The Primordial Principle of Self-Interaction

The Standard Model of Particle Physics treats four fields—the gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong fields. These fields are assumed to converge to a single field at the big bang, but the theory has failed to produce this convergence. Our theory proposes one primordial field and analyzes the evolution of this field. The key assumption is that only the primordial field exists—if any change is to occur, it must be based upon self-interaction, as there is nothing other than the field itself to interact with. This can be formalized as the Principle of Self-interaction and the consequences explored. I show that this leads to the linearized Einstein field equations and discuss the key ontological implications of the theory.

The Origin of Electric Charge in Quantum Gravity

A model fermion has been produced in a theory of quantum gravity that establishes the existence of a mass gap and half-integral spin. The third requirement for the fermion is electric charge. We herein develop a dualism-based analysis that explains the origin of charge at the fermion scale in a primordial field theory of quantum gravity.

Calabi-Yau Topology of Primordial Fermions

Quantum field theory creates fermions via abstract operators exciting abstract fields, with a specific field for each type of specific particle. This operator algebra lends itself well to quantum statistics, nevertheless, our physical understanding of this process is nonintuitive at best. In this paper we analyze the creation of fermions from primordial gauge field quantum gravity loops in the context of Calabi-Yau manifold theory. I extend a prior mass-gap treatment based on Yang-Mills gauge theory of higher order self-interaction to include the half-integral spin of fermions.

Computational Physics of Mathematica and Geometric Calculus

The latter half of the twentieth century yielded two tools of unprecedented power, both of which took decades to mature to their current states. The purpose of this research is to apply these to a theory of gravity and develop the consequences of the model based on these tools. This paper presents such results without mathematical details, which are presented elsewhere. The tools are: Geometric Calculus, developed by David Hestenes, circa 1965 and Mathematica, released in 1988 by Steven Wolfram. Both tools have steep learning curves, requiring several years to acquire expertise in their use. This paper explains in what sense they are optimal.

时尚的选择:国潮文化受众内驱动力分析

国潮经过几年的发展其所涵盖的内容可谓万物皆可潮,国潮受众正用开放、共享的姿态演绎着当下时尚。本文从符号互动论和身份认同两种理论视角出发,将国潮受众内驱动力发生规律分为“自我驱动—内容选择—身份表达”三个环节展开分析,共讨论三个话题:国潮文化符号对受众行为选择所产生的影响,受众在国潮的身体实践中行为表现及意义,受众行为实践对国潮文化再生产的影响。本文通过揭示国潮受众的内驱动力发展机制与规律呈现受众时尚文化的心态转向,映射出受众对当下潮流与传统的重新定义。

自我、体育与社会:论符号互动理论在体育研究中的应用

论述了符号互动理论的产生与演进及其对体育社会学研究的影响,对自我与身份认同、社会互动以及传媒领域中体育权力与斗争等问题进行了分析。结果表明,符号互动理论在体育社会学和心理学的研究中依旧发挥着重要作用。

身体痛苦如何成为情感享受——身心交互视角下的旅游体验研究

近年来,从身体角度切入旅游体验的研究越来越丰富,旅游体验过程中旅游者的身体作用受到更多的关注。旅游体验作为身心一体的在场化存在,身体和情感的交互过程对于理解旅游体验的内在机制具有重要意义。文章在整理旅游学科身体、情感研究成果和基础学科身心关系的基础上,从旅游者身心交互的视角分析旅游体验过程。选择身体反应与情感体验都非常强烈的西藏大北线旅游者的游记,运用扎根理论的研究方法进行编码分析,发现旅游者身心体验的核心特质是“身体-情感”交互的情感升华过程。旅游体验过程包括进入过程的情感欲望与身体挑战、沉浸过程的身体痛苦与情感享受、抽离过程的身体适应与情感升华的完成,突出表现为身体痛苦与情感享受并存的矛盾现象。这个过程尤其是这对矛盾为旅游主体的能动作用、他者关怀的激励作用、神圣空间的感染作用所影响。情感升华在旅游体验生成中的建构作用尤为突出,是旅游者西藏高原旅游体验生成的核心与关键,并促使旅游者达到自我实现。

BEM+Born series modeling schemes for wave propagation and their convergence analysis

This paper formulates two different boundary-element＋Born series schemes for wave propagation simulation in multilayered media by incorporating a Born series and boundary integral equations. The first scheme directly decomposes the resulting boundary integral equation matrix into the self-interaction operators associated with each boundary itself and the extrapolation operators expressing cross-interactions between different boundaries in a subregion. For the second scheme, the matrix dimension is firstly reduced to a half by the elimination of the traction field in the equations. The resulting new matrix can also be split into the self-interaction matrices associated each subregion itself and the extrapolation matrices interpreting cross-interactions between different subregions in a whole model. Both the numerical schemes avoid the inversion of the relatively much larger boundary integral equation matrix of a full-waveform BE method and hence save computing time and memory greatly. The two schemes are validated by calculating synthetic seismograms for a homogeneous layered model, compared with the full-waveform BE numerical solution. Numerical experiments indicate that both the BEM＋Born series modeling schemes are valid and effective. The tests also confirm that the second modeling scheme has a faster convergence in comparison with the first one.

The Behaviors of Optimal Precursors during Wintertime Eurasian Blocking Onset

In this paper the optimal precursors for wintertime Eurasian blocking onset are acquired by solving a nonlinear optimization problem whose objective function is constructed based on a blocking index with a triangular T21, three-level, quasi-geostrophic global spectral model. The winter climatological state is chosen as the reference basic state. Numerical results show that the optimal precursors are characterized by a baroclinic pattern with a westward tilt with height, which are mainly located upstream of the blocking region. For an optimization time of 5 days, these perturbations are mainly localized over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and continental Europe. With the extension of the optimization time to 8 days, these perturbations are distributed more upstream and extensively in the zonal direction. Wave spectrum analysis reveals that the optimal precursors are composed of not only synoptic-scale （wave numbers 5-18） waves, but planetary-scale （wave numbers 0-4） waves as well. The synoptic-scale optimal precursors are mainly located in the mid-latitude area, while the planetary-scale optimal precursors focus primarily on the high- latitude region. The formation of a strong planetary-scale positive blocking anomaly is accompanied by the reinforcement of synoptic-scale perturbations and further fragmentation into two branches, in which the northern branch is generally stronger than the southern one. The eddy forcing arising from the selfinteraction of synoptic-scale disturbances is shown to be crucial in triggering the dipole blocking anomaly, and the planetary-scale optimal precursor provides the initial favorable background conditions for blocking onset.

米德符号互动论之教育蕴义

米德的符号互动论精辟地提出了心智、自我及社会通过符号互动而发展的观点。这一理论对教育不无启发意义。米德符号互动论之教育蕴义主要体现在:教育作为主体间互动的过程;教育作为促进学生自我形成和发展的力量;教育作为推动学生个体社会化的事业。当然,在将符号互动论应用于教育时必须考虑其局限性:符号互动论的自我单一化及过分强调符号的作用都会对教育产生某种程度的负面影响。

“晒文化”现象与青年休闲行为

"晒"式行为已成为青年生活的一部分,这种以互联网技术为依托,借助自媒体平台将传统的休闲行为虚拟化,提供给"主我和客我"大量的信息分享,也使大众的休闲模式发生重大改变。通过社交媒体,青年借助"晒"的行为,展示自己的生活状态,进行交流和互动。"晒"是一种符号呈现,通过社交平台互动,影响人们内在心理和行为表现,渗入生活,进而成为一种社会现象。研究发现,青年"晒"休闲生活的行为具有符号化的特质,这种"晒"行为的传播机制是符号不断编码、解码以及与行为的相互影响过程,而其本身也是自我认知与社会共识达成的体现,是对归属感的自我诉求,以及自我角色的塑造过程。

About the Nature of the Quantum System—An Examination of the Random Discontinuous Motion Interpretation of the Quantum Mechanics

What is the quantum system? Consider the wave-function of the electron—what we call “single particle wave-function”—and assume that it contains N wave-packets. If we pass all the wave-packets through an electric field, all are deflected, as if each one of them contains an electron. However, if we bring any two wave-packets to travel close to one another, they don’t repel one another, as if at least one of them contains no charge. In trying to solve the measurement problem of the quantum mechanics (QM), different interpretations were proposed, each one coming with a particular ontology. However, only one interpretation paid explicit attention to the contradiction mentioned above. This interpretation was proposed by S. Gao who named it “random discontinuous motion” (RDM), because it assumes the existence of a particle that jumps from place to place at random. The particle carries all the physical properties of the respective type of particle, mass, charge, magnetic momentum, etc. It jumps under the control of an “instantaneous condition” about which Gao did not give details so far. Along with presenting problems of the QM that this interpretation solves, this text reveals difficulties vis-à-vis entanglements and the special relativity.

Density Functional Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism of HOCO and Its Radical

In this paper, the reaction mechanism of HOCO with its radical has been investigated deeply by density functional theory（DFT）, while the geometries and harmonic vibration frequencies of the reactants, intermediates, transition states and products have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-311＋＋G＊＊ level. The CCSD（T）/cc-p VQZ method was used to further calculate the single-point energy of each stationary point along the reaction channel. The result shows that channels（b） and（d） via carbon-carbon intermediates are competing with the ones（e）,（f）,（i） and（l） through carbon-oxygen intermediates, and the six channels are dominant for the title reaction to produce HCOOH and CO2. The result also indicates that the hydrogen abstraction from the HOCO radical can be performed quickly by the self-interaction of HOCO in the absence of other radicals or atoms, which indirectly proves for the first time that the ground-state cis-HOCO radical is not decomposed by the tunneling effect. In addition, the charges of natural population analysis（NPA） and the variation of chemical bonds have been analyzed by the Natural Bond Orbital（NBO） method along with the important reaction path.

EFFECT OF TRACE ELEMENTS WITH ZERO SELF－INTERACTIONCOEFFICIENT ON CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATUREOF IRON CARBON ALLOYS

The effect of trace elements with zero self-interaction coefficient on crystallization temperature of iron carbon alloys was studied and the mathematic equation was developed based on thermodynamics in the present researeh. With the equation developed in this paper, the effects of nitrogen on crystallization temperature of Fe-3.45C-2.15Si0. 16Mn and Fe-3.45C-2. 15Si-0. 80Mn alloys were discussed.

Infrared Polarizabilities of 3d-Transition and Rare-Earth Metals

A transition or rare-earth metal is modeled as the atom immersed in a jellium at intermediate electron gas densities specified by? rs=4.0. The ground states of the spherical jellium atom are constructed based on the Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham density-functional formalism with the inclusion of electron-electron self-interaction corrections of Perdew and Zunger. Static and dynamic polarizabilities of the jellium atom are deduced using time-dependent linear response theory in a local density approximation as formulated by Stott and Zaremba. The calculation is extended to include the intervening elements In, Xe, Cs, and Ba. The calculation demonstrates how the Lindhard dielectric function can be modified to apply to non-simple metals treated in the jellium model.

The Wave Function Cannot Be a Real Wave—Then, Can We Speak of an Ontology of Particles?

Is the wave-function a physical reality traveling through our apparatus? Is it a real wave, or it is only a mathematical tool for calculating probabilities of results of measurements? Different interpretations of the quantum mechanics (QM) assume different answers to this question. It is shown in this article that the assumption that the wave-function is a real wave entails a contradiction with the predictions of the QM, when the special relativity is invoked. Therefore, this text concentrates on interpretations that conjecture that the reality that moves in our apparatuses is particles, and they move under the constraints of the wave-function. The de Broglie-Bohm interpretation, which matches this picture, assumes that the particle travels along a continuous trajectory. However, the idea of continuous trajectories was proved to lead to a contradiction with the quantum predictions. Therefore this interpretation is not considered here. S. Gao conjectured that the particle is in a permanent random and discontinuous motion (RDM). As it jumps all the time from place to place, the total set of occupied positions at a certain time is given by the absolute square of the wave-function. As motivation for his idea, Gao argued that if a charged particle were simultaneously in two or more locations at the same time, the copies of the particle would repel one another, destroying the wave-function. It is proved here that the quantum formalism renders this motivation wrong. Although refuting this motivation, the RDM interpretation is examined here. A couple of problems of this interpretation are examined and it is proved that they don’t lead to any observable contradictions with the QM predictions, except one problem which seems to have no solution. In all, it appears that none of the wide-spread interpretations of the QM is free of contradictions.

The Pursuit of Fallacy in Density Functional Theory: The Quest for Exchange and Correlation, the Rigorous Treatment of Exchange in the Kohn-Sham Formalism and the Continuing Search for Correlation

As pointed out in the paper preceding this one, in the case of functionals whose independent variable must obey conditions of integral normalization, conventional functional differentiation, defined in terms of an arbitrary test function, is generally inapplicable and functional derivatives with respect to the density must be evaluated through the alternative and widely used limiting procedure based on the Dirac delta function. This leads to the determination of the rate of change of the dependent variable with respect to its independent variable at each isolated pair, , that may not be part of a functional (a set of ordered pairs). This extends the concept of functional derivative to expectation values of operators with respect to wave functions leading to a density even if the wave functions (and expectation values) do not form functionals. This new formulation of functional differentiation forms the basis for the study of the mathematical integrity of a number of concepts in density functional theory (DFT) such as the existence of a universal functional of the density, of orbital-free density functional theory, the derivative discontinuity of the exchange and correlation functional and the extension of DFT to open systems characterized by densities with fractional normalization. It is shown that no universal functional exists but, rather, a universal process based only on the density and independent of the possible existence of a potential, leads to unique functionals of the density determined through the minimization procedure of the constrained search. The mathematical integrity of two methodologies proposed for the treatment of the Coulomb interaction, the self-interaction free method and the optimized effective potential method is examined and the methodologies are compared in terms of numerical calculations. As emerges from this analysis, the optimized effective potential method is found to be numerically approximate but formally invalid, contrary to the rigorously exact results of the self-interaction-free method.

符号互动论述评

符号互动论20世纪初发源于美国的社会学领域,其主要理论主张是:人在与他人的互动过程中确立自己的身份;这种互动并非一种机械的刺激-反应过程,而是基于一定的意义阐释之上,意义的阐释需要借助符号(特别是语言)来进行;人与社会并非一成不变的实体,而是处于不停的互动与变化过程中。符号互动论的理论家们先后提出了普遍化他者、首要群体、镜中自我、印象管理等一系列富有创见的理论术语,从不同侧面阐明和发展了符号互动论的观点。符号互动论目前已经被广泛运用到医患关系、学校教学、心理咨询等领域中,它或许能够为文学批评提供一种新的视角,为文学批评注入一种来自社会学的活力。

论米德符号互动理论视域下的道德教育

符号互动理论是米德社会心理学的主要内容,它强调表意的符号,尤其是语言在人的自我形成中的重要地位。米德的符号互动理论为我们认识和理解道德教育的方式和过程提供了一个新的视角。在道德教育的过程中,各种符号是教育的必不可少的媒介,自我产生的阶段也是道德形成的过程;在个体在社会化的过程中,通过"主我"和"客我"的相互作用完成道德的自我对话,在人的社会化的过程中同时也促进道德社会化。

论米德符号互动理论视域下的道德教育

符号互动理论是米德社会心理学的主要内容,它强调表意的符号,尤其是语言在人的自我形成中的重要地位。米德的符号互动理论为我们认识和理解道德教育的方式和过程提供了一个新的视角。在道德教育的过程中,各种符号是教育必不可少的媒介,自我产生的阶段也是道德形成的过程。在个体社会化的过程中,"主我"和"客我"的相互作用还完成了道德的自我对话,人的社会化的过程同时也促进道德社会化。