LOW-FREQUENCY LOW-NOISE CIRCUITS DESIGN USING AN E_n-I_n MODEL

In view of the limitations of a Rn-Gn model in the low frequency range and the defects of an En-In model in common use now, this paper builds a complete En-In model according to the theory of random harmonic. The parameters for the low-noise design such as the equivalent input noisy voltage Ens, the optimum source impedance Zsopt and the minimum noise figure Fmin can be calculated accurately by using this En-In model because it considers the coherence between the noise sources fully. Moreover, this paper points out that it will cause the maximum 30% miscalculation when neglecting the effects of the correlation coefficient 7. Using the series-series circuits as an example, this paper discusses the methods for the En-In noise analysis of electronic circuits preliminarily and demonstrates its correctness through the comparison between the simulated and measured results of the minimum noise figure Fmin of a single current series negative feedback circuit.

Low Frequency Characteristics of Tropical Pacific Wind Stress Anomalies in Observations and Simulations from a Simple and a Comprehensive Models

Low frequency characteristics of tropical Pacific wind stress anomalies in observation and simulations from the CZ simple atmospheric model and COLA R15 AGCM are analyzed.The results show that ENSO event may be a multi-scale process,that is,ENSO time scale has the period longer than three years; biennial oscillation and annual variability.Dynamical characteristics are involved in the evolution process of wind stress anomaly with ENSO time scale: 1) the development and eastward movement of a cyclonic anomaly circulation in subtropical northwestern Pacific and weakening of Southern Oscillation result in the eastward propagation of westerly anomaly along the equator,therefore,interactions between flows in subtropics and in tropics play an important role in the evolution of wind stress anomaly with ENSO time scale; 2) easterly and westerly anomalies with ENSO time scale are one kind of propagating wave,which differs from Barnett's (1991).It is interesting that the evolution of observed and simulated wind stress anomalies with biennial time scale bears a strong resemble to that with ENSO time scale although their period is different.Observed annual variability is weak during 1979-1981 and intensified after 1981,especially it reaches to maximum during 1982-1984,and the spatial structure of the first mode is the ENSO-like pattern.

Modeling and Analysis of Low Frequency Noise in Ion-Field-Effect Transistors Sensors

Ions Sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) are becoming the platform sensors for important chemical and biomedical applications. However, the accuracy of ISFET output measurement is greatly affected by the presences of low-frequency noise, drift and slow response of the device. This requires more safety in measured results and the tools of analysis. In this paper, we present fundamental limits on the sensitivity of ISFETs micro-sensors, arising from intrinsic and extrinsic noise sources. We developed an algorithm in MATLAB in order to model the frequency analysis of the 1/f noise in ISFET sensor using Hooge theory. We have shown that the 1/f noise of the ISFETs sensors is due to both the electrochemical system (pH solution) and the MOS component (canal size, insulator thickness). The temperature effect on the ISFET noise and the signal conditioning are also performed.

Design of multi-layered porous fibrous metals for optimal sound absorption in the low frequency range

We present a design method for calculating and optimizing sound absorption coefficient of multi-layered porous fibrous metals （PFM） in the low frequency range. PFM is simplified as an equivalent idealized sheet with all metallic fibers aligned in one direction and distributed in periodic hexagonal patterns. We use a phenomenological model in the literature to investigate the effects of pore geometrical parameters （fiber diameter and gap） on sound absorption performance. The sound absorption coefficient of multi- layered PFMs is calculated using impedance translation theorem, To demonstrate the validity of the present model, we compare the predicted results with the experimental data. With the average sound absorption （low frequency range） as the objective function and the fiber gaps as the design variables, an optimization method for multi-layered fibrous metals is proposed. A new fibrous layout with given porosity of multi-layered fibrous metals is suggested to achieve optimal low frequency sound absorption. The sound absorption coefficient of the optimal multi-layered fibrous metal is higher than the single- layered fibrous metal, and a significant effect of the fibrous material on sound absorption is found due to the surface Dorosity of the multi-layered fibrous.

Low Frequency Dispersion Mechanism of Dielectric Response for Oil-paper Insulation Diagnosis

Both the real part and imaginary part of complex permittivity approximately have a log-linear frequency dependency at low fre- quencies, especially at ultra-low frequencies under conditions of different moisture concentrations and temperatures, which is recognized as the low frequency dispersion (LFD). In order to explain this dispersion, a new mechanism of dielectric response of LFD of oil-paper insula- tion is proposed. A simplified one-dimensional mathematical model of concentration polarization carrier caused by slow migration is developed and solved, which indicates that ion mobility is closely related to the size of gap and the adsorption capacity of cellulose molecu- lar chains to ions. A stochastic statistical model of the carrier mobility induced LFD is also developed. Moreover, actual tests under 50 °C and 2% moisture content were put forward, as well as simulations with according current waveforms. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental data in that concentration polarization of carriers caused by slow migration is the probable cause of low frequency dispersion of dielectric response for oil-paper insulation diagnosis.

Lg-Q model and its implication on high-frequency ground motion for earthquakes in the Sichuan and Yunnan region

Low-rise buildings are susceptible to high-frequency ground motion.The high-frequency ground motions at regional distances are mainly controlled by crustal Lg waves whose amplitudes are typically much larger than those of body waves.In this study,we develop a Lg-wave Q model for the Sichuan and Yunnan region in the frequency band of 0.3–2.0 Hz using regional seismic records of 1166 earthquakes recorded at 152 stations.Comparison between the observed pattern of ground motion from real earthquake and model prediction demonstrates the robustness and effectiveness of our Lg-Q model.Then,assuming that the Lg-wave Q structure is the main factor affecting the propagation of the high-frequency ground motions,we calculate the spatial distributions of high-frequency ground motions from scenario earthquakes at different locations in the region using the average Lg-wave attenuation model over the frequency band of 0.3–2.0 Hz.We also use the Lg-Q model to estimate the distribution of cumulative energy of high-frequency ground motions based on the historical seismicity of the Sichuan and Yunnan region.Results show that the Lg-Q model can be used effectively in estimating the spatial distribution of high-frequency seismic energies and thus can contribute to the assessment of seismic hazard to low-rise buildings.

The Low-Frequency Oscillation Restrain Method Research of Converter-Fed Multi-Phase Induction Motor Propulsion system

The inverter-fed induction motor drive system may become unstable at low frequencies and light load, and phase current and speed of the induction motor may oscillate periodically, which will threaten safety and reliability of the system. This paper chooses nine-phase induction motor simulated propulsion system as the research object, small disturbance model of three-phase induction motor is built, and average equivalent model of the converter is built by introducing switch function. On the basis above, small disturbance mathematic model of the whole system is obtained. As for the limitation of parameters adjustment method of restrain low-frequency oscillation, the restrain method combining current close-loop with dead-time compensation is put forward. Finally, the proposed restrain method is verified respectively on the built simulation and experimental analogue platform. And the simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed method can not only satisfy the requirement of low-frequency oscillation restraining, but also be expanded widely, and the stability of the system can get improved greatly.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF OROGRAPHIC INFLUENCE ON LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATION

Orographic effects on monthly-and seasonal-scale low frequency oscillation are investiged in terms of a five-level global spectral model with a triangle truncation at wavenumber 10 that contains relatively full physical parameterization, followed by analysis and comparison of the lowpass filtered data separately obtained from models with and without orography. Results show that remarkable seasonal characteristics are displayed in the orographic forcing-generated low frequency wavetrain on monthly and seasonal scales. It is found that the Northern Hemisphere summer orography-produced tropical heating acts as source of the low-frequency wavetrain for both hemispheres. Besides, the simulations indicate that the orographic wavetrain perturbation can give rise to the anomaly in the equatorial zonal flow, whose transient forcing will cause a new wavetrain in the Southern Hemisphere, thus completing the cross-equatorial propagation of the northern wave in interhemispheric action.

Coupled Modeling of Electromagnetic Fleld,Fluid Flow,Heat Transfer and Solidification During Conventional DC Casting and Low Ftequency Electrmagnetic Casting of 7xxx Aluminum Alloys

A comprehensive mathematical model has been developed to describe the interaction of the multiple physics fields during the conventional DC casting and LFEC (low frequency electromagnetic casting) process. The model is based on a combination of the commercial finite element package ANSYS and the commercial finite volume package FLUENT, with the former for the calculation of the electromagnetic field and the latter for the calculation of the magnetic driven fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification. Moreover, the model has been verified against the temperature measurements obtained from two 7XXX aluminum alloy billets of 200mm diameter, cast during the conventional DC casting and the LFEC casting processes. In addition, a measurement of the sump shape of the billets were carried out by using addition melting metal of Al-30%Cu alloy into the billets during casting process. There was a good agreement between the calculated results and the measured results. Further, comparison of the calculated results during the LFEC process with that during the conventional DC casting process indicated that velocity patterns, temperature profiles and the sump depth are strongly modified by the application of a low frequency electromagnetic field during the DC casting.

A mathematical model of synaptotagmin 7 revealing functional importance of short-term synaptic plasticity

Synaptotagmin 7(Syt7), a presynaptic calcium sensor, has a significant role in the facilitation in shortterm synaptic plasticity: Syt7 knock out mice show a significant reduction in the facilitation. The functional importance of short-term synaptic plasticity such as facilitation is not well understood. In this study, we attempt to investigate the potential functional relationship between the short-term synaptic plasticity and postsynaptic response by developing a mathematical model that captures the responses of both wild-type and Syt7 knock-out mice. We then studied the model behaviours of wild-type and Syt7 knock-out mice in response to multiple input action potentials. These behaviors could establish functional importance of short-term plasticity in regulating the postsynaptic response and related synaptic properties. In agreement with previous modeling studies, we show that release sites are governed by non-uniform release probabilities of neurotransmitters. The structure of non-uniform release of neurotransmitters makes shortterm synaptic plasticity to act as a high-pass filter. We also propose that Syt7 may be a modulator for the long-term changes of postsynaptic response that helps to train the target frequency of the filter. We have developed a mathematical model of short-term plasticity which explains the experimental data.

Electrical stimulation upregulates angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 mRNA expression in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia

Angiopoietin-1/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains 2 （Tie-2） is a newly discovered signaling pathway of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis benefits recovery of neurological functions such as swallowing. In the present study, a rat model of dysphagia following stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion to investigate the influence of low frequency electrical stimulus with bidirectional square waves and triangular waves on angiopoietin-1/-13e-2 mRNA expression. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results showed that low frequency electrical stimulus significantly improved the neurological scores of the model rats, and increased angiopoietin-1/＇13e-2 mRNA expression. This demonstrates that low frequency electrical stimulation can ameliorate neurological function in rats with focal brain ischemia, potentially through regulation of angiopoietin-1/-13e-2 expression in the angiogenesis pathway.

Effects of low frequency external excitation on oil slug mobilization and flow in a water saturated capillary model

The present research is to experimentally study the joint effects of external pressure and vibratory excitations of low frequency on oil slug mobilization and flow in a capillary model.During and after the oil slug mobilization,the flow phenomena and pressure drop variation across the model are investigated.The distance travelled by the oil slug subjected to various external pressure and vibratory excitations are also studied.The experimental results obtained indicate that the external vibratory excitation acting on the model has positive effect on the flow and mobilization of the oil slug in the model.It is found in the research,with the application of the excitation,the contact angle between the oil slug and tube-wall is changed;the maximum pressure required to mobilize the oil slug is reduced accordingly;and the oil slug travel distance is increased in comparing with that without external excitations.This research contributes to the comprehension of improved liquid mobilization in porous media under the application of external excitations.The finding of the research is significant for studying the two-phase liquid flow in porous media subjected to external excitations and provides insights for Enhanced Oil Recovery with waterflooding and vibratory stimulations.

THE DIABATIC WAVES IN BAROTROPIC MODEL

The equations of barotropic model are used to discuss the effects of diabatic factors such as heat-ing of convective condensation, evaporation-wind feedback and CISK on the Rossby wave and the Kelvin wave. In low latitudes we have obtained the angular frequency and analyzed the period and stability of waves. The result shows the existence of the diabatic factors not only enlarges the period of adiabatic waves but also changes the stability of waves. Thus we think that the so-called intraseasonal oscillation and some other low-frequency oscillations are a kind of diabatic waves which are important factors producing the long-term weather changes and short-term climatic evolution.

海上风电低频输电系统快速母线保护

海上风电低频输电系统母线故障后,换流器型电源等效电势与阻抗因控制的切换与调整过程,不再像传统电网可视为恒定。文中理论分析了母线电流差动保护适应性,明确故障控制策略对差动保护灵敏度的影响方式。利用母线区内外故障所对应的故障等效模型不同,提出基于时域全量模型识别的母线保护。该保护原理反映被保护元件自身拓扑的变化,理论上具有不受电源特性影响的优势,同样适用于其他换流器型电网。同时,所提保护在时域中实现,不存在相量提取问题,动作速度快。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了仿真模型,验证了所提母线保护的可靠性和快速性。

Wind-Driven,Double-Gyre,Ocean Circulation in a Reduced-Gravity,2.5-Layer,Lattice Boltzmann Model

A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes.

低复杂度永磁同步电机三矢量固定开关频率模型预测电流控制策略

针对传统永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)三矢量模型预测电流控制(three-vector model predictive current control,TV-MPCC)存在开关频率不固定和计算复杂的问题,提出一种固定开关频率TV-MPCC策略。利用前一周期的零电压矢量和参考电压矢量所在扇区来快速筛选所需最优电压矢量和次优电压矢量,避免了无效枚举计算,从而降低了开关频率和计算复杂度。引入系统d和q轴电流差参数,计算各电压矢量的作用时间,确保电压矢量作用时间恒大于零和开关频率固定。以三相两电平电压型逆变器驱动的表贴式PMSM为被控对象,通过仿真和实验对传统TV-MPCC策略和所提三矢量固定开关频率模型预测电流控制策略进行对比研究,仿真和实验结果表明,所提策略在保证系统稳态和动态性能的基础上,在固定和降低开关频率的同时,降低了计算复杂度。

极低频电流场透地通信路径损耗建模与分析

针对水平方向地电极电流场无线强穿透信息传输需求,研究了基于极低频水平双电极电流场信道传输特性。考虑到电极半径、电极入土深度、电极间距、发射信号频率和信号传输距离等参数对透地(Through-The-Earth,TTE)通信传输性能的影响,建立了地电极电流场TTE通信路径损耗模型,分析了各参数对路径损耗的影响,确定了信号传输最佳工作参数。根据选定参数搭建了极低频电流场TTE通信系统,在200 m和400 m通信距离下测试了3~10 Hz信号的路径损耗,通过试验数据与仿真结果对比分析验证了模型的准确性。

基于Y-MMC的柔性低频输电控制策略

采用传统矢量控制的Y型模块化多电平换流器(Y-MMC),存在控制结构复杂、参数整定困难等缺点。针对上述问题,采用模型预测控制方法对Y-MMC进行控制器设计,提出一种适用于柔性低频输电的分层协调控制策略。建立各桥臂开关状态组合下的预测模型,实现内环电流控制和电容电压均衡控制。采用分层优化思想建立直流电容电压跟踪、交流电流跟踪和开关频率优化的逐级评估系统。结合稳态逆模型和比例积分控制实现了功率换流站的功率控制和电压频率换流站的低频电压控制。通过MATLAB/Simulink对双端低频输电系统进行仿真,结果验证了所提控制方案在多种工况下的正确性和有效性。相较于传统的矢量控制,该策略简化了控制器设计,加快了响应速度。

基于小脑模型-模糊滑模控制的电力系统低频振荡控制策略研究

由于现代电力系统互联规模不断增大,柔性控制系统加入和长距离输电使得电网阻尼不断减小,运行方式的多变性不断改变系统潮流分布,极易引发低频振荡现象。针对此问题,该文提出一种基于小脑模型关节误差修正的模糊滑模附加阻尼控制策略。首先在模糊滑模控制(fuzzy sliding mode control,FSMC)的基础上,引入小脑模型关节控制(cerebellar model articulation control,CMAC)理论,构建CMAC-FSMC算法,提高滑模趋近阶段模糊逻辑对系统的补偿能力,最大程度提高系统稳定性能;其次通过构造CMAC-FSMC的调整指标与总控制率,减小控制误差,提高控制性能;最后通过线性降阶方法建立被控系统模型并确定区间振荡模态,采用几何测度法选择最佳反馈信号和安装位置,基于所提出的CMAC-FSMC方法进行广域阻尼控制器设计。通过对10机39节点系统进行仿真验证,结果表明CMAC-FSMC控制策略能够有效提高系统阻尼,显著抑制低频振荡。

高低频复合励磁磁心损耗量化的研究

针对高低频复合励磁磁元件磁心损耗难以精确测量和建模的问题,在详细分析现有磁心损耗测量方法和磁心损耗模型局限性的基础上,根据直流功率法测量原理搭建高低频复合励磁磁心损耗测量系统,利用损耗能精确测量的空心电感验证其测量精度。最后,基于直流偏置下脉宽调制(pulse width modulation,PWM)波励磁的磁心损耗模型,提出高低频复合励磁磁性元件的磁心损耗预测模型,并实验验证预测模型最大相对误差为-8.83%,具有较高的精度。