The Prediction of Self-Healing Capacity of Bacteria-Based Concrete Using Machine Learning Approaches

Advances in machine learning(ML)methods are important in industrial engineering and attract great attention in recent years.However,a comprehensive comparative study of the most advanced ML algorithms is lacking.Six integrated ML approaches for the crack repairing capacity of the bacteria-based self-healing concrete are proposed and compared.Six ML algorithms,including the Support Vector Regression(SVR),Decision Tree Regression(DTR),Gradient Boosting Regression(GBR),Artificial Neural Network(ANN),Bayesian Ridge Regression(BRR)and Kernel Ridge Regression(KRR),are adopted for the relationship modeling to predict crack closure percentage(CCP).Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)is used for the hyper-parameters tuning.The importance of parameters is analyzed.It is demonstrated that integrated ML approaches have great potential to predict the CCP,and PSO is efficient in the hyperparameter tuning.This research provides useful information for the design of the bacteria-based self-healing concrete and can contribute to the design in the rest of industrial engineering.

Distribution of Calcium Carbonate in the Process of Concrete Self-healing

The complete deposition distribution process of calcium carbonate is summarized in three directions of cracks. Distribution of calcium carbonate in the self-healing process of microbial concrete is studied in detail, with the help of a variety of analytical techniques. The results show that carbonate deposits along the x-axis direction of the cracks. The farther from the crack surfaces of concrete matrix in x-axis direction, the more the content of the substrate, the less content of calcium carbonate. Gradual accumulation of calcium carbonate along the y-axis direction is like building a house with bricks. Different repair points are gradually connected, and ultimately the whole of cracks are completely filled. In the z-axis direction, calcium deposits on the surface of fracture direction, when the crack is filled on the surface, because the internal crack hypoxia in the depths of cracks hardly produces calcium carbonate.

Self-healing of Cracks in Concrete with Various Crystalline Mineral Additives in Underground Environment

Cracks can deteriorate mechanical properties and/or durability of concrete. A few studies have shown that, cracks can autogenously heal under a certain conditions besides the traditional passive repair with a deliberate external intervention. For underground concrete structures, the presence of water, as a necessity for chemical reactions of the healing additives, is beneficial to healing concrete. In this paper, a natural healing method by mineral additives was developed according to the chemical and physical characteristics of underground environment. The healing capacity of three different crystalline mineral materials classified namely, carbonate, calcium sulphoaluminate expansive agent and natural metakaolin due to permeation- crystallization, expansion and pozzolanic reaction, has been assessed from the mechanical properties, referring to the relative elastic modulus, the strength restoration, and the water permeability of the healed specimens. In addition, the morphology of the healing products in the vicinity of the crack was observed. The results indicate that the specimens incorporated with the three mineral additives show different healing capacity according to the improved mechanical properties and permeability. The permeability of the host matrix decreased a lot after crack healing by natural metakaolin followed by carbonate whereas no noticeable improvement of water permeability has been observed for the specimens mixed with expansive agent. The specimens incorporated with carbonate show the best mechanical restoration in terms of relative elastic modulus and compressive strength. Although the dominate element is CaCO3 by reaction of CO32-, either from the dissolved CO2 or from the additives, and Ca2＋ in the cementitious system to fill the cracks, the healing capacity depends greatly on the morphology and the properties of the newly formed products.

Effects of hydrogel-encapsulated bacteria on the healing efficiency and compressive strength of concrete

Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation is a promising technology for self-healing concrete due to its capability to seal microcracks.The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding hydrogelencapsulated bacteria on the compressive strength and the self-healing efficiency of concrete.To achieve this objective,12 sets of mortar samples were prepared,including three different mineral precursors(magnesium acetate,calcium lactate,and sodium lactate),at two concentrations(67.76 and 75.00 mM/L),and under two different biological conditions(with and without bacteria).In addition,a set of plain mortar samples was prepared to serve as a control.For each sample set,three mortar cubes and three beams were prepared and subjected to compression and flexural strength tests.From the compression tests,it was found that the sample containing calcium lactate along with yeast extract and bacteria displayed the best results.As for the flexural tests,once cracked,the beams were subjected to 28 d of wet/dry cycles(16 h of water immersion and 8 h of drying),where the bottom crack width was monitored(at 0,3,7,14,28 d of wet/dry cycles).Once the sample with the highest healing efficiency was identified(the one containing calcium lactate and hydrogel-encapsulated bacteria),the study was scaled up to concrete specimens.Two sets of concrete cylinders(consisting of three control samples and three samples with bacteria along with calcium lactate)were tested under compression in order to evaluate the effect of the bacteria-precursor combination on the concrete mechanical properties.The samples that yielded the greatest compressive strength were the ones containing calcium lactate and bacteria,displaying an improvement of 17%as compared to the control specimen.Furthermore,a flexural strength recovery analysis was performed on the concrete specimens revealing that the control showed better flexural strength recovery than the bacteriacontaining variant(41.5%vs.26.1%)after 28 d of wet/dry cycles.A healing efficiency analysis was also performed on the cracked samples,revealing that the control displayed the best results.These results are due to the fact that the control specimen showed a narrower crack width in comparison to the bacteria-containing samples.

A state-of-the-art review of the development of self-healing concrete for resilient infrastructure

The brittleness of cement composites makes cracks almost inevitable,producing a serious limitation on the lifespan,resilience,and safety of concrete infrastructure.To address this brittleness,self-healing concrete has been developed for regaining its mechanical and durability properties after becoming cracked,thereby promising sustainable development of concrete infrastructure.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest developments in self-healing concrete.It begins by summarizing the methods used to evaluate the self-healing efficiency of concrete.Next,it compares strategies for achieving healing concrete.It then discusses the typical approaches for developing self-healing concrete.Finally,critical insights are proposed to guide future studies on the development of novel self-healing concrete.This review will be useful for researchers and practitioners interested in the field of self-healing concrete and its potential to improve the durability,resilience,and safety of concrete infrastructure.

Microbial-inspired self-healing of concrete cracks by sodium silicate-coated recycled concrete aggregates served as bacterial carrier

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation(MICP)is a promising technique for the autonomous healing of concrete cracks.In this study,the effect of pH on MICP was investigated.The results indicate that the MICP process was inhibited when the pH was higher than 11.Both vaterite and calcite were produced when the pH was<8,whereas only calcite was produced when the pH was>8.Recycled concrete aggregates(RCA)coated with sodium silicate have been proposed as protective carriers for microbial healing agents.Although the presence of the coated RCA resulted in a loss of the splitting tension strength of the concrete,the loaded healing agents were highly efficient in self-healing cracks.Concrete incorporated with 20%RCA loaded with healing agents exhibited the best self-healing performance.When the initial crack widths were between 0.3 and 0.4 mm,the 7-d mean healing rate was approximately 90%.At 28 d,the crack area filling ratio was 86.4%,while its water tightness recovery ratio was 74.4%and 29.8%,respectively,for rapid and slow absorption.This study suggests that RCA coated with sodium silicate is an effective method for packaging microbial healing agents and has great potential for developing cost-effective self-healing concrete.

A full-section asphalt concrete waterproof sealing structure for the high-speed railway subgrade

Purpose–This study aims to investigate the service performances of a new full-section asphalt concrete waterproof sealing structure(FSACWSS)for the high-speed railway subgrade through on-site tracking,monitoring and post-construction investigation.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the working state of the waterproof sealing structure,the main functional characteristics were analyzed,and a kind of roller-compacted high elastic modulus asphalt concrete(HEMAC)was designed and evaluated by several groups of laboratory tests.It is applied to an engineering test section,and the long-term performance monitoring and subgrade dynamic performance testing system were installed to track and monitor working performances of the test section and the adjacent contrast section with fiber-reinforced concrete.Findings–Results show that both the dynamic performance of the track structure and the subgrade in the test section meet the requirements of the specification limits.The water content in the subgrade of the test section is maintained at 8–18%,which is less affected by the weather.However,the water content in the subgrade bed of the contrast section is 10–35%,which fluctuates significantly with the weather.The heat absorption effect of asphalt concrete in the test section makes the temperature of the subgrade at the shoulder larger than that in the contrastive section.The monitoring value of the subgrade vertical deformation in the test section is slightly larger than that in the contrastive section,but all of them meet the limit requirements.The asphalt concrete in the test section is in good contact with the base,and there are no diseases such as looseness or spalling.Only a number of cracks are found at the joints of the base plates.However,there are more longitudinal and lateral cracks in the contrastive section,which seriously affects the waterproof and sealing effects.Besides,the asphalt concrete is easier to repair,featuring good maintainability.Originality/value–This research can provide a basis for popularization and application of the asphalt concrete waterproof sealing structure in high-speed railways.

The Impermeability Mechanism of Self-compacting Water Proof Concrete

The impermeability mechanism of water-proof self-compacting concrete (WPSCC )w as studied. The mechanism and influential factors, such as water-cement ratio(w /c), dosage of powder, superplasticizer, sand content, aggregate conte nt, fly ash, UEA, PP fiber, on compactibility and crack resistance of WPSCC were analyzed. A type of WPSCC successfully applied in tunnel liner with its validit ies, conveniences and economies by mockup test was developed and optimized. Expe rimental results show that the WPSCC has good workability, mechanical properties and impermeability when reasonable requirements are fulfilled.

Multifunctional, Sustainable, and Biological Non-Ureolytic Self-Healing Systems for Cement-Based Materials

Microbially induced calcium carbonate(CaCO_(3))precipitation(MICP)has been investigated as a sustain-able alternative to conventional concrete remediation methods for improving the mechanical properties and durability of concrete structures.To date,urea-dependent MICP is the most widely employed MICP pathway in biological self-healing concrete research as its use has resulted in efficient CaCO_(3) precipita-tion rates.NH_(3) is a byproduct of ureolysis,and can be hazardous to cementitious structures and the health of various species.Accordingly,non-ureolytic bacterial concrete self-healing systems have been developed as eco-friendly alternatives to urea-dependent self-healing systems.Non-ureolytic pathways can improve the physical properties of concrete samples and incorporate the use of waste materials;they have the potential to be cost-effective and sustainable.Moreover,they can be applied in terrestrial and marine environments.To date,research on non-ureolytic concrete self-healing systems has been scarce compared to that on ureolytic systems.This article discusses the advances and challenges in non-ureolytic bacterial concrete self-healing studies and highlights the directions for future research.

Effi ciency of Concrete Crack-healing based on Biological Carbonate Precipitation

The aim of this study was to improve the capacity for crack-repair in concrete by developing a new way. The self-healing agent based on biological carbonate precipitation was developed. Crack-healing capacity of the cement paste specimens with this biochemical agent was researched. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD） were used to characterize the precipitation in cracks.The healing efficiency was evaluated by measuring the water permeability after crack healing as well.The experimental results show that the applied biochemical agent can successfully improve the self-healing capacity of the cement paste specimens as larger cracks can be healed. The cracks with a width of 0.48 mm in the specimens with the biochemical agent are nearly fully healed by the precipitation after 80 d repair. SEM and XRD analysis results demonstrate that the white precipitation in cracks is calcium carbonate, which displays spherical crystal morphology. Meanwhile, the water permeability test result shows that the biochemical agent can significantly decrease the water permeability of the cement paste specimens, the water permeability of specimens with the biochemical agent respectively decreases by 84% and 96% after 7 d and 28 d immersion in water, however the control specimens only respectively decrease by 41% and 60%, which indicates that the bacteria-based concrete appears to be a promising approach to increase concrete durability.

Application of Low-penetration Concrete as the Protecting Layer in Wuhan Yangtse River Tunnel Tube

Based on the Wuhan Yangtse River Tunnel Project, the low-penetration fiber concrete used in the protecting layer of Wuhan Yangtse River Tunnel tube has been studied in this paper. With the effect of silica fume, slag and polypropylene fiber on the anti-penetration of tunnel concrete by means of NEL test, XRD and SEM, some conclusions has been drawn. The affection on the anti-penetration capability of the four factors is capacity of silica fume>portion of short and long fiber> fiber VOL Portion>length of Fiber. Fiber capacity of 0.15% is still not good enough for the anti-penetration capability of concrete. While that of 0.5% has exceed the maximum, and the fiber tends to assemble together. Silica fume may greatly enhance the anti-penetration capability of concrete, while the relationship between them is not direct proportion. The average of chloric ion pervasion coefficient with 8% capacity of silica fume is the lowest. Slag may reacted with other component to generate lots of C-A-H. When reacted with free chloride ion, C-A-H may form friedel salt which may also enhance the Anti-penetration capability of concrete.

Highly Penetrable Silicone Emulsion for Water-Repellent Concrete with Reserved Surface Recoatability

Highly stable and permeable silicone emulsions were prepared by encapsulating N-octyl triethoaysilane microdroplets into micelles of NH_(2)-PDMS/SiO_(2).The conversion of siloxane to sub-1μm emulsions,on one hand,endows the concrete with a highly hydrophobic internal surface.While,its outside surface maintains relatively high surface energy,which is beneficial for the post-coating of other polymers.As a result,the coated concreted can simultaneously acquire water repellency and low permeability.The utilization of water-dispersed silicone emulsions,on the other hand,is beneficial for the environmental protection.Thus,this work offered a green procedure for the comprehensive protection of concrete.

Microcapsule-enabled self-healing concrete:A bibliometric analysis

With the development of self-healing technology, the overall properties of the microcapsule-enabled selfhealingconcrete have taken a giant leap. In this research, a detailed assessment of current research on the microcapsuleenabledself-healing concrete is conducted, together with bibliometric analysis. In the bibliometric analysis, variousindicators are considered. The current state of progress regarding self-healing concrete is assessed, and an analysis of thetemporal distribution of documents, organizations and countries of literature is conducted. Later, a discussion of thecitations is analyzed. The research summarizes the improvements of microcapsule-enabled self-healing cementitiouscomposites and provides a concise background overview.

上海地铁运营车站出入口底板改造防水技术探讨

上海地铁运营线网中,有为数不少的车站出入口缺少下行自动扶梯,根据相关部门要求,上海地铁已开展了一部分出入口的加装扶梯改造,并计划未来几年覆盖全网;加装扶梯过程中,有部分出入口需要局部开挖结构底板增设扶梯基坑,施工风险较大。以此类涉及出入口改造项目为例,介绍运营车站出入口底板改造中的防水关键技术,以期为今后同类型改造项目的防水设计提供借鉴。

硅溶胶-异丁基三乙氧基硅烷复合乳液对泡沫混凝土防水性能的影响

[目的]研究硅溶胶-异丁基三乙氧基硅烷(IBTS)复合乳液对泡沫混凝土防水性能的影响,为拓宽其应用提供实验数据。[方法]通过宏观力学特性试验和微观结构分析,综合考察了该复合乳液对泡沫混凝土的防护效果。[结果]涂抹了复合乳液的泡沫混凝土表现出比涂抹了单一IBTS乳液的泡沫混凝土更优异的抗渗透性能和耐久性,其水渗透深度和碳化深度更小,浸水48 h后的吸水率为0.46%,氯离子迁移系数为1.1×10^(-12)m^(2)/s,冻融240次后的质量损失率为0.55%,且动弹性模量仍维持冻融试验前的85.34%。[结论]复合乳液的防水机理涉及表面效应、化学反应、物理效应等多个方面,通过形成致密的防水层、填充孔隙和微裂纹、吸附并包固水分子等方式来防止水分渗透和扩散,从而提高泡沫混凝土的防水性能。

火山渣粒径和DPS掺量对轻骨料混凝土性能的影响

以火山渣作为粗骨料制备了轻骨料混凝土,研究了火山渣粒径(4.75~9.50、4.75~19.00、4.75~26.00 mm)对轻骨料混凝土坍落度、吸水率和抗压强度的影响,优选出了最佳火山渣粒径。在此基础上,研究了渗透结晶型无机防水剂(DPS)的掺量(0、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%)对轻骨料混凝土性能的影响,并分析了其作用机理。结果表明:随着火山渣粒径的增大,轻骨料混凝土的坍落度降低,吸水率增大,抗压强度先增大后减小,最佳火山渣粒径为4.75~19.00 mm;随着DPS掺量的增加,轻骨料混凝土的坍落度和吸水率降低,抗压强度增大;掺入适量DPS可以有效提高混凝土基体的密实度,从而改善混凝土的性能。

外露型聚氨酯防水涂料在混凝土屋面防水维修中的应用

GES-W308外露型水性聚氨酯防水涂料是以脂肪族水性聚氨酯分散体为主要成膜物质,配以助剂、颜填料,采用先进自动化设备制备而成,兼具水性防水涂料的环保性能和油性聚氨酯防水涂料的力学性能,同时具有优良的耐候性、耐脏污性以及施工性能。以北京国贸区域嘉里中心项目为例,介绍了该防水涂料在复杂混凝土屋面防水维修工程中的应用,包括基层处理、加强层施工、细部节点处理、胎体增强材料选用、防水涂料涂刷等。

冻融作用下高速铁路路基沥青混凝土防水封闭结构疲劳寿命预测模型

以高速铁路路基沥青混凝土防水封闭结构为研究对象,考虑季节性冻土地区的气象条件设计了疲劳试验和冻融循环试验,研究冻融循环作用对其疲劳特性参数演变规律的影响。结合平稳值与冻融循环周期的作用规律,提出了高速铁路路基沥青混凝土防水封闭结构在冻融循环作用下的疲劳寿命预测模型,并利用疲劳极限临界点的平均值对此疲劳寿命预测模型进行了可靠性验证。结果表明:沥青混凝土耗散能变化率与加载次数曲线在冻融前后呈现三个阶段;沥青混凝土防水封闭结构的疲劳寿命随冻融循环次数的增多而降低,且降低幅度越来越大,其抗疲劳性能受到显著损伤;经验证,高速铁路路基沥青混凝土防水封闭结构疲劳寿命预测模型准确、可靠。

基于防水失效概率的混凝土屋面工程适应性技术

我国混凝土屋面工程防水领域具备丰富的经验,目前在分类、量化领域不断拓展,已开始探索概率分析法。采用基于蒙特卡罗方法的混凝土屋面防水失效概率计算程式,可对应用场景、构成、构造进行组合,基于统一的计算基准,对量化结果进行对比、分析,可对屋面构造、防水层道数、材料的气候适应性、材料类型等进行定量分析,得出相对客观的结论。

混凝土屋面工程典型防水卷材防水有效性及试验方法

防水材料的性能试验方法和判定指标相对完善,但作为工程防水有效性判定时略显不足。基于应用场景设置老化条件,对混凝土屋面典型防水卷材的拉伸、柔度、裂缝桥接性能开展正交试验。结果显示:防水材料性能发生显著衰减的温度为80℃以上,时间为12周;防水有效性指标可采用因果分析,基于应用场景、影响因素、失效机理设计试验,结果需体现服役温度和工作状态,多类试验对照利于确定相对合理的临界值。防水失效概率计算可以此为基础,相关技术研究、标准编制可参考其规律。