Spatial structural analysis of main saddle for single tower spatial cable self-anchored suspension bridge

Based on the engineering background of the Jiangxinzhou Bridge in Nanjing, issues related to the spatial main saddle of the self-anchored suspension bridge are studied. The refinement finite element model is established by the secondary development technology based on the platform of the general finite element program, and a reasonable load pattern is used in its spatial structural analysis, by which its path of force transference and stress distribution are obtained. Matched with the spatial main cable, the tangency point correction method is also discussed. The results show that the lateral wall stress of the saddle groove is higher than the stress within the wall due to the role of lateral forces in the finished bridge state; the horizontal volume force of the main cable can generate a gradient distributed vertical extrusion pressure on the saddle clamping device and the main saddle body; the geometric nonlinear effect of the self- anchored suspension bridge cable system in the construction process is significant, which can be reflected in the spatial tangent point position of the main cable with the main saddle changes a lot from free cable to finished cable.

Test and numerical investigations on static and dynamic characteristics of extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under vehicle loads

The present work is aimed at studying the mechanic properties of the extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under static and dynamic vehicle loads. Based on the field test using 12 heavy trucks and finite element simulations, the static deformations of different components, stress increments and distributions of the girder, as well as the vibration characteristics and damping ratio of the Hunan Road Bridge were analyzed, which is the widest self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present. The dynamic responses were calculated using the Newmark-β integration method assisted by the simulation models of bridge and vehicles, the influences on the dynamic impact coefficient(DIC) brought by the vehicle parameters, girder width, eccentricity travel and deck flatness were also researched. The spatial effect of the girder is obvious due to the extra width, which performs as the stress increments distribute unevenly along the transverse direction, and the girder deflections and stress increments of the upper plate change as a "V" and "M" shape respectively under the symmetrical vehicle loads affected by the shear lag effect, cross slope and local effect of the wheels, the maximum of stress increments are located in the junctions with the inner webs. The obvious girder torsional deformation and the apparent unevenness of the hanger forces between the two cable planes under the eccentric vehicle loads, together with the mode shapes such as the girder transverse bending and torsion which appear relatively earlier, all reflect the weakened torsional rigidity of the extra-wide girder. The transverse displacements of towers are more obvious than the longitudinal ones. As for the influences on the DIC, the static effect of the heavier vehicles plays a major role when pass through with a higher speed and the changes of vehicle suspension stiffness generate greater impacts than the suspension damp. The values of DIC in the vehicle-running side during the eccentric travel, affected by the restricts from the static effects of the eccentric moving trucks, are significantly smaller than the vehicle-free side, the increase in the road roughness is the most sensitive one among the above influential factors. The results could provide references for the design, static and dynamic response analysis of the similar extra-wide suspension bridges.

Determination of reasonable finished state of self-anchored suspension bridges

A systematic and generic procedure for the determination of the reasonable finished state of self-anchored suspension bridges is proposed, the realization of which is mainly through adjustment of the hanger tensions. The initial hanger tensions are first obtained through an iterative analysis by combining the girder-tower-only finite element(FE) model with the analytical program for shape finding of the spatial cable system. These initial hanger tensions, together with the corresponding cable coordinates and internal forces, are then included into the FE model of the total bridge system, the nonlinear analysis of which involves the optimization technique. Calculations are repeated until the optimization algorithm converges to the most optimal hanger tensions(i.e. the desired reasonable finished bridge state). The "temperature rigid arm" is introduced to offset the unavoidable initial deformations of the girder and tower, which are due to the huge axial forces originated from the main cable. Moreover, by changing the stiffness coefficient K in the girder-tower-only FE model, the stiffness proportion of the main girder, the tower or the cable subsystem in the whole structural system could be adjusted according to the design intentions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined and demonstrated by one simple tutorial example and one self-anchored suspension bridge.

Health monitoring and comparative analysis of time-dependent effect using different prediction models for self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder

The structural health status of Hunan Road Bridge during its two-year service period from April 2015 to April 2017 was studied based on monitored data.The Hunan Road Bridge is the widest concrete self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present.Its structural changes and safety were evaluated using the health monitoring data,which included deformations,detailed stresses,and vibration characteristics.The influences of the single and dual effects comprising the ambient temperature changes and concrete shrinkage and creep(S&C)were analyzed based on the measured data.The ANSYS beam finite element model was established and validated by the measured bridge completion state.The comparative analyses of the prediction results of long-term concrete S&C effects were conducted using CEB-FIP 90 and B3 prediction models.The age-adjusted effective modulus method was adopted to simulate the aging behavior of concrete.Prestress relaxation was considered in the stepwise calculation.The results show that the transverse deviations of the towers are noteworthy.The spatial effect of the extra-wide girder is significant,as the compressive stress variations at the girder were uneven along the transverse direction.General increase and decrease in the girder compressive stresses were caused by seasonal ambient warming and cooling,respectively.The temperature gradient effects in the main girder were significant.Comparisons with the measured data showed that more accurate prediction results were obtained with the B3 prediction model,which can consider the concrete material parameters,than with the CEB-FIP 90 model.Significant deflection of the midspan girder in the middle region will be caused by the deviations of the cable anchoring positions at the girder ends and tower tops toward the midspan due to concrete S&C.The increase in the compressive stresses at the top plate and decrease in the stresses at the bottom plate at the middle midspan will be significant.The pre-deviations of the towers toward the sidespan and pre-lift of the midspan girder can reduce the adverse influences of concrete S&C on the structural health of the self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder.

Study of Vertical Seismic Response of Concrete Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges

Based on the variational prineiple of incomplete generalized potential energy with large deflection, the vertical nonlinear vibrational differential equation of self-anchored suspension bridge is presented by taking the effect of coupling of flexural and axial action into consideration. The linear vertical equation is obtained by omitting the nonlinear term, and the pseudo excitation method(PEM). Taking the self-anchored concrete suspension bridge over Lanqi Songhua river for an example, the expected peak responses of main beam, towers and cables are calculated. And the seismic spatial effects on vertical seismic response of self-anchored suspension bridges are discussed.

Seismic Behavior Analysis of Steel Tower of Self-anchored Suspension Bridge

Self-anchored suspension bridge is composed of tower and its foundation, stiffened beam, main cable, sling, side pier and its foundation, auxiliary pier and its foundation. The performance and importance of the components of the bridge are different. The main tower of self-anchored suspension bridge is a very important component. Once the injury and damage occur under earthquake, it is not only difficult to inspect and repair, let alone replace. This paper calculates the seismic performance of self-anchored suspen-sion bridge steel tower based on the application of Wuhan Gutian Bridge steel tower.

爆炸作用下超宽自锚式悬索桥动力响应研究

为研究超宽混凝土自锚式悬索桥在爆炸荷载作用下动力响应和毁伤特征,以某超宽混凝土自锚式悬索桥为工程背景,采用数值模拟文法,分析桥面近距爆炸作用下超宽箱梁顶面破口形态、底板竖向位移等动力响应。首先,利用Solidworks软件和Hypermesh软件建立整体桥梁的精细化有限元模型;其次,采用Ansys/LS-DYNA软件和*LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED(LBE)方法施加爆炸荷载,并结合文献中混凝土构件爆炸试验结果验证计算方法的可靠性;最后,参数化分析不同炸药当量和沿横纵桥向不同爆炸位置工况下桥梁的动力响应。结果表明:当TNT当量为300 kg时,爆心正下方混凝土单元应力达极限值发生失效,形成椭圆形贯穿破口。随着TNT药量的增大,爆心正下方底板中心处的竖向位移峰值不断增大,1 000 kg药量工况下爆炸50 ms后竖向位移达135.9 mm。随着至爆心的距离增大,底板竖向位移减小,且竖向位移的增大速度减缓。吊杆内力变化与相连的箱梁底板竖向位移具有相关性,箱梁底板竖向位移越大,吊杆内力变化达到第一峰的峰值越高。相同爆炸当量工况下,爆心处于横、纵桥向不同位置时,超宽箱梁动力响应和破口形态的区别主要由横隔梁、腹板的支撑和约束作用不同引起。研究结果可为混凝土自锚式悬索桥的抗爆防护与加固提供重要依据。

深江铁路洪奇沥公铁两用大桥主桥方案构思与总体设计

深江铁路洪奇沥公铁两用大桥主桥采用(3×100+808+3×100)m超短边跨钢-混组合混合梁斜拉桥,一跨跨越通航水域。该桥公铁分层布置,上层布置8车道城市快速路,下层布置4线铁路。主梁采用倒梯形双主桁截面,桥面布置紧凑、受力明确、经济性好。中跨主梁采用板桁-箱桁组合结构钢梁,桥面结构参与主桁受力,具有高效综合性能。边跨主梁采用矩形钢管混凝土叠合板-桁组合梁,融结构受力和锚固压重于一体,叠合板采用32 cm厚预制板+40 cm厚现浇层。钢-混结合段采用“钢格室+承压板”构造,钢-混结合面位于桥塔向中跨侧4.6 m。桥塔采用H形混凝土塔,基础采用35根直径4.0 m的大直径钻孔灌注桩。斜拉索采用标准抗拉强度2000 MPa的平行钢丝成品索,最大规格为PES(C)7-547。索梁锚固采用副桁弦杆节点兜底钢锚箱结构,传力可靠、抗疲劳性能好。索塔锚固创新地采用自平衡交叉混合锚固技术,以适应大规格斜拉索锚固。钢桁梁采用“纵向分段、横向分区”制造、运输、现场吊装的施工方案。

锚框校准和空间位置信息补偿的街道场景视频实例分割

街道场景视频实例分割是无人驾驶技术研究中的关键问题之一,可为车辆在街道场景下的环境感知和路径规划提供决策依据.针对现有方法存在多纵横比锚框应用单一感受野采样导致边缘特征提取不充分以及高层特征金字塔空间细节位置信息匮乏的问题,本文提出锚框校准和空间位置信息补偿视频实例分割(Anchor frame calibration and Spatial position information compensation for Video Instance Segmentation,AS-VIS)网络.首先,在预测头3个分支中添加锚框校准模块实现同锚框纵横比匹配的多类型感受野采样,解决目标边缘提取不充分问题.其次,设计多感受野下采样模块将各种感受野采样后的特征融合,解决下采样信息缺失问题.最后,应用多感受野下采样模块将特征金字塔低层目标区域激活特征映射嵌入到高层中实现空间位置信息补偿,解决高层特征空间细节位置信息匮乏问题.在Youtube-VIS标准库中提取街道场景视频数据集,其中包括训练集329个视频和验证集53个视频.实验结果与YolactEdge检测和分割精度指标定量对比表明,锚框校准平均精度分别提升8.63%和5.09%,空间位置信息补偿特征金字塔平均精度分别提升7.76%和4.75%,AS-VIS总体平均精度分别提升9.26%和6.46%.本文方法实现了街道场景视频序列实例级同步检测、跟踪与分割,为无人驾驶车辆环境感知提供有效的理论依据.

Study on seismic response control of a single-tower self-anchored suspension bridge with elastic-plastic steel damper

Elastic-plastic steel damper(EPSD) is a new device controlling seismic responses.The mechanical principle of EPSD was presented and a comparison was conducted between the theoretical formulas and finite element(FE) simulation of damper units.The verified force-displacement hysteretic curve of the damper system was obtained with reference to tests.The Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Bridge(NJB) was subsequently taken as the case to investigate the seismic response control effect of EPSDs on single-tower self-anchored suspension bridges.A 3-dimensional FE model of the bridge was established in ANSYS and the dynamic and static analyses of the bridge were conducted,the control effect of EPSDs under different seismic waves was further investigated through nonlinear time-history analysis based on the validated model.Results showed that both the simplified theoretical and FE simulation methods can preferable reflect the mechanical performance of EPSD,and that seismic responses of NJB with EPSDs are better than those with elastic connection device or fluid viscous damper.However,the control effect of EPSDs is influenced by seismic wave characteristics.

椭圆塔空间缆自锚式悬索桥主索鞍系统设计研究

在建万龙大桥工程主桥为世界首座采用椭圆钢桥塔的空间主缆自锚式悬索桥。该桥鞍座采用铸焊结合的自适应式空间缆索主索鞍,鞍座存在以下技术难点:空间主缆主索鞍受力复杂;椭圆塔纵向刚度大,主索鞍的抗滑问题突出;鞍座底部为柔性支撑,索鞍与主塔协同变形,塔-鞍连接结构传力复杂。为掌握椭圆塔空间缆自锚式悬索桥主索鞍及塔-鞍连接结构的关键技术,运用数值分析方法开展系统研究。研究结论如下:(1)当桥梁承受(恒载+汽车+人群+自来水+温度+风)作用时,满足要求的最小摩擦系数μ为0.215,需要设置12 mm竖向摩擦板;(2)主索鞍在最大缆力工况下的最大Von Mises应力为186.2 MPa,最大竖向变形为1.572 mm,满足强度及刚度要求;(3)主索鞍与钢塔连接结构主要通过支承隔板以竖向剪力的形式将主索鞍作用力传至钢塔腹板上,端部支承隔板的剪力显著大于中间隔板,剪力传递的不均匀系数为1.29;(4)主索鞍支承板在鞍座区域的边缘存在一定转角,空缆工况最大纵向转角为0.366‰rad,在鞍座顶推施工中需要加以考虑。

宽幅双边钢箱钢-混组合梁构造优化

为研究双边钢箱钢-混组合梁的优化设计,以某双塔双索面自锚式悬索桥的宽幅双边钢箱钢-混组合梁为研究对象,建立实体模型及杆系模型,分析横梁及次纵梁构造参数的改变对组合梁受力性能的影响,提出各构件合理优化方案。研究结果表明:增大次纵梁间距,对结构影响较小,可优化组合梁结构;减小横梁上翼缘板厚度有助于改善横梁下翼缘板及腹板受力,达到组合梁优化目的;上翼缘板板厚从25 mm减小至20 mm,同时下翼缘板板厚从20 mm增加至25 mm,横梁下翼缘板应力得到明显改善,即横梁下翼缘板板厚大于横梁上翼缘板板厚对组合梁结构更有利。

Calculation method on shape finding of self-anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables

Based on the spatial model,a reliable and accurate calculation method on the shape finding of self anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables was studiedin this paper.On the principle that the shape of the main cables between hangers is catenary,the iteration method of calculating the shapes of the spatial main cables under the load of hanger forces was deduced.The reasonable position of the saddle was determined according to the shape and the theoretical joint point of the main cables.The shapes of the main cables at completed cable stage werecalculated based on the unchanging principle of the zero-stress lengths of the main cables.By using a numerical method combining with the finite element method,one self-anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables was analyzed.The zero-stress length of the main cables,the position of the saddle,and the pre-offsetting of the saddle of the self-anchored suspension bridge were given.The reasonable shapes of the main cables at bridge completion stage and completed cable stage were presented.The results show that the shape-finding calculation method is effective and reliable.

Self-anchored catalysts for substrate-free synthesis of metal-encapsulated carbon nano-onions and study of their magnetic properties

We demonstrate the synthesis of a novel self-anchored catalyst structure containing a Fe-Ni alloy nanosheet generated by phase separation for the substrate-free synthesis of carbon nanostructures. Fast Fourier transform analysis was carried out in order to investigate both the phase and structural evolution of the alloy nanosheet during reduction and chemical vapor deposition （CVD） growth. y-Fe-Ni （Feo.64Nio.36） and a-Fe-Ni （kamacite） phases were formed and separated on the NiFe204 nanosheet catalyst precursor during H2 reduction, forming selfanchored mono-dispersed y-Fe-Ni nanocrystals on a a-Fe-Ni matrix. The Fe-Ni alloy nanosheet serves both as a catalyst for growing metal-encapsulated carbon nano-onions （CNOs）, and as a support for anchoring these preformed nano- particles, yielding mono-dispersed catalyst nanoparticles with no requirement of additional substrates for the CVD growth. This synthesis is capable of mitigating the coalescence and Ostwald ripening without the assistance of an additional substrate. This structure allows for the growth of uniform-sized CNOs despite the aggregation, crumbling, and stacking of the alloy sheet. This study provides a promising design for novel catalyst structures by phase separation towards the substrate-free synthesis of carbon nanostructures in large scale. Finally, the ferromagnetic Feo.64Ni0.36@#CNOs particles demonstrate their application in both magnetic storage and water purification, as a non-toxic water treatment material.

Comprehensive Optimal Control on Seismic Response of a Single-Tower Self-Anchored Suspension Bridge

Earthquake may cause severe damage to all kinds of bridge such as the falling down of the girder; therefore,effective measures should be employed to control the seismic displacement. In this paper,the method of comprehensive optimal control,com-bined with analytic hierarchy process,is employed to investigate the seismic response control of the Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Bridge,which is a single-tower self-anchored suspension bridge （SSSB）. Also,3-dimensional nonlinear seismic response analyses are con-ducted. Three types of practical connection measures for seismic response control of SSSB are investigated,and the optimal pa-rameters of the connection devices are achieved by this method. Results show that both the elastic connection devices and the damp-ers with rational parameters can reduce the seismic displacement of the bridge effectively,but the elastic connection devices will in-crease the seismic force of the tower. When all factors are consid-ered,the optimal measure is by using the elastic connection devices and the dampers together. These results can provide references for seismic response control of SSSBs.

Limit span of self-anchored cable-stayed suspension cooperation system bridge based on strength

The limit span of self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge is deduced.The relations among the geometrical parameters,loads and material characteristics are also analyzed.Based on the material strength and commonly used materials,the limit spans of self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridges with concrete girder or steel girder under vertical static load are discussed in detail.The corresponding upper limit spans and the effect of the factors on the span are given.The results indicate that increasing rise-span ratio,height-span ratio and cable-stayed segment length or reducing the second dead load could increase the cooperation system span.

自膨胀管缝锚杆力学性能现场试验研究

管缝锚杆的锚固力受管径差、岩体条件等因素影响,导致输出锚固力波动较大.自膨胀管缝锚杆可改善常规管缝锚杆的锚固性能,成倍提高锚杆的负载能力和吸能能力,但其在不同岩性区域和不同安装角度下的锚固力学特性尚不明确.采用锚杆智能拉拔测试系统,开展了在破碎软岩和完整硬岩两种极端工况下,不同安装角度和药卷长度对自膨胀管缝锚杆力学特性的影响规律研究.结果表明:锚杆锚固力与药卷长度线性正相关,围岩强度越高,锚固力增长速率越快;相同工况下,锚杆锚固力与安装角度正相关,垂直安装时锚固力最大,且围岩强度越低,锚固力受安装角度影响越大.在两种极端岩体条件下,与常规管缝锚杆相比,自膨胀管缝锚杆锚固力分别提高1.88倍和3.15倍,吸能能力分别提高143.7%和259.6%,在滑移变形的基础上显著提高锚固效果.

基于自感知纤维增强复合材料锚杆的隧道围岩松动圈识别

隧道围岩变形和松动圈厚度是隧道结构设计的重要考虑因素和安全运营的重要参考依据,现有的松动圈识别方法和隧道围岩变形测量手段多停留在检测层面,缺乏长期实时监测方法.为此,研发内嵌光纤的自感知纤维增强复合材料(FRP)锚杆,提出基于内嵌光纤自感知FRP锚杆的隧道围岩智能监测系统,可以实现对围岩变形立体化、全天候的实时监测;结合监测数据与理论分析,提出隧道围岩松动圈的识别方法,并将该智能监测方法应用于广汕高铁陈塘隧道.研究结果表明:自感知FRP锚杆能够精准探知现场施工对围岩变形的影响规律,型钢钢架对隧道围岩的支护作用较为突出;监测数据可以实时反映自感知锚杆的受力规律,从而准确识别隧道不同位置围岩的松动圈厚度;基于自感知FRP锚杆的隧道围岩智能监测系统将在隧道运营过程中持续、实时监测隧道围岩的变形,为隧道全生命周期的结构安全提供高技术保障.

砂卵石地层自钻式锚杆锚固性能现场试验研究

为研究自钻式锚杆在砂卵石地层中的锚固性能,开展了18根自钻式锚杆的现场拉拔试验,从极限抗拔承载力、荷载-位移曲线及界面平均粘结强度等方面进行了分析。结果表明:砂卵石地层中自钻式锚杆的极限抗拔力随锚固长度的增加而增大,当锚固长度超过一定数值后,对提高锚杆极限抗拔力的能力有所下降;在破坏荷载前,自钻式锚杆的抗拔荷载–位移曲线基本呈线性,且位移量较小,达到破坏荷载时,位移量急剧增大,荷载–位移曲线出现明显拐点;锚固体–卵石界面平均粘结强度均值为0.14 MPa,高于该地区卵石层推荐的qsk值0.11 MPa,且锚固长度约在2~4 m时,界面平均粘结强度整体处于较高值。

独塔斜拉-自锚式协作体系悬索桥合理约束体系研究

为研究独塔斜拉-自锚式协作体系悬索桥合理约束体系,以主跨2×350 m的济南绕城高速二环线北环段工程黄河特大桥主桥为背景,采用BNLAS软件建立主桥空间有限元模型,对比不同纵向、竖向约束体系方案下结构的荷载响应、自振特性,分析不同塔梁约束体系对独塔斜拉-自锚式协作体系悬索桥静、动力性能的影响。结果表明:塔梁处竖向双排支座有效约束了塔梁之间的相对转动自由度,使塔梁协调受力,相较于传统的全飘浮体系和竖向单排支座体系,竖向双排支座体系提供了更大的整体结构刚度;设置纵向约束能显著增强独塔斜拉-自锚式协作体系悬索桥结构纵向刚度,建议在纵向上设置固定约束;相较于传统塔梁墩固结体系,竖向双排支座体系对主梁提供了更强的转动约束,且塔梁间约束在构造上处理简单。该桥桥塔处设置竖向双排支座并设置纵向固定限位装置。