Design and preliminary validation of a tool for the simulation of train braking performance

Train braking performance is important for the safety and reliability of railway systems. The availability of a tool that allows evaluating such performance on the basis of the main train features can be useful for train system designers to choose proper dimensions for and optimize train＇s subsystems. This paper presents a modular tool for the prediction of train braking performance, with a par- ticular attention to the accurate prediction of stopping distances. The tool takes into account different loading and operating conditions, in order to verify the safety require- ments prescribed by European technical specifications for interoperability of high-speed trains and the corresponding EN regulations. The numerical results given by the tool were verified and validated by comparison with experimental data, considering as benchmark case an Ansaldo EMU V250 train--a European high-speed train--currently developed for Belgium and Netherlands high-speed lines, on which technical information and experimental data directly recorded during the preliminary tests were available. An accurate identification of the influence of the braking pad friction factor on braking performances allowed obtaining reliable results.

Dynamic performance of six-axle locomotive subjected to asymmetric brake shoe forces

To research the influence of asymmetric brake shoe forces(ABSF)induced by braking failure on the dynamic performance of six-axle locomotive,the static equilibrium model of three-axle bogie and dynamic model for locomotive are established.The coupling vibration equations of axle hung motor and wheelset are derived.For the air braking,the influence mechanism of ABSF on the wheel-rail asymmetric motion and force characteristics are discussed.It can be found that if the ABSF is applied in the front wheelset,all the wheelsets move laterally in the same direction.Once the ABSF occurs in the middle or rear one,other wheelsets may move laterally towards the opposite direction.The motion amplitude and direction of all wheelsets strictly depend on the resultant moment of suspension yawing moment and brake shoe asymmetric moment.For the asymmetric braking,the free lateral gap of axle-box could increase the wheelset motion amplitude,but could not change the moving direction.In both the straight line and curve,the ABSF may lead to wheelset misaligning motion,intensify the wheel-rail lateral dynamic interaction and deteriorate wheel-rail contact state.Especially for the steering wheelsets,the asymmetric braking increases the wheelset attack angle significantly,which forms the worst braking condition.

Assessment of the curving performance of heavy haul trains under braking conditions

To study the curving performance of trains, 1D and 3D dynamic models of trains were built using nu- merical methods. The 1D model was composed of 210 simple wagons, each allowed only longitudinal motion; whereas the 3D model included three complicated wagons for which longitudinal, lateral, and vertical degrees of freedom were considered. Combined with the calculated results from the 1D model under braking conditions, the behavior of draft gears and brake shoes were added to the 3D model. The assessment of the curving performance of trains was focused on making comparisons between idling and braking conditions. The results indicated the following： when a train brakes on a curved track, the wheel-rail lateral force and derailment factor are greater than under idling conditions. Because the yawing movement of the wheelset is limited by brake shoes, the zone of wheel contact along the wheel tread is wider than under idling conditions. Furthermore, as the curvature becomes tighter, the traction ratio shows a nonlinear increasing trend, whether under idling or braking conditions. By increasing the brake shoe pressure, train steering becomes more difficult.

Diesel Engine Emissions and Performance Characteristics under Cape Chestnut Biofuel

Cape Chestnut oil was processed to biodiesel through transesterification. Cape Chestnut kennels are reported to have oil content of 60% - 63% [1]. Properties of biodiesel were determined and compared with those of diesel and engine tests done at a constant speed of 1500 RPM on the biodiesel blends to evaluate their performance and emissions characteristics. Performance evaluation was in terms of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Horse Power (BHP) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (ETE). The engine was initially run on diesel to establish the reference characteristics before running on biodiesel blends. The biodiesel was blended with diesel volumetrically to 80% (B80), 50% (B50), 20% (B20) and 5% (B5) the percentage being the volume of biodiesel in the blended fuel. Diesel fuel had the lowest BSFC followed by B5 whose BSFC was 7.3% higher than that of diesel. BTE for B100 was lower than that of diesel by 20.3% while that of B5 was 7.6% lower. Concentration of SO2 in B100 was 92.7% lower than that of diesel fuel while that of B20 was 24.7% lower. NO and NO2 concentrations for B100 were around 15% higher than that of diesel. Particulate matter of less than 10 μm diameter (PM10) for diesel was found to be 72% of the total collected from all the test fuels as compared to that of biodiesel blends at 28%. The study concluded that Cape Chestnut biodiesel blends containing up to 20% biodiesel can be used in an unmodified diesel engine since their performance and emission characteristics were very similar to that of diesel but with reduced toxic gas emissions therefore friendly to the environment.

The effect of friction block hole configurations on the brake tribological performance of high-speed trains

Three triangular friction block configurations are commonly employed in high-speed train brake systems,namely,unperforated,perforated configuration with one circular hole,and perforated with three circular holes.In this study,we adopted these friction block types to investigate the effect of perforated friction block configurations on the brake performance of high-speed trains based on a self-developed brake test rig.The results indicate the significant impact of the number of the holes on the wear behavior,temperature distribution,and vibration characteristics of the brake interface.The friction surface of the unperforated block is covered by wear debris,while the perforated blocks produce less wear debris.Furthermore,the one-hole block exhibits a more uniform temperature distribution and better vibration behavior than that with three holes.The friction brake is a dynamic process,during which separation and attachment between the pad and disc alternatively occur,and the perforated structure on the friction block can both trap and expel the wear debris.

Full Power Hydraulic Brake System Based on Double Pipelines for Heavy Vehicles

The hydraulic caliper disc brake system with air-over-oil is widely adopted at present for heavy vehicles,which makes use of air pressure system propelling the hydraulic pressure system acting on friction plates divided and combined for braking.There are some disadvantages such as pneumatic components failure,dust polluted and produce lots of heat in hydraulic caliper disc brake system.Moreover,considering the demands of the high speed,heavy weight,heavy load and fast brake of heavy vehicles,the full power hydraulic brake system based on double pipelines for heavy vehicles is designed and analyzed in this paper.The scheme of the full power hydraulic brake system,in which the triloculare cylinder is controlled by dual brake valve,is adopted in the brake system.The full power hydraulic brake system can accomplish steering brake,parking brake and emergent brake for heavy vehicles.Furthermore,electronic control system that is responsible for coordinating the work of hydraulic decelerator and hydraulic brake system is developed for different speed brakes.Based on the analysis of the influence of composed unit and connecting pipeline on braking performance,the nonlinear mathematic model is established for the full power hydraulic brake system.The braking completion time and braking pressure in braking performance of the double-pipeline steering brake and parking brake are discussed by means of simulation experiments based on Matlab/Simulink,and the simulation results prove that the braking performance of steering brake and parking brake meets the designing requirement of the full power hydraulic brake system.Moreover,the test-bed experiments of the brake system for heavy vehicles are carried out.The experimental data prove that the braking performance achieves the goal of the design,and that the full power hydraulic brake system based on double pipelines can effectively enhance braking performance,ensure braking reliability and security for heavy vehicles.

Numerical Efficient Thermal Network for Calculating the Brake Disc Temperature

The simulation of the brake disc temperature is an important tool in the development of passenger cars.Nowadays thermal models of brake discs are real-time applications,running on electronic control units(ECUs)of cars to improve the vehicle safety in several ways.These models are often working with full empirical methods,leading to large deviations between calculation and measurement.To meet the requirements of automotive safety integrity levels(ASILs),these thermal models cannot rely on the state of the art ambient air temperature sensors,which causes unacceptable deviations.Focusing on numerical efficient thermal simulations,a new approach of a semi-analytical thermal network for simulating the brake disc temperature with minimal effort is proposed.The thermal network is based on lumped parameters,using two thermal capacity nodes and a constant ambient temperature.Using semi-analytical correlations,the model can be adapted to different geometries and car lines effortlessly.The empirical parameters of the model result only from two standardized tests.These parameters are used to evaluate the estimation accuracy in real driving situations.Additionally,the adaptability is tested for two different car lines and four brake disc dimensions.These tests are initially performed with unchanged parameters and afterwards with refitted parameters.The model shows a good estimation for the tested load cases.Compared to the state of the art,the proposed model is less accurate than complex finite element method(FEM)models and computational fluid dynamic(CFD)approaches,but shows a higher accuracy and better adaptability than other lumped parameter models with comparable numerical effort.Hence,possible applications can be dimensioning the brake system in the development process of new car lines or a real-time simulation on the latest ECU in the vehicle.

列车制动盘散热特性分析及拓扑优化

针对紧急制动工况下制动盘散热问题,采用计算流体力学分析方法对某型通风式制动盘进行了散热特性研究。对制动盘内部流道速度场和对流换热等进行评估,在此基础上,采用由N-S方程与达西定律耦合成的Brinkman方程拓扑优化,实现制动盘散热能力提升的优化目标。结果表明:优化后的模型在整个制动工况中散热量提高了13.46%。

飞机高速牵引滑行制动模式分析

在传统牵引车牵引飞机的运动过程中,其制动行为是通过牵引车独立制动来完成的,主要用于低速推出牵引和轻载中速维护牵引工况。针对未来飞机牵引滑行的高速重载新特征,仅靠牵引车实施制动能否满足牵引系统制动性能需要重新评估。为此,文中考虑了由飞机和牵引车联合制动的新模式,即由飞机主起落架机轮刹车系统和牵引车轮刹车系统同时制动,通过分配制动力来实现牵引车-飞机系统的制动行为。建立了飞机牵引滑行时制动过程的动力学模型,并以B737-200型飞机和TBL-180型牵引车为例,分析对比了牵引车单独制动和牵引车-飞机联合制动两种模式下的系统制动性能和制动安全性。结果表明:牵引车-飞机联合制动时的制动性能远优于牵引车单独制动时的制动性能,是飞机高速牵引滑行时紧急制动的优选模式;在安全性方面,牵引车-飞机联合制动时的前起落架横向载荷也远小于牵引车单独制动,会为飞机前起落架结构保留更大的横向冲击安全裕度。

服役损伤对制动盘疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

制动盘是高速列车制动系统的重要元件,其复杂的服役工况会使制动盘出现多种形式的服役损伤,影响制动盘后续的可维修性和服役安全性。选取未服役制动盘和产生翘曲变形且摩擦面出现疲劳裂纹的服役后制动盘为研究对象,通过测试服役前后制动盘材料在不同温度下的拉伸力学性能,构建了受摩擦面深度和温度双参数影响的力学性能衰退模型来表征制动盘的材料损伤。通过构建不同制动工况下制动盘三维瞬态仿真模型,得到了服役后制动盘的结构变形和残余应力状态来表征制动盘的结构损伤。基于Paris理论进行制动盘疲劳裂纹扩展寿命分析,评估了服役损伤对制动盘疲劳裂纹扩展能力的影响。结果表明:长期服役后制动盘本体材料力学性能会发生衰退,从摩擦面表层至心部呈现梯度分布,近表层材料强度下降约20%,制动盘残余应力释放后会使盘体产生碟形翘曲变形。服役后制动盘的力学性能衰退使裂纹前缘的应力强度因子水平显著高于服役前制动盘,摩擦面中部裂纹沿制动盘径向的扩展速率大于沿深度方向,使裂纹深长比不断减小。与服役前制动盘相比,服役后制动盘摩擦面中部裂纹从0.5 mm扩展至70 mm的扩展寿命降低了48%。螺栓孔处疲劳裂纹扩展初期主要沿深度方向扩展,随着裂纹尺寸增加沿制动盘径向与深度扩展速率逐渐一致,服役后制动盘螺栓孔裂纹从0.5 mm扩展至50 mm的扩展寿命与服役前相比降低了29%。本文的研究方法可用于不同损伤程度的制动盘本体性能表征与失效分析,对服役后制动盘的检修维护、保障制动盘的安全运用具有工程参考价值。

电动汽车电控液压制动系统CarSim/Simulink联合仿真研究

针对某款国产电动汽车的电控液压制动系统,文章基于滑移率的比例-积分-微分(PID)控制提出了防抱死制动系统(ABS)模型,以改善车辆制动性能,提高在对开路面上的制动有效性和安全性。首先,使用Simulink软件建立液压电控制动系统的动力学模型;然后,基于滑移率设计PID控制器,并通过1/4车辆模型验证其有效性;最后,利用S函数将ABS控制器的Simulink模型输入CarSim平台中,开展CarSim/Simulink双平台联合控制仿真。结果表明,基于滑移率的PID控制的ABS对比无ABS的车辆,制动性能更加优越,在对开路面上制动稳定性更加明显。

国产溶聚丁苯橡胶在半钢子午线轮胎胎面胶中的应用

研究国产溶聚丁苯橡胶(SSBR)在半钢子午线轮胎胎面胶中的应用。结果表明:与进口SSBR胶料相比,国产SSBR胶料的硫化特性、物理性能和耐臭氧老化性能相当;成品轮胎的高速性能和耐久性能均通过测试,滚动阻力相当,干地和湿地制动性能可满足使用要求,且可降低材料成本。

面向转向制动工况的制动力动态分配策略

受轮胎侧偏、载荷横移等因素的影响,汽车在转向制动工况下的动力学行为比直线制动更复杂。深入探究该工况下改善汽车循迹能力的制动力分配策略,对于保障行车安全具有重要意义。对此,本文以电子机械制动为载体,进一步研究转向制动工况下的制动力分配策略。首先,以2自由度汽车动力学模型为参考,基于模型预测控制算法求解汽车保持稳定行驶时前和后轴车轮所需的最低侧向力。然后,通过在线求解附着椭圆得出可供各车轮制动的最大纵向力。在此基础上,以最大纵向力为依据进一步计算制动力分配系数,实现制动力优化分配。仿真和试验结果表明:所提出的制动力分配策略能够根据汽车行驶工况、载荷状态和路面附着条件动态调节制动力分配比例,提升了转向制动工况汽车的循迹能力。

考虑闸瓦制动的重载列车动力学建模与车辆曲线制动安全分析

为探究制动系统对重载列车动力学的影响,以我国万吨重载列车为研究对象,建立了考虑基础制动装置的一维-三维混合万吨重载列车动力学模型。该模型可以反映三维车辆运动姿态变化以及闸瓦-踏面摩擦等因素对列车制动性能的影响,并通过试验数据以及其他模型对比等方式验证了所提出模型的有效性。基于此,分析了紧急制动时曲线路段下万吨重载列车最危险位置处车辆的轮轨动态相互作用和运行安全性。结果表明:紧急制动时,考虑闸瓦-踏面摩擦的基础制动装置对车钩力变化趋势及最大值的位置影响较小。闸瓦制动模型的轴重转移现象更显著,符合实际制动过程中闸瓦-车轮摩擦特性。随着曲线半径的降低,脱轨系数和倾覆系数显著增加,相比于曲线半径1400 m,曲线半径600 m紧急制动时,脱轨系数和倾覆系数分别增加了340.35%和31.72%。

朔黄铁路重载列车电控空气制动试验研究

重载列车的制动技术是重载运输发展的关键。针对国内朔黄铁路,对重载列车电控空气制动系统进行试验研究,比较分析有无电控空气制动系统作用下列车制动系统的性能指标。实验结果显示:电控空气制动系统性能指标达到设计要求,在缓解车钩作用力、同步列车管及制动缸压力和缩短制动距离等方面具有明显的优势,该电控空气制动系统能够保证重载长、大列车运行的安全性。

多盘连续可变工作间隙磁流变制动器仿真与验证

为提高磁流变制动器制动能效,提出一种多盘连续可变磁流变液工作间隙结构的磁流变制动器。在ANSYS workbench环境下完成不同电流、间隙状态下的三维静态磁场仿真,对磁场沿工作间隙分布状况进行分析,通过试验台架对制动器性能进行测试。结果表明,磁流变液工作区域磁矢量分布相对均匀,无明显积聚现象,磁路设计合理。理论与实验结果变化趋势基本吻合,但在电流较大时,两者之间误差呈逐渐增大趋势。制动力矩在0~2.5 A电流变化区间增速较快,而在2.5~4.0 A区间明显放缓,最大力矩达到146.4 N·m,较间隙未改变状态增加25.80%。设计的制动器TVR值达到48.81 kN·m/m^(3),较传统磁流变制动器结构更紧凑,力矩调节范围更广,设计思路及实验结论对磁流变制动器结构的进一步研究具有借鉴意义。

不同法向载荷与滑动速度下铁路货车制动梁磨耗套材料磨损行为与模型研究

铁路货车制动梁磨耗套在使用过程中容易产生严重磨损,进而影响制动性能与行车安全。为研究制动梁磨耗套材质的磨损行为,利用销盘摩擦磨损试验机对磨耗套材质进行不同法向载荷与滑动速度下的摩擦磨损试验,分析磨耗套材质的摩擦学行为。结果表明:当载荷由100 N增大到350 N时,摩擦因数呈现减小趋势,磨损质量与磨损长度增长,轮廓曲线起伏变大且最大磨痕深度增加,损伤加重;当载荷相同,滑动速度不同情况下,摩擦因数、磨损质量与磨损长度变化不大。采用MATLAB对试验数据进行拟合优化,得到磨损模型,并利用ANSYS进行磨损仿真分析。仿真与试验结果误差在6%以内,验证所得磨损模型的合理性。建立的磨损模型为磨耗套使用寿命仿真预测提供理论与技术支撑。

Braking Performance of a Biomimetic Squid-Like Underwater Robot

In this study, the braking performance of the undulating fin propulsion system ofa biomimetic squid-like underwater robot was investigated through free run experiment and simulation of the quasi-steady mathematical model. The quasi-steady equa- tions of motion were solved using the measured and calculated hydrodynamic forces and compared with free-run test results. Various braking strategies were tested and discussed in terms of stopping ability and the forces acting on the stopping stage. The stopping performance of the undulating fin propulsion system turned out to be excellent considering the short stopping time and short stopping distance. This is because of the large negative thrust produced by progressive wave in opposite direction. It was confirmed that the undulating fin propulsion system can effectively perform braking even in complex underwater explorations.

城市轨道交通列车制动性能实时优化关键问题

针对既有线路自动控制系统实时性和准确性不足等问题,提出一种列控系统智能化升级方案。首先,针对列车运行中电制动和空气制动阶段的独特性,考虑电制动和空气制动间的切换,分别建立针对电制动和空气制动的精确制动模型。然后,对列车自动运行系统(automatic train operation,ATO)控制器进行优化,应用滑模自适应鲁棒控制策略进行实时调整,增强控制器鲁棒性,以适应不同车辆参数和外部环境干扰。最后,以北京地铁5号线为例,对列车精确制动模型和滑模自适应鲁棒控制器进行仿真验证,计算列车停车精度与速度误差。研究结果表明:与比例积分微分(proportional integral derivative,PID)控制和滑模控制算法相比,利用本文提出的控制算法计算得到的停车精度和速度误差更小,停车精度均值达8 cm以下。

基于随机变量概率分析的铁路隧道紧急救援站间距计算方法

考虑着火列车位置和残余运行时间两个随机变量,构建基于列车残余运行的紧急救援站间距定量计算方法并进行验证,分析隧道纵坡、列车制动性能、列车动力损失对紧急救援站间距的影响,以及不同紧急救援站间距的适用条件。研究结果表明,列车动力损失增大、制动性能减弱、隧道纵坡增大均会导致紧急救援站间距减小,其重要性排序为列车动力损失>列车制动性能>隧道纵坡;紧急救援站间距15 km的适用条件为列车动力损失≤1/4;间距20 km的适用条件为列车动力损失≤1/4,且隧道坡度为30‰时,通行列车制动性能应与CRH5相当;间距30 km的适用条件为99.97%保证率的列车残余运行时间≥21.5 min。