Variations of Atmospheric ELF/VLF Radio Noise Due to Seismogenic Modifications in Tropospheric Conductivity

We suggest a possible explanation of the influence of pre-seismic activity on the registration rate of natural ELF(extremely low frequency)/VLF(very low frequency) pulses and the changes of their characteristics. The main idea is as follows. The distribution of the electric field around a thundercloud depends on the conductivity profile of the atmosphere. Quasi-static electric fields of a thundercloud decrease in those tropospheric regions where an increase of air conductivity is generated by pre-seismic activities due to emanation of radioactive gas and water into the lower atmosphere. The electric field becomes reduced in the lower troposphere, and the probability decreases of the cloud-to-ground (CG) strokes in such “contaminated” areas. Simultaneously, the electric field grows inside and above the thunderclouds, and hence, we anticipate a growth in the number of horizontal and tilted inter-cloud (or intra-cloud) (both termed as IC discharges) strokes. Spatial orientation of lightning strokes reduces vertical projection of their individual amplitudes, while the rate (median number strokes per a unit time) of discharges grows. We demonstrate that channel tilt of strokes modifies the spectral content of ELF/VLF radio noise and changes the rate of detected pulses during the earthquake preparation phase.

Compared discharge characteristics and film modifications of atmospheric pressure plasma jets with two different electrode geometries

Atmospheric pressure plasma jet shows great potential for polymer film processing. The electrode geometry is the key factor to determine discharge characteristics and film modification of jets. In this paper, we compared the discharge characteristics and the film modifications of atmospheric pressure plasma jets with needle-ring electrode(NRE) and doublering electrode(DRE). The results show that jet with NRE has stronger electric field intensity and higher discharge power,making it present more reactive oxygen particles and higher electron temperature, but its discharge stability is insufficient.In contrast, the jet with DRE has uniform electric field distribution of lower field intensity, which allows it to maintain stable discharge over a wide range of applied voltages. Besides, the modification results show that the treatment efficiency of PET film by NRE is higher than that by DRE. These results provide a suitable atmospheric pressure plasma jets device selection scheme for polymer film processing process.

Hydrochlorination of acetylene over the Ru-based catalysts treated by plasma under different atmospheres

Ru-based catalysts modified in different atmospheres by plasma technology were prepared to catalyze the acetylene hydrochlorination reaction.The(Ru/AC)-N2(AC = activated carbon)catalyst yielded by the plasma modification of Ru/AC catalyst in N2 atmosphere exhibits the best catalytic performance with a stable C2H2 conversion of 87.2%;a relative increase of 27.1%in C2H2 conversion was achieved compared with that of the untreated Ru/AC catalyst.The results of the analysis revealed that the modification produced a mutual effect between the generated function groups on carrier AC and the active components, which can disperse and yield more active species in the fresh catalysts.These are benefits of enhancing the activity of the catalysts.Moreover, the modification can restrain coke formation and inhibit the loss of active species in the reaction, as well as strengthen the adsorption ability of reactants on the catalysts.These are benefits of improving the catalysts’ performance.

Investigation of Atmospheric Plasma Discharge and Its Application to Surface Modification of Textile Materials

In this paper, an improved quasi-stable atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） plasma source is achieved after carefully controlled discharge voltage and current, discharge power, working gas, treatment period, and gap between the electrodes. This plasma source has been used to modify the surface of Polybutylene Terephthalate （PBT） melt-blown nonwovens and Polyester （PET） fabrics, and the various influences on surface modification and the aging effect of treated polymeric materials have been systematically investigated. In addition, the method of spectrum analysis is also used for diagnosing plasma paramneters such as electron temperature. Experimental results indicate that both the wettablity and permeation of treated PBT melt-blown nonwovens and dyeing ability of treated PET fabrics are certainly improved.

Surface Modification of Polyimide Film by Dielectric Barrier Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure

In this paper,polyimide（PI）films are modified using an atmospheric pressure plasma generated by a dielectric barrier discharge（DBD）in argon.Surface performance of PI film and its dependence on exposure time from 0 s to 300 s are investigated by dynamic water contact angle（WCA）,field emission scanning electron microscopy（FESEM）,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total multiple reflection mode（FTIR-ATR）.The study demonstrates that dynamic WCA exhibits a minimum with 40 s plasma treatment,and evenly distributed nano-dots and shadow concaves appeared for 40 s and 12 s Ar plasma treatment individually.A short period of plasma modification can contribute to the scission of the imide ring and the introduction of C-O and C=O（-COOH）by detailed analysis of FTIR-ATR.

Formation of carbon and oxygen rich surface layer on high purity magnesium by atmospheric carbon dioxide plasma

Carbon and oxygen-rich corrosion barrier layer formed on Mg by a simple and scalable CO_(2) atmospheric plasma(CO_(2)-AP)process.The reactive CO_(2)-AP interacts with the Mg surface and forms a unique layered structure with the top MgCO_(3)/MgO-intermixed particulates pillars and the bottom dense layer.The surface features were simultaneously formed on the nano-/micro-structured MgO layer by carbonate molecules,plasma-active CO_(2) molecules,and/or other volatile organic compounds on the nano-/micro-structured MgO particle layer.The resulting surfaces after CO_(2)-AP were either hydrophobic or hydrophilic and exhibited lower anodic current or high resistance for Mg corrosion.For the hydrophobic surfaces of CO_(2)-AP treated Mg,molecular dynamic simulations were performed to understand the origin of hydrophobicity and identified that the amorphous carbon layers formed on the Mg surface are the source.The environmentally benign abundant-gas-based process enables the cost reduction associated with waste treatment,generation of by-product,and supply of raw material.

人工影响天气虚拟仿真实验及课程体系建设

在“人工影响天气”的相关课程教学中,构建虚拟仿真实验教学平台有助于学生深入理解基础理论知识,并对实际业务操作及催化方案设计、优化产生感性认识。虚拟仿真实验教学突破了室内教学时空及仪器设备昂贵的局限性,解决了自然界中不能对同一块云反复催化的实际困难,对云降水环境及人工催化过程高度重现,对理论教学体系及教学形式进行补充,完善了课程教学体系。此外,科技成果在教学和本科生科研创新活动的引入,进一步增强学生科技创新意识及学习兴趣,促进了科研创新型人才的培养。

改性聚醚醚酮在气调包装膜领域的研究进展

简要介绍气调包装膜的透气机制及改性聚醚醚酮(PEEK)的基本结构和特性,详细综述了近年来可用于提高改性PEEK基气调包装膜热力学稳定性、透气透湿性和抗菌等特性所涉及的物理、化学改性技术及其改性机理,最后展望了改性PEEK在气调包装领域的未来研究方向,并提出了其可能存在的问题及挑战。

空气取水多孔材料研究进展

水资源是人类生活和一切生产活动的基础,然而缺乏淡水资源是一个世界性的问题。空气取水技术等非传统供水技术能有效缓解水资源不足的问题。本文对吸附式空气取水多孔材料的研究进展进行系统综述,简要介绍空气取水技术,分析多种空气取水多孔材料,包括硅胶、活性炭、沸石分子筛、金属有机框架、吸水树脂的特点,着重论述基于以上5种多孔材料改性的复合吸附材料的特点和研究现状,同时论述选用空气取水材料的方法原则等内容。通过选择合适的材料和合理的改性方法,可以合成出具有水吸附容量大、释水能耗需求低、快速吸附-解吸以及循环耐久性好等特性的空气取水吸附材料,将有效改善空气取水技术的不足,提升空气取水的能力,更高效环保地利用水资源,同时为空气取水技术研究的发展提供思路与参考。

Modification of FGD gypsum in hydrothermal mixed salt solution

A novel utilization way of the sludge from wet calcium-based flue gas desulfurization （FGD） processes has been developed in this paper. This study focused on the conversion of the FGD gypsum into α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate by a hydrothermal salt solution method at atmospheric pressure. Experimental study has been carried out in a batch reactor. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were made by DSC/TG thermal analysis, SEM, XRD, metalloscope and chemical analysis. The experimental results showed that the modification of FGD gypsum was controlled by the dissolution and recrystallization mechanisms. With the introduction of FGD gypsum the salt solution was supersaturated, then crystal nucleus of α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate were produced in the solution. With the submicroscopic structure of FGD gypsum crystal changed, the crystal nucleus grew up into α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate crystals. Thus ,the modification of FGD gypsum was fulfilled.

Three different low-temperature plasma-based methods for hydrophilicity improvement of polyethylene films at atmospheric pressure

Three different low-temperature plasma-based methods were used to improve the surface hydrophilicity of polyethy- lene （PE） films, and all the modification processes were carried out by employing an atmospheric pressure plasma jet （APPJ） system. （a） PE films were directly modified by APPJ using a gas mixture of He and 02. （b） Acrylic acid （AA） was introduced into the system and a polymer acrylic acid （PAA） coating was deposited onto the PE films. （c） AA was grafted onto the PE surface activated by plasma pre-treatment. It was found that the hydrophilicity of the PE films was significantly improved for all the three methods. However, the samples modified by Process （a） showed hydrophobicity recovery after a storage time of 20 days while no significant change was found in samples modified by Process （b） and Process （c）. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） results indicated that the most intensive C=O peak was detected on the PE surface modified by Process （c）. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis, the ratios of oxygen-containing polar groups for samples modified by Process （b） and Process （c） were higher than that modified by Process （a）.

Study on Glow Discharge Plasma Used in Polyester Surface Modification

To achieve an atmospheric pressure glow discharge（APGD）in air and modify the surface of polyester thread using plasma,the electric field distribution and discharge characteristics under different conditions were studied.We found that the region with a strong electric field,which was formed in a tiny gap between two electrodes constituting a line-line contact electrode structure,provided the initial electron for the entire discharge process.Thus,the discharge voltage was reduced.The dielectric barrier of the line-line contact electrodes can inhibit the generation of secondary electrons.Thus,the transient current pulse discharge was reduced significantly,and an APGD in air was achieved.We designed double layer line-line contact electrodes,which can generate the APGD on the surface of a material under treatment directly.A noticeable change in the surface morphology of polyester fiber was visualized with the aid of a scanning electron microscope（SEM）.Two electrode structures-the multi-row line-line and double-helix line-line contact electrodes-were designed.A large area of the APGD plasma with flat and curved surfaces can be formed in air using these contact electrodes.This can improve the efficiency of surface treatment and is significant for the application of the APGD plasma in industries.

Promotion of Adhesive Polymer Bonding by Plasma Modification Using Defined Ambient Conditions and Process Gases

Adhesive bonding technology is often the preferred solution for the joining of polymers. In many cases a wet chemical pretreatment has to he used to achieve sufficient adhesion strength and durability of the adhesive joint. Since several years, plasma treatment has been a proven method to attain these goals. However, conventional treatments in oxidizing gases such as air are often not satisfying. In this work, the PP （polymers polypropylene）, PVDF （polyvinylidene fluoride）, PA6 （polyamide 6）, POM （polyoxymethylene） and PC （polycarbonate） were pretreated by means of a plasma jet running at atmospheric pressure in a virtually oxygen-free atmosphere. The goal was the grafting of reactive nitrogen-containing functional groups on the plastic surfaces in order to increase the adhesive strength.

大气声传播通道的声源当量估计方法

提出了一种基于大气声传播通道的爆炸声源能量估计方法,通过将计算大气声学的传播能量分布结果与大气中传播的声压幅度衰减模型相结合,使用平流层通道与热层通道传播损失能量比例作为修正量,提高了对爆炸声源能量的估计精度。在多次地面爆炸实验得到的数据中,使用观测距离800 km以上且同时存在平流层通道与热层通道的次声接收信号,对比了平流层顶风速修正的能量估计方法与该文提出的基于大气声传播通道的能量估计方法。实验结果验证了相对于传统风速修正的能量估计方法,该方法可显著降低估计误差。

液-液溶剂置换法制备超疏水SiO_(2)气凝胶

在保温领域中,SiO_(2)气凝胶以其突出的性能而备受关注,但有机硅源的制备成本高,限制了其推广和应用。为了降低生产成本,研究人员将目光投向了无机硅源,但无机硅源制备SiO_(2)气凝胶时需要进行繁琐的溶剂置换。为解决溶剂置换的弊端,本文以煤矸石为原料,采用新型的液-液溶剂置换法并联合低温活化法来制备超疏水SiO_(2)气凝胶。研究表明,当活化温度为200℃、矸酸比为1.0∶1.0(固体质量和液体体积之比)、滤渣与NaOH溶液比值为1.0∶1.0(固体质量和液体体积之比)时活化条件最佳,制备的SiO_(2)气凝胶具有独特的三维网络结构、高比表面积(687.7 m^(2)/g)、超疏水性(161.9°)和低密度(0.034 g/cm^(3))。此方法为无机硅源制备SiO_(2)气凝胶提供了新思路,并显著降低了制备SiO_(2)气凝胶的成本。

平行场刷形等离子体羽的放电特性及其聚合物表面改性

大气压等离子体射流可以在开放空间产生富含活性粒子的等离子体羽,在材料生长、表面改性、生物医疗等领域具有广泛的应用前景.由于通常等离子体羽的截面尺度很小,造成等离子体射流应用时效率较低,因此,急需产生大尺度的等离子体羽.目前报道的大尺度的等离子体羽多是交叉场等离子体羽,相比于平行场等离子体羽而言其化学活性较低.针对于此,本文利用双电极结构的平行场氩气射流,通过交流激励产生了大尺度的刷形等离子体羽.利用电学、光学和光谱学手段对刷形等离子体羽的放电特性进行了表征.在此基础上,利用该平行场刷形等离子体羽对聚合物(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET))进行了改性研究.通过研究PET表面的水接触角(WCA)、拉曼光谱、X线光电子能谱(XPS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)照片,发现刷形等离子体羽能实现PET表面的大尺度均匀改性.改性后的PET表面含氧极性官能团数量显著增加,并且PET表面的粗糙度增加,因此亲水性得到改善,此种亲水性改良对不同的聚合物具有普适性.这些研究结果对于大尺度等离子体射流的深入研究及等离子体表面改性的应用均具有一定参考价值.

乙二醇和聚乙烯醇改性费托合成Co基催化剂性能

载体的性质对催化剂活性有着不可忽视的影响。以拟薄水铝石为前驱体,采用乙二醇和聚乙烯醇改性,采用浆料法制备了Co基费托合成催化剂载体,通过浸渍法负载Co活性组分。以商用氧化铝为对比样,采用N_(2)低温吸附、XRD(X射线衍射)、H_(2)-TPR(H_(2)程序升温还原)、CO-TPD(CO程序升温脱附)、FT-IR(红外光谱)、TG-DSC(热量-差热分析)和XPS(X射线光电子能谱)等手段进行表征,采用颗粒固定床反应器对其费托合成催化性能进行评价。结果表明,改性催化剂较商用氧化铝制备的催化剂,具有Co分散度高,粒径小,可还原度高等优点。且具有高CO转化率(50.51%),低CH_(4)选择性(7.28%),高C_(5+)选择性(73.93%)的反应性能,在反应72 h后催化剂没有出现任何劣化,稳定性优越。此外,当催化剂在空气气氛中焙烧时,易形成难以还原的CoAl_(2)O_(4)尖晶石,导致催化剂失去活性。

等离子喷涂制备疏水氧化钇稳定氧化锆涂层及其抗垢耐蚀性研究

针对水环真空泵叶轮叶片、壳体等关键部件的结垢与腐蚀问题,采用等离子喷涂工艺和硬脂酸表面修饰的方法在Q235B基体表面制备疏水的氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)涂层。采用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、万能拉伸试验机、接触角测量仪等仪器和结垢试验、电化学试验等方法对涂层的微观结构及性能进行表征。结果表明,YSZ涂层表面具有“乳突”状的微纳结构,组织结构较为致密。NiCrMoFe粘结层的添加使涂层的结合强度提高了31%。硬脂酸修饰后涂层表面的平均水接触角达到141.8°,在过饱和碳酸钙溶液中浸泡后的结垢少,在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电流密度与基体相比降低了94%,表现出良好的抗垢耐蚀性能。

铝基催化剂催化水解羰基硫研究进展

羰基硫广泛存在于高炉煤气、焦炉煤气、黄磷尾气和各种工业废气中,对人体健康、工业生产和生态环境都会造成巨大的危害。催化水解法由于效率高、能耗低等特点受到了研究人员的广泛关注,开发催化活性好、稳定性高的水解催化剂成为研究的重点。铝基催化剂是目前工业上应用最多的水解催化剂,其中氧化铝不仅具有表面积大、活性高等特点,而且具有催化活性,而铝基类水滑石由于其独特的结构和优良的性能,同样受到了广泛的研究。但在实际应用中,中毒、失活过快仍是困扰水解催化剂的一大问题。本文介绍了近些年来铝基水解催化剂的相关研究成果,包括目前较为成熟的工业催化剂及含铝类水滑石催化剂,同时介绍了不同金属改性对水解催化剂的影响,解释了羰基硫水解的气氛效应,最后综述水解反应的动力学和机理,旨在为后续高活性、高稳定性水解催化剂的设计与研究提供参考。