The Research of an Incremental Conceptive Clustering Algorithm and Its Application in Detecting Money Laundering

Considering the constantly increasing of data in large databases such as wire transfer database, incremental clustering algorithms play a more and more important role in Data Mining （DM）. However, Few of the traditional clustering algorithms can not only handle the categorical data, but also explain its output clearly. Based on the idea of dynamic clustering, an incremental conceptive clustering algorithm is proposed in this paper. Which introduces the Semantic Core Tree （SCT） to deal with large volume of categorical wire transfer data for the detecting money laundering. In addition, the rule generation algorithm is presented here to express the clustering result by the format of knowledge. When we apply this idea in financial data mining, the efficiency of searching the characters of money laundering data will be improved.

Using Link Analysis Technique with a Modified Shortest-Path Algorithm to Fight Money Laundering

Effective link analysis techniques are needed to help law enforcement and intelligence agencies fight money laundering. This paper presents a link analysis technique that uses a modified shortest-path algorithms to identify the strongest association paths between entities in a money laundering network. Based on two-tree Dijkstra and Priority＇First-Search （PFS） algorithm, a modified algorithm is presented. To apply the algorithm, a network representation transformation is made first.

Money Laundering in the Central and Eastern Europe

The purpose of this paper is to provide an economic overview of the costs and benefits of anti-money laundering （AML） rules. After defining and explaining the three stages of money laundering, the paper provides an insight into the volume and development of money laundering activities in the Central and Eastern Europe. It relies on international, comparative studies outlines the impact of AML measures on banks and other financial intermediaries Conditions of reporting suspicious activity and government agencies, which use these reports to identify investigation targets, are also analysed. Moreover, the paper discusses possible reasons for the failure of AML rules to fight against the crimes and collateral damage caused by AML. These figures, which are presented in this scientific research, give an indication of how important the money laundering problem and the level of organized crime are.

The Correlation and Linear Regression Analysis between Annual GDP Growth Rate and Money Laundering in Albania during the Period 2007-2011

This study is the first attempt to investigate the relationship between the annual GDP growth rate and money laundering in the Republic of Albania during the period 2007-2011. The main result of the study: there is a negative correlation between money laundering process and economic growth rate in Albania during the specified period;there is a negative correlation between money laundering and import, but there is a positive correlation between money laundering and the government expenditure, as well a positive correlation between money laundering and export.

Identifying Money Laundering Process Using Indicators： The Case of Albania

The main purpose of this study is to develop a mathematical model for calculating the probability of money laundering process, by monitoring the behavior of the client using 70 indicators of money laundering. The scientific method used in this study （received from the Modern Criminology） has great investigative power and it is widely applicable. Hopefully the practical application of this study will increase greatly the probability of detection and punishment of the clients who are implicated in the process of money laundering. In particular, this study will be useful for banks, Financial Intelligence Unit （FIU） of Albania, Department of Economic Crime at the Ministry of Domestic Affairs and Albanian State Intelligence Service （SIS）. Also, the investigation of money laundering will be a useful tool to detect other crimes, such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, illegal arms trade, etc. The prevention of money laundering is simultaneously a powerful strike against terrorism both on national and international levels.

洗钱罪中两类犯罪所得及其收益的界定与区分

洗钱罪上游犯罪和洗钱罪的犯罪所得性质不同,对其没收应当区分开来。但当前部分洗钱罪的判决书对两类犯罪所得进行“一股脑”没收,混淆了两者的界限。洗钱罪上游犯罪的犯罪所得是通过实施该犯罪所获得的资产和财产性利益,与该罪的实行行为具有因果关系,在产生的时间上不能早于实行行为的实施;洗钱罪的犯罪所得是指实施洗钱行为所获得的报酬或对价。为了推动完善洗钱罪中两类犯罪所得的没收,建议删除《刑法》第191条“没收实施以上犯罪的所得及其产生的收益”的规定,厘清上游犯罪和洗钱罪两类犯罪所得的处置方向,在判决书中对两类犯罪所得的没收分别予以表述,进而将没收后的犯罪所得分别上缴国库或者返还上游犯罪被害人。

论洗钱罪的犯罪构成

正确理解洗钱罪的犯罪构成对于正确定罪具有重要的基础性作用。对现行刑法规定的研究表明,该罪的犯罪客体要件既包括国家的金融管理秩序,又包括司法活动秩序;客观要件是刑法明文规定的五类洗钱行为;犯罪主体包括具有刑事责任能力的自然人与有关单位,值得注意的是,《刑法修正案(十一)》把上游犯罪主体纳入了洗钱罪的主体范围;关于主观要件,其认识因素即行为人明知其掩饰、隐瞒毒品犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪等上游犯罪的违法所得及其产生的收益的行为具有社会危害性,意志因素即希望或者放任其洗钱行为实施的心理态度。

自洗钱入刑后若干法律问题之应对

自洗钱犯罪入刑后,我国刑法对自洗钱犯罪行为的定性及刑罚方法发生了质的变化,继而给洗钱罪的法律适用带来了新的挑战。首先,自洗钱行为犯罪已突破事后不可罚理论的壁垒,具备独立的法益侵害性。对于自洗钱犯罪的认定应当综合其构成要件、行为方式等因素进行分析,以厘清自洗钱与他洗钱的界限。其次,当自洗钱与上游犯罪竞合时,应从立法和司法的角度实行数罪并罚;当其与传统赃物罪竞合时,在司法层面,应当把握行为人的掩饰、隐瞒方式、主观动机、侵犯的法益和相关法律规定等因素,综合判断是否构成法规竞合。

自洗钱行为的入罪与适用问题探究

金融是现代国家治理的重要领域,关系到国家整体安全局势。洗钱犯罪对金融危害性极强,但查处率低且法制并不完善。为了加大打击力度,立法者将自洗钱予以入罪。自洗钱行为危害了独立上游犯罪之外的法益,将其纳入洗钱罪的犯罪圈层之中具有法理基础。从刑法适用看,构成要件应当相应再塑以契合立法的变动。从量刑处罚看,需要区分自洗钱与传统赃物犯罪并分析自洗钱与上游犯罪数罪的成立与并罚问题。

自洗钱行为入刑后的司法适用问题研究

针对上游犯罪与洗钱罪的竞合问题,自洗钱行为具有独立的法益侵害性,应该坚持数罪并罚原则。针对共同犯罪问题,应该坚持主客观相一致原则,根据上游犯罪行为人与洗钱行为人通谋时间与通谋内容进行具体分析。针对处罚平衡问题,在上游犯罪不构成犯罪的情况下,洗钱行为也不应该构成犯罪,但如果是上游行为达到刑法规定的犯罪程度还没有定罪的情况,则下游行为可以构罪。针对自洗钱行为的量刑问题,应该把握上下游处罚平衡原则,对洗钱罪的处罚不应该超过对上游犯罪处罚的严重程度。

事后行为独立处罚视阈下的自洗钱罪数研究

作为事后行为,自洗钱已经具备独立处罚的条件,将其视为不可罚事后行为的传统观点有欠妥当。洗钱行为伴有明显的次生危险,本质上创设了新的法所不容许的风险,且该风险可以通过对洗钱发动刑罚权得以控制。对事后行为独立处罚是事后不可罚理论修正的表现。将自洗钱与上游犯罪数罪并罚具有正当性,但事后不可罚理论对自洗钱仍具有部分适用合理性。在自洗钱与上游犯罪并罚时,应在洗钱罪内部从轻处罚,避免重复性评价,达到罪责刑平衡适用的效果。对于自洗钱的定罪处罚,应当在故意范畴、期待可能性以及共犯从属性等方面予以限制。

自洗钱与上游犯罪应数罪并罚

自洗钱入刑给洗钱罪的理解和适用带来了新的难题,其中就包括自洗钱与上游犯罪的罪数处断问题。从一重罪处罚说要么因不当划定洗钱罪和上游犯罪的界限而将案件错误认定为想象竞合犯,要么因忽视犯罪目的同一性和牵连关系两方面的要求而将案件错误认定为牵连犯。区分处理说不仅因割裂了洗钱罪的行为方式体系而缺乏实质合理性,而且相关区分标准也模糊不清。缓刑适用率高低无法作为否定数罪并罚的理由。对自洗钱与上游犯罪实行数罪并罚不仅符合修法意图、相关刑法原则以及司法经济性的要求,而且具有充分的规范、实践依据,还与其他国家的做法相接轨,具有合理性。

社会化阅读背景下自媒体洗稿著作权侵权认定研究

【目的】对自媒体洗稿的行为属性进行界定,分析传统著作权侵权认定规则——“实质性相似+接触”应用到自媒体洗稿问题上存在的困境,探究更具操作性的自媒体洗稿侵权认定方法。【方法】从自媒体洗稿行为的表现形式入手,并进行相关概念辨析,明确自媒体洗稿行为本质。结合国内外实践案例,分析不同的“实质性相似”判断方法的认定思路。【结果】洗稿行为是指通过各种方式来变换表达,但仍与原文基本意思保持一致的行为。在对洗稿作品进行侵权认定时,实践中的“整体观感法”“抽象分离法”和“结合法”,各有利弊。【结论】在对作品进行侵权比较时,可考虑将作品逻辑链作主要参考因素。对“结合法”进行改良,先对作品内容进行抽象概括,再以普通读者的视角对作品的逻辑链进行比较,看洗稿作品是否会对原作品产生替代。

洗钱罪入罪客观标准的实践问题与思考

洗钱罪在司法实践中的适用存在诸多问题,例如:在洗钱罪的认定上,对于洗钱行为是否只能发生于事后存在不同意见;理论界和实务界对掩饰、隐瞒行为的认定存在不同看法;将上游犯罪的自然延伸行为认定为自洗钱并予以处罚。洗钱罪与掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪之间系一般法与特别法的法条竞合关系。行为是否构成洗钱罪的实行行为应取决于是否具有使犯罪所得及其收益表面合法化的效果,是否危及金融监管。对自洗钱行为的范围应有所限制,上游犯罪的自然延伸行为并未侵犯新的法益,不应认定为洗钱罪,用赃款买房则不属于自然延伸的行为,可以成立洗钱罪。

Transactional Network Analysis and Money Laundering Behavior Identification of Central Bank Digital Currency of China

With the gradual application of central bank digital currency(CBDC)in China,it brings new payment methods,but also potentially derives new money laundering paths.Two typical application scenarios of CBDC are considered,namely the anonymous transaction scenario and real-name transaction scenario.First,starting from the interaction network of transactional groups,the degree distribution,density,and modularity of normal and money laundering transactions in two transaction scenarios are compared and analyzed,so as to clarify the characteristics and paths of money laundering transactions.Then,according to the two typical application scenarios,different transaction datasets are selected,and different models are used to train the models on the recognition of money laundering behaviors in the two datasets.Among them,in the anonymous transaction scenario,the graph convolutional neural network is used to identify the spatial structure,the recurrent neural network is fused to obtain the dynamic pattern,and the model ChebNet-GRU is constructed.The constructed ChebNet-GRU model has the best effect in the recognition of money laundering behavior,with a precision of 94.3%,a recall of 59.5%,an F1 score of 72.9%,and a microaverage F1 score of 97.1%.While in the real-name transaction scenario,the traditional machine learning method is far better than the deep learning method,and the micro-average F1 score of the random forest and XGBoost models both reach 99.9%,which can effectively identify money laundering in currency transactions.

商业银行洗钱风险自评估现状及监管对策

大量的洗钱案例和监管实践表明,商业银行面临较大的洗钱风险。目前国内外关于商业银行洗钱风险自评估已有不少的政策,商业银行也日益重视并加强反洗钱工作,但主要精力集中在合规履职上,对风险的认识依然不足,在洗钱风险自评估方面仍存在较多问题。同时,监管资源的稀缺性决定了监管部门不可能投入足够的资源对商业银行开展长期、持续的洗钱风险评估。因此,有必要从机制建设、系统开发和监管工具应用等方面引导商业银行构建一个具有高度可操作性的洗钱风险自评估体系,在监管部门的指导下持续识别、评估和防范洗钱风险。

洗钱罪认定与上游犯罪领域拓展研究

洗钱犯罪是为上游犯罪所获取的非法收入进行清洗、处置的犯罪,洗钱犯罪人员是上游犯罪资金清洗的协助者。如何完善法律、法规,从根本上打击洗钱犯罪,一直是各界关注的焦点。2020年12月26日,全国人大会议通过的《刑法修正案(十一)》在一定程度上降低了洗钱罪的判定难度,但仍无法解决对上游七类犯罪以外洗钱犯罪行为的定罪问题,监管层及金融行业在洗钱犯罪方面仍存在着较大压力。本文结合近年来我国洗钱犯罪、判定及上游犯罪等情况,讨论了现有洗钱犯罪定罪中存在的问题。重点探讨了现行洗钱罪上游犯罪认定是否狭隘,《刑法修正案(十一)》对自洗钱行为的判定是否有变化,洗钱罪删除“明知”概念后对洗钱定罪的影响,以及监管机构的职责与权利义务是否相匹配等问题,在此基础上提出了扩容洗钱罪上游犯罪、充实洗钱罪定罪类型、加强监管职权等政策建议。

自洗钱行为立法的争议、理论与实践依据

《国务院办公厅关于完善反洗钱、反恐怖融资、反逃税监管体制机制的意见》(国办函[2017]84号)中提出修改惩治洗钱犯罪相关规定,将上游犯罪本犯纳入洗钱罪主体范围,但是否要对自洗钱进行立法一直是我国法律学术界的一个争议焦点。本文在整体视角下提出自洗钱行为的认识框架,对自洗钱行为的危害进行分析,构造了自洗钱和协助洗钱刑事立法的统一理论基础。本文基于这一理论基础,对我国现行洗钱罪相关规定进行全面审视和系统分析,提出自洗钱立法建议。

《刑法修正案(十一)》视域下自洗钱入罪的理解与适用

《刑法修正案(十一)》将自洗钱行为入罪,反映了国内顶层设计和司法实践的要求,也适应了FATF评估考核和国际刑事治理的需要。应当准确理解自洗钱行为入罪的现实背景以及具体法条内容的变化。在司法适用中处理好与传统赃物犯罪的关系、与上游犯罪的关系,对于共同犯罪、罪数问题、量刑均衡等问题都需要作统筹考量。

洗钱罪的理解与适用——从《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(十一)》切入

《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(十一)》对洗钱罪修订以后,对于《中华人民共和国刑法》第312条是否适用“自洗钱”入罪的规定,应当立足于传统的赃物犯罪理论,结合清洗的行为性质进行界分。对于“明知”的认定,要以“概括性认识说”为标准并将“自洗钱”和“他洗钱”进行区分。上游犯罪与“自洗钱”存在竞合之下应数罪并罚。在洗钱罪与帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的竞合之下,若行为人仅实施了提供资金账户的帮助行为,宜认定为洗钱罪;若行为人提供资金账户以后又协助转移资金的,应数罪并罚。