Surrounding rock control of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar and roadway side sealing technology in Yangliu Coal Mine

Gob-side entry driving can increase coal recovery ratio, and it is implied in many coal mines. Based on geological condition of 10416 working face tailentry in Yangliu Coal Mine, the surrounding rock deformation characteristics of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar is analysed, reasonable size of coal pillar and reasonable roadway excavation time after mining are achieved. Surrounding rock control technology and effective roadway side sealing technology are proposed and are taken into field practice. The results showed that a safer and more efficient mining of working face can be achieved. In addition, results of this paper also have important theoretical significance and valuable reference for surrounding rock control technology of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar under special geological condition.

Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

Given the difficulties encountered in roadway support under coal pillars,we studied the characteristics of stress distribution and their effect on roadway stability,using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.The results show that,under a coal pillar,vertical stress in a floor stratum increases while horizontal stress decreases.We conclude that the increased difference between vertical and horizontal stress is an important reason for deformation of the surrounding rock and failures of roadways under coal pillars.Based on this,we propose control technologies of the surrounding rock of a roadway under a coal pillar,such as high strength and high pre-stressed bolt support,cable reinforcement support single hydraulic prop with beam support and reinforcement by grouting of the surrounding rock,which have been successfully applied in a stability control project of a roadway under a coal pillar.

Evaluation of roof cutting by directionally single cracking technique in automatic roadway formation for thick coal seam mining

Automatic roadway formation by roof cutting is a sustainable nonpillar mining method that has the potential to increase coal recovery,reduce roadway excavation and improve mining safety.In this method,roof cutting is the key process for stress relief,which significantly affects the stability of the formed roadway.This paper presents a directionally single cracking(DSC)technique for roof cutting with considerations of rock properties.The mechanism of the DSC technique was investi-gated by explicit finite element analyses.The DSC technique and roof cutting parameters were evaluated by discrete element simulation and field experiment.On this basis,the optimized DSC technique was tested in the field.The results indicate that the DSC technique could effectively control the blast-induced stress distribution and crack propagation in the roof rock,thus,achieve directionally single cracking on the roadway roof.The DsC technique for roof cutting with optimized parameters could effectively reduce the deformation and improve the stability of the formed roadway.Field engineering application verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the evaluated DSC technique for roof cutting.

Roadway layout for recycling residual coal pillar in room-and-pillar mining of thick coal seam

In the context of a room-and-pillar mining gob in Shanxi province in China,this paper numerically investigates the stress distribution and deformation rules of roadway surrounding rocks at various locations of residual coal pillars in room-and-pillar mining gobs using software FLAC3 D.It is found that the concentrated stress beneath coal pillars distributes in a shape of ellipse.A reasonable roadway layout is then proposed.In this design,it is indicated that roadways should be designed to avoid the supporting zones of pillars with increasing compression and take into account the roof falling and crushing in the upper gob.According to the surrounding rock deformation characteristics and mining roadway locations as well as the supporting principles of timely support,rock reinforcing,piecewise management and suiting local conditions,a new asymmetric shield supporting plan is proposed.The field surveying results show that this supporting plan can effectively control the roadway rock deformation,thus guarantee the safe and smooth construction of roadways.

Joint Bearing Mechanism of Coal Pillar and Backfilling Body in Roadway Backfilling Mining Technology

In the traditional mining technology,the coal resources trapped beneath surface buildings,railways,and water bodies cannot be mined massively,thereby causing the lower coal recovery and dynamic disasters.In order to solve the aforementioned problems,the roadway backfilling mining technology is developed and the joint bearing mechanism of coal pillar and backfilling body is presented in this paper.The mechanical model of bearing system of coal pillar and backfilling body is established,by analyzing the basic characteristics of overlying strata deformation in roadway backfilling mining technology.According to the Ritz method in energy variation principle,the elastic solution expression of coal pillar deformation is deduced in roadway backfilling mining technology.Based on elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle,combining with the burgers rheological constitutive model and Laplace transform theory,the viscoelastic solution expression of coal pillar deformation is obtained in roadway backfilling mining technology.By analyzing the compressive mechanical property of backfilling body,the time formula required for coal pillar and backfilling body to play the joint bearing function in roadway backfilling mining technology is obtained.The example analysis indicates that the time is 140 days.The results can be treated as an important basis for theoretical research and process design in roadway backfilling mining technology.

Bearing characteristics of coal pillars based on modified limit equilibrium theory

There are two states for the coal-mass on the goal-side which is in stress equilibrium： the state of limit equilibrium （the bearing stress in the coal-mass equals its ultimate bearing stress） and the state of non- ultimate equilibrium （the bearing stress in the coal-mass is less than its ultimate bearing stress）. To ana- lyze the bearing characteristics of a coal pillar in the state of limit equilibrium and guide the design of pillar width, we established a mechanical analytical model of the non-ultimate equilibrium zone in the coal-mass on the goal-side combined with the limit equilibrium theory as well as adopting the methods of theory analysis and mechanical analysis based on the assumption of a state of non-ultimate equilibrium. The width correction coeffident of the limit equilibrium zone has been given. The influence of mining depth, stress concentration coefficient of the surrounding rock, the non-limit strength of the coal-mass and stability of the coal rock interface has been studied. On this basis, we have confirmed that when the width ofa longwall mining face roadway protection coal pillar is between 11.6 m and 13.16 m in No. 4 coal seam of Xinrui coal mine in Lvliang in Shanxi province the elastic core region in the coal pillar can be assured and the roadway will be located in the area of lower stress which is outside the peak stress. So the revised width of the limit eauilibrium zone is more oractical.

相邻空区影响下三软巷道变形破坏规律与煤柱留设宽度研究

为了探究相邻空区影响下三软煤层巷道掘进时不同煤柱宽度下巷道围岩变形破坏规律,采用理论计算、数值模拟、物理相似模拟与现场实测相结合的研究方法,分析存在临空区后不同区段煤柱宽度下巷道围岩应力演化规律、塑性破坏范围以及位移分布特征。结果表明:临空区是造成巷道掘进后非对称破坏的主要原因,使煤柱主应力方向与垂向夹角增大,巷道两帮应力呈煤柱侧大于实体煤侧的非对称分布特征;三软巷道破坏形式以剪切破坏为主,破坏主体为两帮,随着煤柱宽度增大,主应力方向与垂向夹角减小,巷道围岩破坏程度降低,临空区对巷道不同位置的影响程度不同,巷道中部围岩破坏程度大于端头处且煤柱侧破坏程度大于实体煤侧;煤柱宽度增大对巷道围岩应力以及煤柱破坏的改善程度有限,现场结果显示当煤柱宽度为20 m时巷道正常维护满足需求。

煤层群下行开采底板应力演化规律与合理巷道错距研究

为解决近距离煤层开采遗留煤柱下伏回采巷道合理布置工程问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,基于半无限平面体理论建立遗留煤柱底板岩层应力分布力学模型,系统研究了遗留煤柱下伏底板岩层应力分布特征及减压区相对位置关系,提出遗留煤柱非均布载荷影响的底板水平/垂向距离判别方法,揭示了遗留煤柱水平/垂向间距对下伏煤层回采巷道应力变化率的影响程度。结果表明:垂直应力集中是导致下伏巷道失稳的主控因素,以垂直应力变化量0.2γH作为评判应力影响程度的临界指标,探究了不同因素影响下的应力扰动程度,随着遗留煤柱尺寸、煤层间距、埋深与岩层垮落角逐渐减小,底板岩层应力影响深度呈递减趋势;随着水平错距增大,巷道围岩垂直应力值、应力变化率差值不断减小,界定两者数值低于0.2γH与0.01时,围岩达到可控稳定状态;现场试验21320回风巷采用外错式25 m进行实测验证,优化布置后巷道顶板相对位移量控制在45 mm以内,服务期间巷道围岩工况稳定,验证了所得安全错距的合理性。

大巷煤柱工作面过空巷矿压规律及控制技术

【目的】由于矿井工作面布置方式的调整,煤柱工作面经常会面临通过废弃巷道时覆岩顶板难以控制的情况。【方法】为解决这一问题,以河南赵固二矿二盘区外侧煤柱工作面过空巷为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等方法,研究工作面与空巷覆岩破断组合结构,模拟不同支护强度下顶板应力-位移全周期演化规律,分析工作面矿压显现特征,提出相应的控制技术。【结果和结论】结果表明,基本顶不同破断形式对矿压显现特征影响显著,关键块断裂位置可分为煤柱上方、空巷上方和实体煤上方3种类型。通过建立工作面过空巷力学模型,研究基本顶超前破断力学机理,基本顶受到空巷-煤柱-工作面支护系统支撑作用,形成“砌体梁”稳定承载结构,判定基本顶滑落失稳时空巷支护强度的临界值为4.6MPa。数值模拟显示,工作面超前支承压力与空巷应力集中产生的叠加效应对煤柱影响显著,当工作面推进至距空巷5m时,煤柱失稳破坏,基本顶易发生超前破断。在工作面过空巷过程中,煤柱超前支承压力分布特征由“双峰型”转变为“孤峰型”。不同支护强度下的顶板应力分布特征存在明显差异,确定空巷支护强度为4.5MPa能够防止基本顶超前破断。最后,在研究区二盘区外侧煤柱工作面采用“锚网索”支护方式对空巷顶板进行补强支护,过空巷期间液压支架工作阻力在研究区域处于安全范围内,未发生顶板垮落和压架等事故,解决了二盘区外侧煤柱工作面过空巷技术难题,可为类似工作面提供参考依据。

胀锁型锚索双向加固窄煤柱试验研究与工程应用

针对沿空掘巷窄煤柱非对称变形问题,提出了对穿锚索双向加固窄煤柱技术,设计了伸长型和胀锁型两种对穿锚索结构及工艺,开展了对穿锚索拉拔试验,试验表明两种锚索结构均满足抗拉要求,从锚索破坏形态、施工便捷性和材料经济性等方面对比分析,确定胀锁型对穿锚索为窄煤柱双向加固的首选。进一步通过相似模型试验与数值模拟研究了不同加固方式下煤柱承载变形规律和对穿锚索受力特征。结果表明:双排紧密型对穿锚索加固试件较未加固试件峰值荷载提高了96.04%,且随着锚索排数及数量的增加,窄煤柱双向加固稳定性越来越高,胀锁型对穿锚索提高了煤柱破坏前的能量储存量和临界破坏点。最后,在济宁三号煤矿123_(下)04工作面运输巷开展胀锁式对穿锚索加固窄煤柱工程试验,监测显示对穿锚索锚固力超过220 kN,锚索加固区煤柱帮鼓量降低70%,窄煤柱整体稳定性好,窄煤柱双向加固技术可行,为沿空掘巷工程提供了新技术途径。

非对称载荷作用下倾斜区段煤柱稳定性分析及控制技术

为解决工作面回采及巷道掘进影响下倾斜区段煤柱稳定性劣化的复杂问题,运用弹性力学半逆解法及摩尔-库伦准则建立力学模型,结合三维有限元数值模拟,深入分析了倾斜区段煤柱一侧受载结构形态特征,明确了倾斜煤柱失稳致灾力源及载荷的分布特性,探究了采掘扰动下倾斜区段煤柱塑性变形-失稳-破坏的动态演化过程,揭示了非对称载荷作用下倾斜区段煤柱临界失稳致灾机理,以此为基础优化了倾斜煤柱及周围巷道稳定性控制技术。结果表明:区段煤柱因煤层倾角导致的倾斜形态是煤柱所承受载荷呈非对称状的关键诱因,这一特性致使倾斜煤柱最底端区域覆载最大,且当此区域失稳破坏时,呈现由煤柱下端底角塑性区向煤柱上端底角塑性区扩展的运移过程,并因此得出倾斜区段煤柱临界尺寸随煤层倾角增大而增加的演化规律。由此,针对大南湖一矿倾斜区段煤柱及周围巷道变形失稳的问题,采用支护优化及注浆加固等措施,降低了倾斜区段煤柱侧巷道的变形速率,为类似矿井的煤柱稳定性控制提供了借鉴。

近距离煤层底板应力分布规律及巷道布置研究

为探究上煤层遗留煤柱对底板的应力影响及下煤层回采巷道的合理布置,以唐山沟煤矿为研究对象,运用理论分析和数值模拟等方法并综合多种影响因素构建了上煤层遗留煤柱与铰接岩块的协同承载结构模型和底板应力传递计算模型,对上煤层遗留煤柱下底板应力及影响因素展开研究。结果表明:上煤层遗留煤柱对底板的应力影响以垂直应力为主,影响程度随底板深度的增加而降低;遗留煤柱下底板应力增高区呈椭球形,对底板应力增高区的影响因素展开分析,得到了不同因素对应力增高区范围影响的量化关系,其中煤柱峰值应力对底板应力增高区分布起决定性作用;根据底板应力分布特征并结合理论计算及数值模拟结果,确定唐山沟煤矿8煤遗留煤柱与11^(-1)煤回采巷道合理错距值应为20~25 m。该研究揭示了上煤层遗留煤柱下底板应力传递机理,明确了底板应力增高区的分布及影响因素,并得到了巷道-煤柱合理错距值的确定方法,可为下煤层回采巷道的合理布置提供理论依据。

区段煤柱下大断面回采巷道不同成巷方式分析研究

为了探究在区段煤柱下大断面巷道在掘进时受到扰动最小的一种成巷方式,以乌兰色太煤矿掘进52202工作面运输顺槽为研究背景,针对该工作面实际地质资料,通过数值模拟分析了大断面巷道在不同成巷方式条件下的塑性区形态、应力场及位移场分布规律。结果表明,先掘进5.4 m宽正常巷道,后扩帮2 m的成巷方式为最优成巷方式,将其应用于工程实践,为同类型区段煤柱下大断面巷道提供参考依据。

综放面“双硬”煤层临空煤柱宽度及承载强度校核

具有“双硬”特征煤层的工作面其护巷煤柱的极限尺寸确定与常规工作面有所不同。以榆树岭煤矿505工作面沿空掘进巷道为背景,首先测试了煤岩样的力学性质和不同高径比煤样的抗压强度,得到了不同高径比煤样峰值强度曲线;其次分析了沿空掘巷覆岩结构模型,建立了沿空掘巷护巷煤柱顶板力学模型,得到了不同宽度煤柱所受的载荷应力;建立了不同高宽比煤柱的数值模型,得到了不同高宽比煤柱的极限强度校核公式;最后通过对比不同宽度煤柱所受的载荷应力和极限强度,得出4m宽度的煤柱即可满足支护要求,并在此基础上提出了沿空掘进巷道支护工艺。现场监测结果表明,煤柱宽度为4m时,巷道整体变形量较小,巷道稳定性得到有效维护。研究结果可为小煤柱护巷宽度的确定提供参考。

深部特厚煤层综放沿空掘巷煤柱优化及巷道支护

为研究深部大采高综放工作面窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道矿压控制问题,以国能宁煤集团枣泉煤矿2^(-2)特厚煤层130203大采高综放工作面回风巷道为背景,基于实用矿山压力理论,建立了巷道围岩内、外应力场动态结构力学模型,运用理论计算和数值计算针对不同尺寸煤柱煤体应力对比分析,将原留设15 m护巷煤柱缩小至5 m进行了煤柱优化。结果表明:在稳定的内应力场掘巷有利于巷道的稳定性,避免了顶板事故及冲击地压相关灾害的发生,现场5 m小煤柱护巷工程应用中,130203回风巷道小煤柱侧变形量为1050 mm,实体煤帮变形量为400 mm,两帮呈现不对称性变形,底板局部底鼓量为1400 mm;深部特厚煤层综放开采沿空掘巷采用5 m小煤柱护巷方案设计正确,极大改善了巷道围岩的应力环境,整体设计满足生产要求,现场应用良好。130203工作面小煤柱沿空掘巷技术成功应用,为矿井开采提供了可靠的科学依据。

坚硬顶板切顶卸压技术对巷道围岩变形规律影响

针对特厚煤层坚硬顶板、宽煤柱条件下临空巷道面临的高围岩应力、大变形等问题,以老石旦煤矿16403综放工作面为工程研究背景,从宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构角度对临空巷道大变形的影响因素进行了理论分析,采用数值模拟方法研究了对16402运输巷实施不同切顶卸压方案时,临近采空区的16403回风巷侧向顶板采动应力传递规律,并在现场施工水力压裂钻孔进行切顶卸压,实现临空巷道围岩变形控制。研究结果表明:“低位坚硬岩层悬臂梁+高位坚硬岩层砌体梁”破断结构是特厚煤层宽煤柱临空巷道大变形的主要原因,可采用切顶卸压技术破坏宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构来控制临空巷道围岩大变形;切顶角变化可使关键块B长度发生改变,切顶角越大,则关键块B长度越小,临空侧顶板载荷向煤柱传递的程度越弱,临空巷道围岩承受的采动应力越小,切顶角为100°时临空巷道围岩垂直应力与变形量最小;在16402运输巷以切顶角100°施工水力压裂钻孔后,16403回风巷顶底板变形量较未实施切顶卸压的16402回风巷减小86.5%,两帮变形量减小87.1%,临空巷道围岩稳定性得到极大提高。

深井高应力大巷煤柱释能改性防冲机理及应用

针对当前我国深井高应力大巷煤柱频繁发生冲击地压的现状,采用现场调查、理论分析、数值模拟和工程试验等方法,研究了我国大巷煤柱冲击地压发生类型与机理,提出了一种高应力大巷煤柱释能改性防治冲击地压的新方法,基于该方法开展了防冲原理研究、技术体系设计、井下工业试验等一系列研究工作,得到:基于大巷煤柱冲击地压的主导力源类型,结合多起冲击地压典型案例,将我国大巷煤柱冲击地压划分为基础应力叠加型、附加应力诱发型和自身蠕变失稳型3类,分别建立并推导了3类大巷煤柱冲击地压发生机理的力学模型与工程判据,揭示了3类大巷煤柱冲击地压的发生机制。提出一种深井高应力大巷煤柱压裂−注浆协同防治冲击地压的方法,其防冲原理体现在“释能”和“改性”2个方面,井下工业试验发现弹核煤体起裂压力约40 MPa,整体最大压裂宽度达19.5 m,现场监测验证该方法能够降低大巷煤柱能量积聚水平,提高大巷煤柱整体冲击阈值。设计了深井高应力大巷煤柱释能改性防冲成套技术体系,包括孤立煤体冲击危险“评估−检验−校核”方法、弹性核水力压裂增缝释能技术和整体注浆加固改性技术。研发了大巷煤柱弹性核压裂“震动−应力−位移”三场监测设备和PS-Z-A/B型无机双组份速凝整体注浆改性材料。

近距离煤层多次采动影响巷道围岩破坏特征与控制

针对隆德煤矿近距离煤层上下同采工作面巷道围岩稳定性控制问题,采用现场实测和理论分析方法,对多次采动影响下巷道支护体受力特征和煤柱应力演化特征进行研究。结果表明,巷道锚杆/索受力经历7个变化阶段,包括采动影响前初始稳定阶段、单工作面超前影响阶段、双工作面超前影响阶段、采动卸压区快速升高阶段、采动应力恢复区慢速升高阶段、二次稳定阶段和双工作面开采扰动升高阶段;煤柱采动应力演化经历5个阶段,包括采动影响前初始稳定阶段、单工作面超前影响区缓慢上升阶段、采动卸压区快速上升阶段、采空区压实自由演化阶段和双工作面开采扰动升高阶段。随着钻孔应力计安装深度增加,煤柱应力呈现先升高后降低趋势,煤柱浅部3 m左右进入塑性状态,承载能力降低;基于上述观测结果,对新掘巷道支护参数进行优化,在保证围岩长期稳定性的同时还可以降低支护费用,实测结果表明,支护参数优化后巷道表面位移量在工程允许范围内,巷道围岩裂隙发育程度较低。

神东矿区综采工作面过同层位空巷强矿压显现机理及控制方法

神东矿区各矿井在回采过程中由于工作面布置方式调整,工作面前方常会出现以往工作面空巷。为避免工作面过空巷期间发生顶板事故,总结了神东矿区多个工作面和空巷赋存条件、过空巷处理方法与矿压控制效果,分析了工作面过空巷期间顶板超前断裂失稳机理。综合考虑空巷、泵送支柱、煤柱与支架对顶板的不同支撑作用,采用数值模拟研究了不同煤柱尺寸、周期来压破断位置、空巷跨度与泵送支柱强度条件下,工作面过空巷期间顶板下沉和弯曲拉应力分布情况,结果表明:随着空巷与工作面斜角度从90°垂直减小至0°平行,空巷对工作面影响的推进长度减小,但过空巷期间工作面矿压显现范围增大,强度更加剧烈。工作面过空巷期间矿压显现强度主要受煤柱尺寸、过空巷前上一次顶板断裂位置、空巷跨度和空巷支护情况等因素的控制。随着工作面靠近空巷,煤柱必然逐渐失稳,且大多数空巷在工作面开采前已经存在,其跨度难以改变。神东矿区通过加强巷道顶板支护和通过等压调整顶板周期破断位置以实现工作面过空巷期间的矿压控制。随着泵送支柱峰值强度和弹性模量的增大,对空巷顶板的控制效果明显,但在顶板悬露过长时可能发生失稳破坏并失去承载能力。当顶板周期断裂位置分别位于过空巷前后,过空巷期间顶板能够承担主要上覆载荷,采场矿压得到有效控制;反之,顶板将在过空巷期间发生超前断裂,导致发生冒顶和压架事故。最后以神东矿区哈拉沟煤矿综采工作面过空巷为例,分析了泵送支柱和等压开采在工作面过空巷期间的矿压控制效果,为神东矿区乃至其他矿区工作面过空巷期间矿压控制提供借鉴。

煤矿综采工作面沿空掘巷支护及智能预警技术研究

针对深井综采工作面传统留设宽煤柱方法护巷困难、巷道围岩失稳等问题,以彬县煤炭有限责任公司蒋家河煤矿为工程背景,通过理论分析、数值计算和现场试验的方法研究了原巷道围岩环境以及应力、变形时空演变规律以及巷道应力响应特征,针对性地提出了留设小煤柱沿空掘巷护巷方法,同时对护巷煤柱尺寸进行了适应性分析。现场实践表明,通过对采煤工作面建立监测断面,实现了巷道围岩应力以及支护体的实时监测;通过在地面建立数据分析站对井下各项监测数据进行处理和分析,对超过阈值的数据进行整合评估预警,最终实现沿空巷道围岩智能预警。