxygen(7×10-4, mass fraction) and yttrium(10-3, mass fraction) in the alloy. In contrast, the conventionally manufactured alloy shows inhomogeneously distributed coarse Y2O3 precipitates, including cracked or debonded Y2O3 particles.

Data Mining for Mesoscopic Simulation of Electron Beam Selective Melting

In the electron beam selective melting(EBSM)process,the quality of each deposited melt track has an effect on the properties of the manufactured component.However,the formation of the melt track is governed by various physical phenomena and influenced by various process parameters,and the correlation of these parameters is complicated and difficult to establish experimentally.The mesoscopic modeling technique was recently introduced as a means of simulating the electron beam(EB)melting process and revealing the formation mechanisms of specific melt track morphologies.However,the correlation between the process parameters and the melt track features has not yet been quantitatively understood.This paper investigates the morphological features of the melt track from the results of mesoscopic simulation,while introducing key descriptive indexes such as melt track width and height in order to numerically assess the deposition quality.The effects of various processing parameters are also quantitatively investigated,and the correlation between the processing conditions and the melt track features is thereby derived.Finally,a simulation-driven optimization framework consisting of mesoscopic modeling and data mining is proposed,and its potential and limitations are discussed.

Performance of Ti6Al4V fabricated by electron beam and laser hybrid preheating and selective melting strategy

Electron beam selective melting(EBM)and selective laser melting(SLM)are regarded as significant manufacturing processes for near-net-shaped Ti6Al4V components.Generally,in the conventional EBM process,preheating is necessitated to avoid"smoke"caused by the charging of electrons.In the conventional SLM process,laser as an energy source without the risk of"smoke"can be employed to melt metal powder at low temperatures.However,because of the low absorption rate of laser,the powder bed temperature cannot reach a high level.It is difficult to obtain as-built TiAl4V with favorable comprehensive properties via conventional EBM or SLM.Hence,two types of electron beam and laser hybrid preheating(EB-LHP)combined with selective melting strategies are proposed.Using laser to preheat powder allows EBM to be performed at a low powder bed temperature(EBM-LT),whereas using an electron beam to preheat powder allows SLM to be performed at a high powder bed temperature(SLM-HT).Ti6Al4V samples are fabricated using two different manufacturing strategies(i.e.,EBM-LT and SLM-HT)and two conventional processes,i.e.,EBM at a high powder bed temperature(EBM-HT)and SLM at a low powder bed temperature(SLM-LT).The temperature-dependent surface quality,microstructure,density,and mechanical properties of the as-built Ti6Al4V samples are characterized and compared.Results show that EBM-LT Ti6Al4V exhibits a higher ultimate tensile strength(981±43 MPa)and a lower elongation(12.2%±2.3%)than EBM-HT Ti6Al4V owing to the presence ofα′martensite.The SLM-HT Ti6Al4V possesses the highest ultimate tensile strength(1,059±62 MPa)and an elongation(14.8%±4.0%)comparable to that of the EBM-HT Ti6Al4V(16.6%±1.2%).

模型处理对SEBM法制备TC4合金成型性能影响

模型处理是影响电子束选区熔化(SEBM)成型件性能和精度的关键因素之一。以TC4钛合金为研究对象,利用电子束选区熔化快速成型技术制备横、竖两种不同摆放方式打印的R7拉伸试件,并对拉伸试件进行室温拉伸试验。结果表明:横向摆放的打印试件的力学性能,比竖向摆放的打印试件的更优;对拉伸断口进行宏观断口分析发现,横向摆放的打印试件断口处没有明显的塑性变形且断裂位置几乎在中间,而竖向打印的试件断口有明显的被拉长且断裂位置在试件上方;对试件沿长度方向剖开,分别选取试件上下两段进行金相组织观察分析发现,横向打印试件上下端金相组织差异不大,但竖向打印上端呈现出α相及转变相,并且存在分层和气孔缺陷。由于横向摆放位置的打印试件与加工电子枪扫描方向一致,且受热均匀,因此具有较好的组织特性。

电子束选区熔化单轨道成型不平直的形成机制研究

电子束选区熔化(electron beam selective melting,EBM)技术因其具有能量利用率高、制造的零件强度高以及残余应力小等制造优势而发展迅速,但在成型过程中单轨道两侧出现的不平直会严重降低零件的加工质量和各种性能。采用离散单元法(discrete element method,DEM)建立三维介观粉末床模型,数值模拟了EBM熔化金属粉末的过程,并对不同工艺参数下单轨道成型的截面进行了详细对比分析,发现扫描速度、扫描功率以及粉末粒径对单轨道成型的不平直度影响较大,研究结果揭示了单轨道成型过程中两侧熔体产生凸出、凹陷和空隙等不平直特征的形成机制。

铜及铜合金增材制造技术现状和发展趋势

文章介绍了目前用于增材制造(AM)的铜及铜合金原料粉末的种类及制备方法,总结了国内外铜基零件AM技术的现状。重点阐述了不同AM方法的工艺流程和优缺点,分析了影响零件质量的技术难点和相应的解决方案,并对铜基零件AM技术的发展方向进行了展望。

电子束选区熔化TaNbTiZr难熔高熵合金的微观组织与力学性能

难熔高熵合金(RHEAs)表现出优异的高温性能,在航空航天、核能等领域具有广泛应用前景。然而,由于难熔高熵合金(RHEAs)组成元素熔点高,因此常规加工制造方法制备难度大。本研究以等离子旋转电极雾化法(PREP)制备的高质量TaNbTiZr难熔高熵合金球形粉末为原料,通过电子束选区熔化(EBM)制备TaNbTiZr难熔高熵合金,利用正交实验研究了工艺参数对合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:EBM样品的致密度随着线能量密度的增大呈先上升后下降的趋势,线能量密度为37.5 J/m的样品致密度最高,相对致密度达到98%。TaNbTiZr难熔高熵合金在XOY和XOZ面均呈细小的等轴晶结构,平均晶粒尺寸分别为6.32μm和6.93μm。晶粒内部由富含Nb、Ta的BCC1基体相和富Zr的BCC2网状边界组成。TaNbTiZr难熔高熵合金具有优异的力学性能,其屈服强度、抗拉强度、断裂伸长率分别为988 MPa、1173 MPa和3.99%。理论计算表明,该合金的高屈服强度主要源于高晶格畸变强化和高细晶强化效应。

粉末床熔融钛合金的表面抛光技术研究进展

粉末床熔融钛合金作为一种重要的金属材料,在航空航天、医疗器械以及汽车等领域得到广泛应用。然而,由于特殊的材料性质和加工方法,其表面质量与性能仍然是制约其应用的关键问题之一。对粉末床熔融钛合金的表面抛光技术研究进展进行了综述,介绍了化学抛光、电化学抛光、等离子电解抛光、激光抛光和机械抛光等技术的研究进展。这些技术为粉末床熔融钛合金的表面质量和性能满足不同应用需求提供了选择,同时还对复合抛光技术及相关技术发展进行了展望。

电子束选区熔化(SEBM)增材制造高温合金研究进展

高温合金具有优异的抗氧化、耐腐蚀等性能,被广泛应用于航空发动机热端部件。以激光、电子束等高能束流为热源的增材制造(additive manufacturing,AM)技术在制备复杂结构高温合金部件方面具有显著优势:不仅能缩短生产制造周期、降低研发成本,而且能够细化合金组织,提高合金力学性能。但随着高温合金中铝、钛含量的增加,γ′相体积占比增大,合金高温力学性能提升的同时也造成其可焊性差,给增材制造该类高温合金带来挑战。与激光选区熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)技术相比,电子束选区熔化(selective electron beam melting,SEBM)技术可通过粉末床预热缓解合金凝固热应力,有利于降低增材制造时的热裂倾向。针对近年来国内外SEBM技术制备镍基高温合金、钴基高温合金等合金所涉及的工艺参数、微观组织、力学性能及应用等方面进行了综述,包括作者课题组新近的成果,并指出该领域的未来发展方向。

H13模具钢电子束选区熔化热行为的模拟研究

为了提高H13模具钢在电子束选区熔化技术过程中成型件的表面质量,并探明其成型过程缺陷问题的原因,文章基于离散元法建立了随机分布的金属粉末床模型,对熔体的热流体动力学行为进行数值模拟。单道结果表明,当电子束功率从600 W提高到1 080 W,扫描速度为1.5 m/s时,单道熔池平均深度从15.2μm增加到49.2μm,单道熔池宽度从79.2μm增加到140.1μm,同时发现电子束功率为960 W,单熔道形貌表面质量最好。双道结果表明,Z型扫描路径会导致熔道的一端形貌粗糙,S型扫描路径熔道内易形成热量累积现象。当电子束能量较低时,会出现球化效应和单道不平直现象。当电子束能量较高时,熔道易出现热量累积现象,影响后续的熔道形貌和尺寸。

大型串联电子束熔炼炉抽真空系统设计研究

针对目前大型串联电子束熔炼炉抽气系统设计选型困难的问题,提出了一套电子束熔炼炉抽气系统设计方法。首先按照真空炉体的气体载荷计算有效抽速,粗选主泵,并用有效抽速和抽真空系统的流导验算主泵的抽速;其次对主泵的前级以及真空炉体的预抽泵进行选型,计算前级泵与预抽泵的抽速;再次计算粗抽时间与抽高真空时间以验证选型的合理性;最后通过试验对设计的电子束熔炼炉系统进行验证。结果表明,所设计的炉体抽真空系统粗抽时间与高真空抽气时间略高于计算时间,极限真空度优于设计要求。该方法计算结果与试验结果具有较高的一致性,可满足类似大型真空熔炼炉的抽真空系统设计需求。

Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of additively manufactured TiAl alloy with heterogeneous microstructure during hot compression

Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)mechanisms of a Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb(at.%)alloy prepared by selective electron beam melting(SEBM)during hot deformation at 1150℃and 0.1 s^(-1)were investigated by hot compression tests,optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscope(TEM).The results show that the initial microstructure of the as-SEBMed alloy exhibits layers of coarseγgrains and fineγ+α_(2)+(α_(2)/γ)lamellar mixture grains alternately along the building direction.During the early stage of hot deformation,deformation twins tend to form within the coarse grains,facilitating subsequent deformation,and a small number of DRX grains appear in the fine-grained regions.With the increase of strain,extensive DRX grains are formed through different DRX mechanisms in both coarse and fine-grained regions,involving discontinuous dynamic recrystallization mechanism(DDRX)in the fine-grained regions and a coexistence of DDRX and continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)in the coarsegrained regions.

基于粉末床技术的增材制造AlSi10Mg合金研究进展

基于粉末床技术的增材制造AlSi10Mg合金,因其快速制造、设计灵活性高、成本低等优势,在汽车和航空航天等领域具有广泛的应用前景。然而,由工艺参数不当引起的孔隙和裂纹等缺陷,以及与熔池相关的独特微观结构,仍然影响打印部件的性能,这是激光选区熔化(SLM)面临的主要问题之一。而在电子束选区熔化(EBM)制造AlSi10Mg合金中,元素蒸发导致的强度下降是其主要问题,且技术应用较少。本文对SLM和EBM两类技术在AlSi10Mg合金中的应用现状和难点问题进行了总结与对比,两类技术所制造的打印部件在组织和性能上呈现出明显的差异。求解工艺−组织−性能之间的关系,以及开发增材制造技术(AM)专用合金粉末体系,是SLM和EBM技术打印AlSi10Mg合金共同面临的挑战,因此有必要进行综合考虑。同时,针对这些问题,本文讨论了未来的研究方向与发展趋势。

电子束选区熔化真空箱体有限元分析与结构优化

为了保证电子束选区熔化设备真空箱体具有可靠的力学强度和合理的弹性变形量,对电子束选区熔化真空箱体开展有限元分析,根据箱体抽真空前后的弹性变形量,对原有箱体结构进行优化,最终提高产品的稳定性和经济性。

电子束选区熔化增材制造Ti-55531合金的凝固及相变行为研究

通过电子束选区熔化(EBM)技术制造了Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr(Ti-55531)合金,研究了打印过程中的凝固及相变行为。首先样品沿构筑方向形成了粗大的柱状晶,这是因为EBM过程中熔池凝固前沿较低的形核能垒,将导致晶粒的临界形核半径r*趋于0,无法生成等轴晶粒。同时凝固方式由平面凝固转为枝晶凝固,较低的等轴枝晶比例使得无法发生柱状晶向等轴晶的转变,在重熔区和定向热流的影响下,晶粒沿构筑方向发生跨层生长成柱状晶。并且沿构筑方向样品的微观组织呈现梯度结构,随着沉积高度的增加,片层初生αp的比例降低,宽度增加,而次生αs的比例升高,这是沿构筑方向的热量累积和基板加热的原位热处理共同作用的结果。

电子束选区熔化精密落粉铺粉系统的研究

电子束选区熔化(Electron Beam Selective Melting,EBSM)是一种以高能量密度电子束作为加工热源,对金属粉末材料进行选择性熔化成形的先进增材制造技术,可实现复杂异形零件和复杂内流道结构零件的快速成形制造,在生物医疗和航空航天等领域有着广泛的应用前景。针对该技术工艺过程中落粉和铺粉两个关键步骤,设计了一套精密落粉铺粉系统,包括精密落粉系统、柔性铺粉系统等,并开展应用验证,结果表明:该系统在电子束选区熔化过程中具备可控精密落粉能力,落粉最小分辨率为5 g,落粉形态呈长条状,可覆盖最大打印范围;具有柔性铺粉能力,可避开成形区域附着的飞溅熔滴,提高铺粉精度。

β热处理对SEBM Ti-6Al-4V Diamond点阵材料显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用电子束选区熔化(SEBM)技术制备Ti-6Al-4V Diamond点阵材料,研究β热处理(1100℃/2 h/FC)对其显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,经β热处理后,Ti-6Al-4V Diamond点阵材料的显微组织由原始β柱状晶转变为等轴晶,针状马氏体α′相以及α+β细片层组织转变为相互平行的α+β粗片层组织,且α片层平均厚度由0.8μm增加至7.4μm。此外,Ti-6Al-4V Diamond压缩应变增加,最大可达13.1%,但强度降低;热处理对点阵材料的模量影响较小。点阵材料的结构与材料具有独立性,热处理不会改变Ti-6Al-4V Diamond点阵材料强度、模量与相对密度的指数关系。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of WMoTaNbTi refractory high-entropy alloys fabricated by selective electron beam melting

WMoTaNbTi RHEAs formed by SEBM with negative defocus distance were investigated.Four scanning speeds were applied,an electron beam with scanning speed at 2.5 m/s completely fused the premixed WMoTaNb alloyed powder and pure Ti powder.Significant vaporization of Nb and Ti elements happened during the formation of WMoTaNbTi RHEAs,however,the single BCC phase remains stable.Weakened solid-solute strengthening caused by elemental vaporization,dropping percentage of Nb and Ti solutes in the matrix as well as improved ductilizing effects with decreasing scanning speeds leads to falling microhardness and better local ductility.Microhardness of scanning speed at 4.0 m/s,3.5 m/s,3.0 m/s and 2.5 m/s is 578±17 HV,576±12 HV,573±10 HV and 511±2 HV,respectively.The as-deposited WMoTaNbTi RHEA formed at a scanning speed of 2.5 m/s displays ultimate strength of 1312 MPa.

Microstructure and high-temperature tensile property of TiAl alloy produced by selective electron beam melting

The microstructure and high-temperature tensile property of a Ti-47Al-2Cr-2 Nb alloy fabricated via selective electron beam melting(SEBM) with hatch spacings of 85,100,and 115 μm were systematically investigated.When the hatch spacing increased from 85 to 115 μm,the microstructure comprising the horizontal cross section changed from coarse lamellar(y/B2) colonies to an inhomogeneous structure and the grain morphology transformed from elongated grains to inhomogeneous and equiaxed grains along the building direction of the vertical cross section.The boundary population of the SEBMproduced TiAl alloy samples was dominated by high-angle grain boundaries(≥ 15°),and the volume fraction of these boundaries decreased with hatch spacing increasing.Additionally,the as-built TiAl alloy sample produced under a spacing of 100 μm exhibited the highest room-and elevated-temperature tensile strengths,with the ultimate tensile strength at room temperature(642 MPa) increasing to 674 MPa at 700 ℃.Furthermore,the mechanism of anomalous strengthening at 700 ℃ was discussed in detail.