THEORY AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SELF-EXCITED OSCILLATION PULSED JET NOZZLE

Comparing with usual continuous jet nozzle, the self-excited oscillationpulsed jet nozzle SEOPJN) can make jet generate a higher peak of pressure and larger scouringvolume. And it can make jet increase the effective standoff distance, too. The basic theories of theSEOPJN are introduced. Some experimental results are shown. According to the results, using tricornbits assembled the SEOPJN to drill oil well, the ROP increases by 8 percent approx 77 percent, andthe rates of the footage for tricorn bit increases by 6.7 percent approx 44.0 percent.

The Theory and Experimental Study of the Self-Excited Oscillation Pulsed Jet Nozzle (Pipeline Pulsed Flow Generator)

In this paper, the basic theories of the Self-excited Oscillation Pulsed Jet Nozzle (SEOPJN) invented by the authors are introduced. Then, some experimental results are shown. According to the results, using tricorn bits assembled the SEOPJN to drill oil well, the rate of penetration (ROP) increases by 8% - 77%, and the rate of the footage for tricorn bit increases by 6.7% - 44%. Although the test was conducted in the water, good result was got in nature gas transportation. The volume of gas transportation could be increased by the Self-excited Oscillation Pulsed generator while the gas pressure drop could be decreased, since it significantly reduced the pressure loss during gas transportation.

Generalized equation for calculating rock cutting efficiency by pulsed water jets

One of the promising methods for rock cutting technology is the use of high-speed water jets.In order to improve the cutting capacity of water jets without increasing the hydraulic power of equipment,pulsed water jets are basically used to increase the rock cutting efficiency.However,there are no mature recommendations for selection of rational parameters,and the relationship between indicators of rock cutting efficiency and parameters of pulsed water jet is still not established.In this context,we aimed at developing a generalized equation for calculating rock cutting efficiency,in which all the major parameters in consideration of rock cutting process are included.Then,a calibration of the rational parameters of rock cutting by pulsed water jets was conducted.The results are likely helpful for increasing productivity and reducing energy consumption.

Dynamic effects of high-pressure pulsed water jet in low-permeability coal seams

Mine gas extraction in China is difficult due to the characteristics such as micro-porosity,low-permeability and high adsorption of coal seams.The pulsed mechanismof a high-pressure pulsed water jet was studied through theoretical analysis,experimentand field measurement.The results show that high-pressure pulsed water jet has threedynamic properties.What's more,the three dynamic effects can be found in low-permeabilitycoal seams.A new pulsed water jet with 200-1 000 Hz oscillation frequency andpeak pressure 2.5 times than average pressure was introduced.During bubble collapsing,sound vibration and instantaneous high pressures over 100 MPa enhanced the cuttingability of the high-pressure jet.Through high-pressure pulsed water jet drilling and slotting,the exposure area of coal bodies was greatly enlarged and pressure of the coal seamsrapidly decreased.Therefore,the permeability of coal seams was improved and gas absorptionrate also decreased.Application results show that gas adsorption rate decreasedby 30%-40%and the penetrability coefficient increased 100 times.This proves that high-pressurepulsed water is more efficient than other conventional methods.

Formation Principle and Characteristics of Self‑Supercharging Pulsed Water Jet

High-pressure pulsed water jet technology has considerable development potential in the field of rock fragmentation.To overcome the shortcomings of existing pulsed jets,a self-supercharging pulsed water jet(SSPWJ)generation method is proposed,which is based on the theory of the pulsed water jet and the principle of hydraulic boosting.The proposed method changes the flow direction of the fluid medium through the valve core to make the piston reciprocate in the cylinder and relies on the effective area difference between the front and rear chambers in the stroke stage of the piston to realize the organic combination of“pulse”and“supercharging”of the jet,thus forming an SSPWJ.On the basis of the formation principle of the SSPWJ,a SSPWJ testing platform was constructed,and tests were performed on the jet pressure acquisition,morphology capture,and granite erosion.Both the jet pressure and the jet morphology exhibited periodic changes,and a higher pulse pressure was obtained at lower inlet pressure.The error of the pressure ratio calculated according to the experimental results was<3%relative to the theoretical design value,confirming the feasibility of the method.The pulse pressure and pulse frequency are controllable;that is,as the inlet flow rate increases in the stroke stage of the piston,the pulse pressure and pulse frequency increase,and the pulse duration decreases.As the inlet flow rate increases in the backward-stroke stage of the piston,the pulse frequency increases,and the pulse pressure and pulse duration remain unchanged.Under the combined action of the waterhammer pressure,high-speed lateral flow,and high-frequency dynamic load of the SSPWJ,local flaky exfoliation was observed when the granite surface was eroded.The results of this study lay the foundation for enriching the theory of pulsed jet generation and expanding its application range.

Use of water jet instruments in gastrointestinal endoscopy

In recent years, water jet instruments have been used in the field of gastrointestinal endoscopy, mainly in two clinical situations: Investigation and treatment under endoscopic view. Injecting water jet into the gastrointestinal lumen is helpful for maintaining a clear endoscopic view, washing away blood or mucous in the lumen or on the surface of the tip of the endoscope. This contributes to reducing time and discomfort of examination. Water jet technology is an alternative method for dissecting soft tissue; this method does not harm the small vessels or cause mechanical or thermal damage. However, its use in clinical settings has been limited to the transmucosal injection of water into the submucosal layer that elevates the mucosa to prepare for endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection, instead of tissue dissection, which may occur because of the continuous water jet. A preclinical study has been conducted using a pulsed water jet system as an alternative method for submucosal dissection by reducing intraoperative water consumption and maintenance of dissection capability. This review introduces recent studies pertaining to using a water jet in gastrointestinal endoscopy and discusses future prospects.

受限空间内水下爆轰燃气射流发展特性

为探索脉冲爆轰水冲压发动机水下工作时导水器内燃气射流发展特性,利用可燃气体的爆轰在水下受限空间内产生脉动气泡,对爆轰管在圆筒形受限空间内的水下爆轰燃气射流进行了数值仿真与实验验证。基于雷诺时均基本方程组与k-ε两方程模型耦合流体体积气液界面追踪方法的相输运方程建立受限空间中水下单次燃气射流流场流动模型,使用OpenFOAM中的Compressible Inter Foam求解器对受限空间中脉冲爆轰燃气射流进行数值求解。结果表明:受限空间对水下爆轰的前导激波的影响较小,前导激波幅值与自由空间相比变化不大,由爆轰燃气射流所引起的压力扰动大幅升高且持续时间明显增加,受限空间中各处压力显著高于受限空间之外;受限空间中燃气泡的脉动周期延长至60 ms左右,然而受限空间径向尺寸对燃气泡的脉动周期影响较小。可见,受限空间可提高水下爆轰管出口近场压力并延长燃气射流作用时间,研究结果对脉冲爆轰水冲压发动机推力性能提升方法研究具有重要指导作用。

增压式脉冲水射流瞬时压力特性试验研究

射流压力特性决定其冲击能力,针对增压式脉冲水射流瞬时压力特性尚不明确这一问题,利用自行研制的增压式脉冲水射流压力采集系统开展试验,探究进水压力、进油压力及喷嘴直径等参数对增压腔压力特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:随着进水压力的提升,峰值压力不变,谷值压力同步提升,频率增大,增压比不变;随着进油压力的提升,峰值压力逐步增大,谷值压力不变,频率增大,增压比不变;随着喷嘴直径的增大,峰值压力逐步降低,谷值压力不变,频率增大,增压比逐步降低。同时,单周期瞬时压力中包含有两次主级脉动与一段次级脉动,通过调制进水压力可获取具有间断性与连续性的脉动压力特征。

增压式脉冲水射流破碎硬岩性能研究

为进一步提高脉冲水射流破岩能力,提出了一种增压式脉冲水射流发生方法,以低输入压力获取高脉动压力。为检验增压式脉冲水射流的破碎硬岩性能,搭建了增压式脉冲水射流破碎硬岩试验系统,开展破岩试验,并结合数值模拟获取的流场细节信息,分析了不同喷嘴直径、射流压力、靶距对增压式脉冲水射流破碎硬岩性能的影响规律。结果表明:增压式脉冲水射流的破碎硬岩性能随喷嘴直径增加先增大后减弱;随射流压力升高,射流轴心速度增大,但因气、液能量交换加剧导致的能量损耗增加,当前试验条件下射流压力为60 MPa时破岩效果最好;破碎体积在100 mm靶距达到峰值,而最大破碎深度对应的最优靶距为25 mm和75 mm,逐渐向喷嘴回移。研究结果对推动增压式脉冲水射流工程应用具有重要指导意义。

“槽型”驱动板对射流脉冲喷头水力性能的影响试验研究

为改善射流脉冲喷头的径向水量分布,基于射流脉冲喷头的“双驼峰”式水量分布以及挡水板结构的特点,创新了一种“槽型”驱动板结构,并进行了正交试验,得到一种新型结构的射流脉冲喷头.发现“槽型”驱动板的各结构因素对射流脉冲喷头喷灌均匀度影响的主次顺序及最优结构为内槽倾角13°、驱动板长度16 mm、槽宽3 mm、侧驱动板倾角17°、驱动板宽度11 mm.当进口压力为0.15,0.20,0.25,0.30 MPa时,开展了“槽型”射流脉冲喷头、原射流脉冲喷头与摇臂式喷头水力性能对比试验.试验结果表明:在0.15~0.30 MPa的进口压力下,新喷头进口流量相比原喷头进口流量减小0.12~0.17 m3/h,相比摇臂式喷头进口流量减小0.07~0.16 m3/h.“槽型”射流脉冲喷头喷灌均匀度比原射流脉冲喷头提高1.25%~7.43%,比摇臂式喷头高7.84%~14.42%.综合分析表明“槽型”驱动板结构设计合理,对射流脉冲喷头的喷灌均匀性改善显著.研究可为该型国产喷头后续研发和工程应用提供理论参考与数据支撑.

自激吸气式脉冲射流装置机理的试验和理论研究

为了揭示自激吸气式脉冲射流装置的脉冲产生机理,通过试验获取了装置典型测点压力、靶心冲击压力的时间变化过程和内部水气流动图像,分析了工作压力1.4~1.8 MPa和围压0~0.15 MPa下冲击压力的平均值、脉冲频率和脉冲效果,并结合水气两相流理论研究了装置内部的水气流动结构和水气流动过程。结果表明,围压不变和工作压力越高,冲击压力平均值越大,围压0.1 MPa时,增加幅度为51%;工作压力不变和围压越高,冲击压力平均值越小,工作压力1.8 MPa时,降低幅度为63%;不同工作压力和围压的冲击压力脉冲频率变化不大,在0.5~1.0 Hz之间,但工作压力越高或围压越低,脉冲效果越好;装置内部的碰撞体附近和射流核两侧为亚声速水气流动,下喷嘴入口为超声速水气流动;装置在内部负压区域形成了泡状水气涡团,吸气量、碰撞体测点压力和冲击压力的时间变化过程与典型时间水气涡团的旋转速度和气泡直径之间具有明显的相互影响关系。

水力脉冲空化射流欠平衡钻井提高钻速技术

研究了水力脉冲空化射流欠平衡钻井破岩、清岩、提高机械钻速机理,并在准噶尔盆地金龙3井进行了水力脉冲空化射流欠平衡钻井现场试验。研究结果表明,井底欠平衡状态下产生水力脉冲、空化冲蚀和局部负压效应,可改善井底流场,降低岩石的破碎强度,促进井底已破碎岩石及时脱离井底,减少反复切削及压持效应,从而达到提高机械钻速的目的。金龙3井相邻井段机械钻速对比表明,在钻井参数基本不变的情况下,采用牙轮钻头＋水力脉冲空化射流发生器欠平衡钻井方式钻2 590~2 655 m井段和采用牙轮钻头＋水力脉冲空化射流发生器＋螺杆钻具欠平衡钻井方式钻2 655~2 759 m井段的机械钻速分别比采用欠平衡钻井方式钻2 485~2 590 m井段的平均机械钻速提高19.8%和87.1%。

浅谈河道与水库清淤的新工艺

分析比较了传统河道水库淤积的清除工艺 ,从而提出一种新型的清淤技术 ,即气举与自激振荡脉冲水射流联合作用下的清淤工艺。分析了这种新工艺的清淤原理 ,论证了其对水下坚硬沉积物的破碎与抽取的连续作用机理 ;研究了空压机的工作压力与清淤量的关系。

高压脉冲水射流顶底板钻孔提高煤层瓦斯抽采率的应用研究

在分析松软煤层中钻孔塌孔、硬分层中成孔机理的基础上,提出利用高压脉冲水射流在硬分层或顶底板中钻孔,切至软分层提高瓦斯抽采率的新钻孔工艺。并基于高压脉冲射流破煤岩动力特性,分析计算了射流在松软煤层中切缝所需的射流压力及流量;研制出钻孔、切缝系统装置及工艺。在四川某煤矿的松软煤层进行了现场试验,应用结果表明钻孔深度是本煤层钻孔深度的2.7倍,平均单孔瓦斯的抽放纯量为0.19～0.26 m3/min,是采用原工艺钻孔的5.2倍以上。

自激振荡脉冲射流喷嘴频率特性实验研究

基于水声学和流体动力学原理,建立了振荡腔内脉冲射流频率模型,研究结果表明,模态数、流体密度及密度变化率是影响射流频率的关键因素。采用SD150测试系统,分析了自激振荡脉冲射流动态特性中各参数对其频率的影响程度,泵压和自激振荡腔长对射流频率影响的实验结果表明,脉冲射流幅值比连续射流提高了约20%;泵压升高,射流频率增加;腔长增大,射流频率降低,且存在一个使脉冲射流压力峰值达到最大的最佳腔长。实验结果与理论分析一致。

高压脉冲水射流提高松软煤层透气性的研究

提出了利用高压脉冲水射流钻孔、切缝以提高松软煤层透气性和瓦斯抽采率的新思想.基于岩石动态损伤模型,理论分析和数值模拟了高压脉冲水射流瞬时动载荷、柔性撞击作用下煤体的动态损伤特性及裂隙场的变化规律.结果表明,高压脉冲水射流的冲击效应、剥蚀效应以及震动效应等冲击荷载作用可有效破碎煤体,增大煤体裂隙率和裂隙连通率,提高煤层透气性.研发出了低透气性煤层中的高压脉冲水射流瓦斯抽采系统,在重庆某典型高瓦斯低透气性煤矿进行了成功应用,应用结果表明,高压脉冲水射流有效提高了煤层透气性,平均百米钻孔煤层瓦斯抽放量较原工艺提高了7.8倍.

高速摄影技术在水下爆炸气泡脉动研究中的应用

利用APX-RS数字式高速相机拍摄了PETN炸药水下爆炸气泡自由场脉动过程、气泡与边界相互作用水射流形成过程的清晰图像。采用氙灯照明光源,高速相机幅频可以达到6000s-1,采用在水箱壁贴低密度材料的方法来降低反射冲击波对气泡脉动过程的影响,由高速相机测试结果分析得到的气泡脉动参数与8kg爆炸水池试验结果一致,验证了光学测试结果的真实性。

脉冲磨料射流主要参数对切割性能的影响

通过实验 ,研究了淹没和非淹没状态下磨料浓度、振荡腔腔长、靶距等参数与脉冲磨料射流的切割和冲蚀性能的关系 ,对比分析了脉冲磨料射流与前混合磨料射流在相同实验条件下对花岗石、石灰岩等的切割、冲蚀性能。实验结果表明 ,脉冲磨料射流的最大切割深度和体积冲蚀速度在淹没状态下分别是前混合磨料射流的 1.6 7倍和 1.72倍 ,而在非淹没状态下为 1.39倍和 1.4 7倍。这对提高磨料水射流的切割效率、降低比能耗 ,扩大磨料水射流的应用范围奠定了基础。

井底岩屑磨料脉冲射流室内实验研究

提高深部复杂地层机械钻速,迫切需要发展新型高效破岩钻井技术。在分析现有技术的基础上,指出发展新型复合射流钻井技术是提高深部地层石油钻探效率的一个重要途径。提出了井底岩屑磨料脉冲射流钻井的技术构想,设计了相关的工具,分析了井底岩屑磨料脉冲射流破岩、辅助破岩的机理,进行了后混合磨料脉冲射流破岩室内实验研究。结果表明:冲蚀体积随泵压增大而增加,存在破岩的最佳喷距、磨料浓度和磨料粒径;在较低浓度下,后混合磨料脉冲射流的冲蚀性能较接近于前混合磨料脉冲射流;引入外部流体后射流的动压力增大了7%,脉冲幅值提高了1.5倍。研究结果为井底岩屑磨料脉冲射流钻井工具的研制和相关技术的开发提供了依据。

脉冲液-气射流泵基本性能试验

在相同的液-气射流泵实验装置上,采用脉冲和恒定工作液体射流,对液气射流泵的基本性能进行了试验研究。结果表明,对于恒定液-气射流泵存在一种最优工作压力,而脉冲液-气射流泵在同一脉冲频率、不同工作压力下的性能曲线基本重合;采用脉冲工作射流可以产生水锤效应,正是这种水锤效应,使得脉冲液-气射流泵在低于试验系统提供的极限压力0.1～0.15 MPa的工作压力范围内,液-气射流泵的工作效率可以提高4%～15%。