THE VOCABULARY SELF-COLLECTION STRATEGY:ENHANCING ACTIVE VOCABULARY THROUGH TOPICS

IntroductionThe majority of English courses books in China provide students with long lists of vocabulary attached tothe end of the texts.Since vocabulary is regarded as central to language learning.Students are supposedto memorise all the new words and expressions on which they will be tested.Teachers rarely considerwhich items may be students active vocabulary and which items may be students passive vocabulary.Therefore.they treat all the new words and expressions with an equal amount of time and care:andstudents tend to treat all the new items as active vocabulary.The consequence of this approach is often:students get bored of memorising the long lists:even if they succeed in memorising all the new items,they are usually still unable to use themactively.This inappropriate method of teaching vocabulary tends to make students lose interest inlearning.

Acceptability of self-collected human papillomavirus specimens in cervical cancer screening: A review

Cervical cancer morbidity and mortality is an important public health problem around the world. Some of the barriers to cervical cancer screening include the embar-rassment, discomfort, lack of privacy and time and cost associated with clinician-collected, clinic-based screen-ing with cytology or human papillomavirus tests. Self-collection of a human papillomavirus （HPV） test has been found to be generally more acceptable, less em-barrassing, more comfortable, more private and easy to do and preferred to pelvic examination for cervical cy-tology by many women worldwide. The most common-ly reported limitation to self-collection is a woman’s lack of confdence in her ability to perform it correctly. Self-collected human papillomavirus tests have been shown to be as or more sensitive than cytology or clinician-collected HPV tests. With confidence-building educa-tion about self-collection, it is likely a viable method to extend the reach of screening in high and low-resource areas around the world.

A Pilot Study to Evaluate an Internet-Based Cervical Cancer Screening Model Based on Self-Sampling

Background: Community based cervical cancer screening models using self-collection can effectively place the identification of who is positive in the hands of the patient. The key areas we have identified as critical are 1) education, 2) notification of screening opportunities, 3) registration, 4) submission of samples, 5) receiving results with an explanation, and 6) being advised where to receive evaluation and management from qualified healthcare personnel. Methods: Our primary objectives were to create, register, and pilot a website as a public platform for cervical cancer prevention for both city and rural, individual and organizational application. We selected two sites: Shenzhen City in China as the local city (individual participant) site, and Sangzhi County in Hunan Province as the remote (group management) site. The website was reviewable to all of China, but applications for screening and registration were open only to the women from the 2 pilot sites. In the local site, the women would first sign up (obtain a password) to view the website (www.mcareu.com), and then if they desired, they could register for screening using their true name and their state ID. After an offline confirmation of the address, the sampling kit would arrive. Results were available with additional education and guidance for care also on the website. Findings: 120,099 people nationwide visited the website in 27 months by the end of May, 2015, 1148 women from the sites registered at the website and 87.5% enrolled in the pilot trial. 72.3% of those testing positive returned for management. Virtually 100% of the registration/historical information was entered appropriately and 100% of the samples were handled properly. Interpretation: Web-based decision aids help patients through the uncertainties of healthcare. Applied to cervical cancer screening using self-collection, the effectiveness of the model specifically in respect to accessibility, education, registration, data input, and instructions for positive management was clearly demonstrated by this pilot as well as the potential for future diagnostics applicable to self-collection.

Preventive Oncology International:A brief history of HPV self-collected vaginal specimens for cervical cancer screening

Since 1998,Preventive Oncology International,Inc.(POI)has been at the forefront of studying human papillomavirus(HPV)self-collection for cervical cancer screening,with a significant focus in China.Through multiple clinical trials over the past 25 years,POI has explored various aspects related to self-collection methodologies.In 2004–2006,POI established that self-collection could be equivalent to direct endocervical samples.Subsequently,a large randomized trial involving 10,000 patients in 2010 further confirmed that self-collected vaginal specimens,tested for high-risk HPV(hrHPV)using a PCR-based assay with high analytic sensitivity,could effectively replace endocervical specimens with minimal loss of sensitivity and a slight decrease in specificity.Throughout the years,POI's research has encompassed several crucial topics,including patient acceptance,the development of new cost-effective,simpler,and faster assays,exploring different collection devices,devising efficient methods of specimen transport,and implementing population-based screening systems.The findings strongly support the integration of self-collection methodologies into cervical cancer control programs worldwide,particularly in medically underserved regions.As HPV self-collection continues to evolve,ongoing research and innovations are expected to play a pivotal role in achieving the global mission of combating cervical cancer.