SMSTracker:A Self-Calibration Multi-Head Self-Attention Transformer for Visual Object Tracking

Visual object tracking plays a crucial role in computer vision.In recent years,researchers have proposed various methods to achieve high-performance object tracking.Among these,methods based on Transformers have become a research hotspot due to their ability to globally model and contextualize information.However,current Transformer-based object tracking methods still face challenges such as low tracking accuracy and the presence of redundant feature information.In this paper,we introduce self-calibration multi-head self-attention Transformer(SMSTracker)as a solution to these challenges.It employs a hybrid tensor decomposition self-organizing multihead self-attention transformermechanism,which not only compresses and accelerates Transformer operations but also significantly reduces redundant data,thereby enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of tracking.Additionally,we introduce a self-calibration attention fusion block to resolve common issues of attention ambiguities and inconsistencies found in traditional trackingmethods,ensuring the stability and reliability of tracking performance across various scenarios.By integrating a hybrid tensor decomposition approach with a self-organizingmulti-head self-attentive transformer mechanism,SMSTracker enhances the efficiency and accuracy of the tracking process.Experimental results show that SMSTracker achieves competitive performance in visual object tracking,promising more robust and efficient tracking systems,demonstrating its potential to providemore robust and efficient tracking solutions in real-world applications.

A Self-Attention Based Dynamic Resource Management for Satellite-Terrestrial Networks

The satellite-terrestrial networks possess the ability to transcend geographical constraints inherent in traditional communication networks,enabling global coverage and offering users ubiquitous computing power support,which is an important development direction of future communications.In this paper,we take into account a multi-scenario network model under the coverage of low earth orbit(LEO)satellite,which can provide computing resources to users in faraway areas to improve task processing efficiency.However,LEO satellites experience limitations in computing and communication resources and the channels are time-varying and complex,which makes the extraction of state information a daunting task.Therefore,we explore the dynamic resource management issue pertaining to joint computing,communication resource allocation and power control for multi-access edge computing(MEC).In order to tackle this formidable issue,we undertake the task of transforming the issue into a Markov decision process(MDP)problem and propose the self-attention based dynamic resource management(SABDRM)algorithm,which effectively extracts state information features to enhance the training process.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of effectively reducing the long-term average delay and energy consumption of the tasks.

Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection Based on Spatial-Temporal Network and Transformer in Industrial Internet of Things

In the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT),sensors generate time series data to reflect the working state.When the systems are attacked,timely identification of outliers in time series is critical to ensure security.Although many anomaly detection methods have been proposed,the temporal correlation of the time series over the same sensor and the state(spatial)correlation between different sensors are rarely considered simultaneously in these methods.Owing to the superior capability of Transformer in learning time series features.This paper proposes a time series anomaly detection method based on a spatial-temporal network and an improved Transformer.Additionally,the methods based on graph neural networks typically include a graph structure learning module and an anomaly detection module,which are interdependent.However,in the initial phase of training,since neither of the modules has reached an optimal state,their performance may influence each other.This scenario makes the end-to-end training approach hard to effectively direct the learning trajectory of each module.This interdependence between the modules,coupled with the initial instability,may cause the model to find it hard to find the optimal solution during the training process,resulting in unsatisfactory results.We introduce an adaptive graph structure learning method to obtain the optimal model parameters and graph structure.Experiments on two publicly available datasets demonstrate that the proposed method attains higher anomaly detection results than other methods.

Network Configuration Entity Extraction Method Based on Transformer with Multi-Head Attention Mechanism

Nowadays,ensuring thequality of networkserviceshas become increasingly vital.Experts are turning toknowledge graph technology,with a significant emphasis on entity extraction in the identification of device configurations.This research paper presents a novel entity extraction method that leverages a combination of active learning and attention mechanisms.Initially,an improved active learning approach is employed to select the most valuable unlabeled samples,which are subsequently submitted for expert labeling.This approach successfully addresses the problems of isolated points and sample redundancy within the network configuration sample set.Then the labeled samples are utilized to train the model for network configuration entity extraction.Furthermore,the multi-head self-attention of the transformer model is enhanced by introducing the Adaptive Weighting method based on the Laplace mixture distribution.This enhancement enables the transformer model to dynamically adapt its focus to words in various positions,displaying exceptional adaptability to abnormal data and further elevating the accuracy of the proposed model.Through comparisons with Random Sampling(RANDOM),Maximum Normalized Log-Probability(MNLP),Least Confidence(LC),Token Entrop(TE),and Entropy Query by Bagging(EQB),the proposed method,Entropy Query by Bagging and Maximum Influence Active Learning(EQBMIAL),achieves comparable performance with only 40% of the samples on both datasets,while other algorithms require 50% of the samples.Furthermore,the entity extraction algorithm with the Adaptive Weighted Multi-head Attention mechanism(AW-MHA)is compared with BILSTM-CRF,Mutil_Attention-Bilstm-Crf,Deep_Neural_Model_NER and BERT_Transformer,achieving precision rates of 75.98% and 98.32% on the two datasets,respectively.Statistical tests demonstrate the statistical significance and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in this paper.

基于CNN-Swin Transformer Network的LPI雷达信号识别

针对在低信噪比(SNR)条件下,低截获概率雷达信号调制方式识别准确率低的问题,提出一种基于Transformer和卷积神经网络(CNN)的雷达信号识别方法。首先,引入Swin Transformer模型并在模型前端设计CNN特征提取层构建了CNN+Swin Transformer网络(CSTN),然后利用时频分析获取雷达信号的时频特征,对图像进行预处理后输入CSTN模型进行训练,由网络的底部到顶部不断提取图像更丰富的语义信息,最后通过Softmax分类器对六类不同调制方式信号进行分类识别。仿真实验表明:在SNR为-18 dB时,该方法对六类典型雷达信号的平均识别率达到了94.26%,证明了所提方法的可行性。

Model Agnostic Meta-Learning(MAML)-Based Ensemble Model for Accurate Detection of Wheat Diseases Using Vision Transformer and Graph Neural Networks

Wheat is a critical crop,extensively consumed worldwide,and its production enhancement is essential to meet escalating demand.The presence of diseases like stem rust,leaf rust,yellow rust,and tan spot significantly diminishes wheat yield,making the early and precise identification of these diseases vital for effective disease management.With advancements in deep learning algorithms,researchers have proposed many methods for the automated detection of disease pathogens;however,accurately detectingmultiple disease pathogens simultaneously remains a challenge.This challenge arises due to the scarcity of RGB images for multiple diseases,class imbalance in existing public datasets,and the difficulty in extracting features that discriminate between multiple classes of disease pathogens.In this research,a novel method is proposed based on Transfer Generative Adversarial Networks for augmenting existing data,thereby overcoming the problems of class imbalance and data scarcity.This study proposes a customized architecture of Vision Transformers(ViT),where the feature vector is obtained by concatenating features extracted from the custom ViT and Graph Neural Networks.This paper also proposes a Model AgnosticMeta Learning(MAML)based ensemble classifier for accurate classification.The proposedmodel,validated on public datasets for wheat disease pathogen classification,achieved a test accuracy of 99.20%and an F1-score of 97.95%.Compared with existing state-of-the-art methods,this proposed model outperforms in terms of accuracy,F1-score,and the number of disease pathogens detection.In future,more diseases can be included for detection along with some other modalities like pests and weed.

基于Transformer和自适应特征融合的矿井低照度图像亮度提升和细节增强方法

高质量矿井影像为矿山安全生产提供保障,也有利于提高后续图像分析技术的性能。矿井影像受低照度环境的影响,易出现亮度低,照度不均,颜色失真,细节信息丢失严重等问题。针对上述问题,提出一种基于Transformer和自适应特征融合的矿井低照度图像亮度提升和细节增强方法。基于生成对抗思想搭建生成对抗式主体模型框架,使用目标图像域而非单一参考图像驱动判别器监督生成器的训练,实现对低照度图像的充分增强;基于特征表示学习理论搭建特征编码器,将图像解耦为亮度分量和反射分量,避免图像增强过程中亮度与颜色特征相互影响从而导致颜色失真问题;设计CEM-Transformer Encoder通过捕获全局上下文关系和提取局部区域特征,能够充分提升整体图像亮度并消除局部区域照度不均;在反射分量增强过程中,使用结合CEM-Cross-Transformer Encoder的跳跃连接将低级特征与深层网络处特征进行自适应融合,能够有效避免细节特征丢失,并在编码网络中添加ECA-Net,提高浅层网络的特征提取效率。制作矿井低照度图像数据集为矿井低照度图像增强任务提供数据资源。试验显示,在矿井低照度图像数据集和公共数据集中,与5种先进的低照度图像增强算法相比,该算法增强图像的质量指标PSNR、SSIM、VIF平均提高了16.564%,10.998%,16.226%和14.438%,10.888%,14.948%,证明该算法能够有效提升整体图像亮度,消除照度不均,避免颜色失真和细节丢失,实现矿井低照度图像增强。

融合卷积注意力和Transformer架构的行人重识别方法

行人重识别技术是智能安防系统中的重要方法之一,为构建一个适用各种复杂场景的行人重识别模型,基于现有的卷积神经网络和Transformer模型,提出一种融合卷积注意力和Transformer(FCAT)架构的方法,以增强Transformer对局部细节信息的关注。所提方法主要将卷积空间注意力和通道注意力嵌入Transformer架构中,分别加强对图像中重要区域的关注和对重要通道特征的关注,以进一步提高Transformer架构对局部细节特征的提取能力。在3个公开行人重识别数据集上的对比消融实验证明,所提方法在非遮挡数据集上取得了与现有方法相当的结果,在遮挡数据集上的性能得到显著提升。所提方法更加轻量化,在不增加额外计算量和模型参数的情况下,推理速度得到了提升。

ConvFormer:基于Transformer的视觉主干网络

针对主流Transformer网络仅对输入像素块做自注意力计算而忽略了不同像素块间的信息交互,以及输入尺度单一导致局部特征细节模糊的问题,本文提出一种基于Transformer并用于处理视觉任务的主干网络ConvFormer. ConvFormer通过所设计的多尺度混洗自注意力模块(Channel-Shuffle and Multi-Scale attention,CSMS)和动态相对位置编码模块(Dynamic Relative Position Coding,DRPC)来聚合多尺度像素块间的语义信息,并在前馈网络中引入深度卷积提高网络的局部建模能力.在公开数据集ImageNet-1K,COCO 2017和ADE20K上分别进行图像分类、目标检测和语义分割实验,ConvFormer-Tiny与不同视觉任务中同量级最优网络RetNetY-4G,Swin-Tiny和ResNet50对比,精度分别提高0.3%,1.4%和0.5%.

基于遥感多参数和CNN-Transformer的冬小麦单产估测

为了提高冬小麦单产估测精度,改善估产模型存在的高产低估和低产高估等现象,以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,选取旬尺度条件植被温度指数(VTCI)、叶面积指数(LAI)和光合有效辐射吸收比率(FPAR)为遥感特征参数,结合卷积神经网络(CNN)局部特征提取能力和基于自注意力机制的Transformer网络的全局信息提取能力,构建CNN-Transformer深度学习模型,用于估测关中平原冬小麦产量。与Transformer模型(R^(2)为0.64,RMSE为465.40 kg/hm^(2),MAPE为8.04%)相比,CNN-Transformer模型具有更高的冬小麦单产估测精度(R^(2)为0.70,RMSE为420.39 kg/hm^(2),MAPE为7.65%),能够从遥感多参数中提取更多与产量相关的信息,且对于Transformer模型存在的高产低估和低产高估现象均有所改善。基于5折交叉验证法和留一法进一步验证了CNN-Transformer模型的鲁棒性和泛化能力。此外,基于CNN-Transformer模型捕获冬小麦生长过程的累积效应,分析逐步累积旬尺度输入参数对产量估测的影响,评估模型对于冬小麦不同生长阶段的累积过程的表征能力。结果表明,模型能有效捕捉冬小麦生长的关键时期,3月下旬至5月上旬是冬小麦生长的关键时期。

融合Transformer和CNN的轻量级人脸识别算法

随着深度学习的发展,卷积神经网络通过堆叠卷积层逐步扩大感受野以融合局部特征的方式已经成为人脸识别(FR)的主流方法,但这种方法存在因忽略人脸全局语义信息和缺乏对人脸重点特征信息的关注造成识别准确率不高,以及大参数量层数的堆叠导致网络难以部署于资源受限设备的问题。因此提出一种融合Transformer和CNN的极其轻量级FR算法gcsamTfaceNet。使用深度可分离卷积构建主干网络以降低算法的参数量;引入通道-空间注意力机制,从通道和空间两个域最优化选择特征以提高对人脸重点区域的关注度;在此基础上,融合Transformer模块以捕获特征图的全局语义信息,克服卷积神经网络在长距离语义依赖性建模方面的局限性,提高算法的全局特征感知能力。参数量仅为6.5×10^(5)的gcsamTfaceNet在9个验证集(LFW、CA-LFW、CP-LFW、CFP-FP、CFP-FF、AgeDB-30、VGG2-FP、IJB-B以及IJB-C)上实验评估,分别取得99.67%、95.60%、89.32%、93.67%、99.65%、96.35%、93.36%、89.43%和91.38%的平均准确率,达到参数量和性能之间较好的权衡。

基于Transformer的多尺度遥感语义分割网络

为了提升遥感图像语义分割效果,本文针对分割目标类间方差小、类内方差大的特点,从全局上下文信息和多尺度语义特征2个关键点提出一种基于Transformer的多尺度遥感语义分割网络(muliti-scale Transformer network,MSTNet)。其由编码器和解码器2个部分组成,编码器包含基于Transformer改进的视觉注意网络(visual attention network,VAN)主干和基于空洞空间金字塔池化(atrous spatial pyramid pooling, ASPP)结构改进的多尺度语义特征提取模块(multi-scale semantic feature extraction module, MSFEM)。解码器采用轻量级多层感知器(multi-layer perception,MLP)配合编码器设计,充分分析所提取的包含全局上下文信息和多尺度表示的语义特征。MSTNet在2个高分辨率遥感语义分割数据集ISPRS Potsdam和LoveDA上进行验证,平均交并比(mIoU)分别达到79.50%和54.12%,平均F1-score(m F1)分别达到87.46%和69.34%,实验结果验证了本文所提方法有效提升了遥感图像语义分割的效果。

引入轻量级Transformer的无人机视觉跟踪

随着无人机在军事和民用领域的广泛运用,对于高精度、低功耗智能无人机跟踪系统的需求日益增加。针对目标跟踪算法在无人机跟踪场景下很难平衡跟踪精度和跟踪速度的问题,提出一种引入轻量级Transformer的孪生网络无人机目标跟踪算法SiamLT。使用Transformer对AlexNet网络进行改进,在增加最小计算量的情况下捕获全局特征信息。在目标模板与搜索区域匹配方面,联合Transformer和深度互相关运算提出一种二元相关模块,同时捕获目标模板与搜索区域之间的局部相关性和全局依赖关系。在分类回归网络中引入距离交并比,并采用多监督策略训练网络,以获取更准确的目标位置。在UAV123和UAV20L跟踪基准上的实验结果表明,SiamLT算法优于主流的目标跟踪算法,更有效地平衡了跟踪精度和跟踪速度。

基于生成对抗Transformer的电力负荷数据异常检测

电力负荷异常数据将给电力系统规划、负荷预测以及用能分析等带来较大的负面影响,因此亟须对负荷数据异常进行检测与识别。首先,针对电力负荷数据异常分类、原因及其特征开展分析。其次,改进传统Transformer编码器结构,采用多头注意力层代替掩码多头注意力层,同时移除前馈网络,以提高模型对负荷时序序列的全局注意力。基于生成对抗网络(generative adversarial networks,GAN)生成器与判别器的博弈结构,提出一种改进的GAN-Transformer模型,以更好地捕捉趋势性特征并加速模型收敛。然后,引入多阶段映射与训练方法,综合焦点分数打分机制,通过分阶段负荷序列重构帮助模型更好地提取负荷数据异常特征。最后,算例分析结果表明,GAN-Transformer模型在负荷数据异常检测精确率、召回率、F_(1)值以及训练时间方面均具有更优的性能,验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。文中研究工作为基于深度学习进一步实现电力负荷数据异常分类与数据修复提供了有益参考。

多尺度卷积结合Transformer的抑郁脑电分类研究

在通过深度学习模型进行抑郁症类脑电信号分析时,针对单一尺度的卷积存在特征提取不充分的问题和卷积神经网络在感知脑电信号全局依赖性方面的局限性,分别设计了多尺度动态卷积网络模块和门控Transformer编码器模块,并与时间卷积网络相结合,提出了混合网络模型(MGTTCNet)进行抑郁症患者和健康对照组的脑电信号分类。该模型首先通过多尺度动态卷积从空间域和频率域捕捉脑电信号的多尺度时频信息。其次通过门控Transformer编码器学习脑电信号中的全局依赖关系,其利用多头注意力机制有效增强网络表达相关脑电信号特征的能力。之后利用时间卷积网络提取脑电信号可用的时间特征,最后将提取的抽象特征输入到分类模块进行分类。在公开数据集MODMA上用留出法和十折交叉验证法对提出模型进行实验验证,分别取得了约98.51%和98.53%的分类准确率,相较于基线单尺度模型EEGNet,分类准确率分别提升了约1.89%和1.93%,F1值分别提升了约2.05%和2.08%,kappa系数值分别提高了约0.038 1和0.038 5;同时消融实验验证了文中设计的各个模块的有效性。

基于时频图与视觉Transformer的滚动轴承智能故障诊断方法

基于循环神经网络的故障诊断方法在计算过程中难以保存间隔时间过长的信息且无法并行计算,在大型数据建模方面存在不足,为提高轴承故障诊断工作的效率及准确性,提出了一种基于短时傅里叶变换时频图与视觉Transformer(ViT)的轴承故障诊断方法:通过短时傅里叶变换将原始振动信号转换为二维时频图像,再将时频图作为特征图输入ViT网络中进行训练,详细分析网络参数对故障诊断性能和计算复杂度的影响,构建最优模型结构,最终实现轴承的故障诊断。采用凯斯西储大学和江南大学轴承数据对模型进行验证,结果表明该模型可以有效结合短时傅里叶变换在处理时变信号方面的优势和ViT网络强大的图像分类能力,具有更高的诊断精度和更好的泛化性、通用性。

CNN-Transformer结合对比学习的高光谱与LiDAR数据协同分类

针对高光谱图像(hyperspectral images,HSI)与LiDAR数据多模态分类任务中的跨模态信息表达和特征对齐等问题,提出一种基于对比学习CNN-Transformer高光谱和LiDAR数据协同分类网络(Contrastive Learning based CNNTransformer Network,CLCT-Net)。CLCT-Net通过由ConvNeXt V2 Block构成的共有特征提取模块,获得不同模态间的共性特征,解决异构传感器数据之间语义对齐的问题。构建了包含空间-通道分支和光谱上下文分支的双分支HSI编码器,以及结合频域自注意力机制的LiDAR编码器,以获取更丰富的特征表示。利用集成对比学习进行分类,进一步提升多模态数据协同分类的精度。在Houston 2013和Trento数据集上的实验结果表明,相较于其他高光谱图像和Li‐DAR数据分类模型,本文所提模型获得了更高的地物分类精度,分别达到了92.01%和98.90%,实现了跨模态数据特征的深度挖掘和协同提取。

Transformer-CNN特征跨注意力融合学习的行人重识别

卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)关注局部特征,难以获得全局结构信息,Transformer网络建模长距离的特征依赖,但易忽略局部特征细节。提出了一种跨注意力融合学习的行人重识别算法,利用CNN和Transformer特征学习网络的特点,在丰富行人局部特征的同时改善特征的全局表达能力。该模型由三个部分构成:CNN分支主要提取局部细节信息;Transformer分支侧重于关注全局特征信息;跨注意力融合分支通过自注意力机制计算上述两个分支特征的相关性,进而实现特征融合,最终提高模型的表征能力。剥离实验以及在Market1501和DukeMTMC-reID数据集的实验结果证明了所提方法的有效性。

基于多模态掩码Transformer网络的社会事件分类

多模态社会事件分类的关键是充分且准确地利用图像和文字2种模态的特征。然而,现有的大多数方法存在以下局限性:简单地将事件的图像特征和文本特征连接起来,不同模态之间存在不相关的上下文信息导致相互干扰。因此,仅仅考虑多模态数据模态间的关系是不够的,还要考虑模态之间不相关的上下文信息(即区域或单词)。为克服这些局限性,提出一种新颖的基于多模态掩码Transformer网络(MMTN)模型的社会事件分类方法。通过图-文编码网络来学习文本和图像的更好的表示。将获得的图像和文本表示输入多模态掩码Transformer网络来融合多模态信息,并通过计算多模态信息之间的相似性,对多模态信息的模态间的关系进行建模,掩盖模态之间的不相关上下文。在2个基准数据集上的大量实验表明:所提模型达到了最先进的性能。

基于Transformer和CNN交错混合的肺结节分割网络

针对肺结节尺寸多样、形状异质化高等问题,提出基于Transformer和卷积神经网络(CNN)交错混合(IMTC)的肺结节分割网络,该网络是一个对称的层次连接网络,具有很强的多尺度特征提取能力。该网络通过集成2种方案分别解决肺结节多尺寸与形状异质化问题:(1)采用感知注意力模块(inception attention module,IAM),通过并联多个不同大小的卷积核来增加浅层网络的感受野组合,以此捕获更为丰富的浅层特征;(2)为获取更具表示能力的高级语义特征,利用由Transformer和CNN组成的基本骨干网络交错提取结节特征,使得全局特征与局部特征充分融合,从而提高结节特征表示的泛化能力和鲁棒性。实验结果表明:本文模型可以准确分割直径较小以及边缘复杂的肺结节,在LUNA16公开数据集上分割性能良好,Dice和IOU分别达到86.15%和76.10%。