Effect of Dietary Components on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontics Brackets after Thermal Aging

Introduction: The stability of orthodontic brackets throughout orthodontic treatment plays a critical role in the treatment’s effectiveness. The present in vitro study was designed to assess the impact of various dietary components on the performance of orthodontic brackets. Methods: Metal orthodontic brackets were bonded to 66 extracted anterior teeth divided into groups based on the solution type: Milk, Gatorade, Cold Coffee, and a control group using water. Each group consisted of 20 teeth except for the control group, which included six teeth. The bracketed teeth were submerged in their respective solutions for 15 minutes three times daily at different intervals to mimic an in vivo environment and were stored in artificial saliva at room temperature (23?C). The specimens underwent artificial aging through 10,000 cycles of thermocycling (representing one clinical year) between 5?C and 55?C. Shade measurements were taken using a VITA Easy Shade device, capturing the classic shade and L*, a*, and b* values. Delta E values were calculated immediately post-bonding and after 7 days, 1 month, 1, and 2 clinical years. The shear bond strength of each bracket was measured using an ultra-tester machine. Results: After two clinical years, significant differences in ΔE color values were observed across all groups, with the most substantial change noted in teeth immersed in cold coffee. Brackets submerged in milk demonstrated lower shear bond strength than other solutions, whereas the control group exhibited the highest shear bond strength (P = 0.01). Conclusion: The study indicates that dietary components significantly influence tooth color stability and the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets, underscoring the importance of considering these factors in orthodontic treatment planning.

Research and Analysis on Anti-corrosion of Mountain Photovoltaic Brackets

With the increasing global demand for renewable energy,solar photovoltaic power generation technology has been widely applied in China and even globally.Especially in mountainous areas,complex terrain resources are cleverly utilized in the construction of photovoltaic power stations,but this also brings severe challenges to the anti-corrosion of photovoltaic brackets.This paper focuses on the anti-corrosion technology of mountain photovoltaic brackets,and deeply explores the influence of natural factors such as mountain climate,sandstorms,and precipitation on the corrosion of photovoltaic brackets.The research results show that the key to improving anti-corrosion performance lies in the selection of bracket materials and optimization of coating processes.After comparing various anti-corrosion treatment methods such as hot-dip galvanizing,spray aluminum coating,and new anti-corrosion materials,it is found that nano coating technology exhibits excellent protective effects in corrosive environments.This study is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of photovoltaic power generation,providing solid theoretical support and practical guidance for the anti-corrosion design of mountain photovoltaic power stations.

Design and Optimization of Solar Photovoltaic Brackets in Mountainous Areas Adapted to Complex Wind Environments

With the increasing global demand for renewable energy,the application of photovoltaic power generation in mountainous areas is gradually increasing.However,the complex wind environment in mountainous areas poses severe challenges to the design and optimization of solar photovoltaic brackets.Traditional design methods are difficult to cope with the changeable wind speed and direction in mountainous areas,resulting in structural instability or material waste.Researchers have identified the key factors affecting wind response through parametric research and dynamic wind response analysis,so as to optimize the brackets design and improve its adaptability and stability in complex wind environments.In this paper,the complexity of wind speed,wind direction and turbulence characteristics in mountainous areas and their influence on brackets design are explored.Through static and dynamic wind load analysis,the geometrical shape and material selection of the bracket are optimized to enhance its wind resistance.The application of multi-objective optimization model and intelligent optimization algorithm provides an effective solution for the design of solar photovoltaic brackets,ensuring their safety and reliability in complex wind environments.

Effect of self-ligating bracket appliance on the periodontal tissues in patients with chronic periodontitis after orthodontic treatment

Objective:To explore the effect of self-ligating bracket appliance on the periodontal tissues in patients with chronic periodontitis after orthodontic treatment.Methods:A total of 56 patients with chronic periodontitis who were admitted in our hospital were included in the study and divided into the observation group and the control group according to different treatment protocols. The patients in the observation group were given self-ligating brackets, while the patients in the control group were given traditional brackets. The periodontal tissues and tooth motility (TM) before and after treatment in the two groups were observed and recorded. IL-1βand TNF-α levels in the gingival crervicular fluid (GCF) before and after treatment in the two groups were detected.Results:PD, CAL, SBI, and PLI after treatment in the two groups were significantly reduced, while GR was significantly elevated when compared with the control group. PD, CAL, SBI, and PLI after treatment in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group, while GR was significantly higher than that in the control group. TM after treatment in the two groups was significantly improved, among which the number of 0° TM was significantly increased, while the number ofⅠ°-Ⅲ°TM was significantly reduced. IL-1β and TNF-α levels in GCF after treatment in the two groups were significantly reduced when compared with before treatment. IL-1β and TNF-α levels in GCF after treatment in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group.Conclusions:The self-ligating brackets can effectively improve the periodontal tissues and TM in patients with chronic periodontitis, and reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines in periodontal tissues, with an accurate efficacy.

Research on semi-solid thixoforming process of AZ91D magnesium alloy brackets for generators in JH70-type motorbikes

The investment on semi-solid die casting processes of AZ91D magnesium alloy brackets for generators in JH70-type motorbikes is introduced. The processes of low super-heat and cooling slope for the preparation of billets with non-dendritic microstructure, the remelting of billets for thixoforming and the parameters in the process of semi-sohd thixoforming have been researched. The results show that primary billets with non-dendritical structures can be prepared by forming great amount of nuclei in melt via the process of low super heat. By optimizing the remelting process through adjusting the current of the induced equipment, semi-solid billets with a structure of spherical grains were obtained from the primary billets with non-dendritical structure. The range of 580℃ to 583℃ is the proper remelting temperatures by which the billets have an expected thixotropy and can be transferred to a die-casting machine. The optimized parameters of semi-solid forming in a die-casting machine are as follows： the area of the ingate in the die is 383.5 mm^2, the speed of the pierce of the machine 5 m/s, the shot pressure of the pierce 75 MPa, and the maintenance pressure of the pierce 350 MPa. The castings of brackets for supporting generators in JH70 type motorbikes were formed by adopting the optimized processes and parameters mentioned above.

The Evaluation of a Resin-modified Glass Ionome Cement for Bonding Orthodontic Brackets

To evaluate the shear bond strength（SBS） and bond failure interface after the debonding of orthodontic brackets with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement（RMGIC） under six bonding conditions, 140 premolar teeth were randomly divided into seven groups. The brackets of all groups, except for control group, were bonded using a RMGIC. The teeth were debonded using a universal testing machine. The shear bond strength, adhesive remnant index （ARI） and enamel fracture were examined for each debonding. A significant difference existed in SBS under wet and dry conditions in two groups of Fuji Ortho LC. Different degree of enamel fracture was seen in groups of Fuji Ortho LC（dry/37% phosphoric acid treated） after debonding. Bond failed predominantly at the enamel-adhesive interface, except for phosphoric acid treated groups. The RMGIC achieve a clinically effective adhesion in orthodontics under different bonding conditions.

Clinical assessment of demineralization and remineralization surrounding orthodontic brackets with FluoreCam

Objective: To determine quantitatively the amount of demineralization and the ability of commercially available products and an experimental cream to inhibit or reverse orthodontic related demineralization.Methods: A total of 20 patients who were 25–35 years old and having orthodontic treatment for 6–8 months were chosen.Caries risk assessments were done for each patient and ones with "moderate risk" were included.Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances were divided into 4 groups(5 patients each) including one control and 3 study groups.All patients used same toothpaste 2 times a day during the 3 weeks study period.Additional to the toothpaste first study group used MI Paste Plus(GC, Tokyo, Japan), second study group used Remin Pro(Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) and third group used an experimental remineralizing cream per day for 3 weeks.Maxillary central and lateral incisors of each patient were examined by FluoreCam(Daraza Therametric Technologies, USA) device.The examinations were performed at baseline and at the end of 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks.Results: According to the FluoreCam measurements the control group showed significant amount of demineralization at the end of 3 weeks, moreover the amount of demineralization has gradually increased in time.At the end of the study all 3 study groups showed significant amount of remineralization and the amount of remineralization for all the 3 study groups has gradually increased in time.However the amount of remineralization for 3rd study group was lesser than the 1st and 2nd study groups.The remineralization amounts for the 1st and 2 nd study groups were determined to be identical.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that demineralization is measurable around orthodontic brackets and the demineralization can be completely inhibited and/or reversed by the use of commercially available remineralization products.

External apical root resorption and the release of interleukin-6 in the gingival crevucular fluid induced by a self-ligating system

The aim of this study was to investigate the amount of external apical root resorption (EARR) and the release of interleukin (IL)-6 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in subjects treated with a low-force low-friction system. Sixty patients were assigned to two groups of thirty patients for each: one group received treatment with self-ligating brackets and the other with conventional ligated edgewise brackets. All patients were treated with extraction of the maxillary first premolars. The EARR of the maxillary central incisors was evaluated on the periapical radiographs and cephalograms, taken before and after orthodontic treatment. The GCF was also collected non-invasively from the mesial and distal sides of central incisors by using filter paper strips before and after orthodontic treatment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to determine the IL-6 levels in the GCF samples. A significant difference was found in the amount of EARR between the patients with self-ligating brackets and conventional brackets. The mean amount of EARR was significantly lower for self-ligating brackets than conventional brackets (p < 0.05). The GCF levels of IL-6 for the patients with self-ligating brackets appliance were significantly lower than for those with the conventional brackets (p < 0.05). These results show that the mean amount of EARR and the GCF levels of IL-6 were significantly lower in the patients treated using low-force low-friction appliances than conventional brackets. Therefore, self-ligating brackets may be a useful system for reducing inflammation and EARR.

Bond Strength of Brackets Bonded with Chemically and Light Activated Materials after Thermal Cycling

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to tooth enamel with different polymer composites after simulated clinical aging, and analyze the enamel/ bond system fracture interface. 80 human premolars, were randomly divided into five groups (n = 16). G1: CO (Concise Ortodontica—3M ESPE), G2: SB (SuperBond—Ortho Source), G3: FMO (Fill Magic Ortodontico—Vigodent), G4: TXT (Transbond XT—3M ESPE) and G5: TP (Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer + Transbond Plus Color Change—3M ESPE). In all groups, the metal orthodontic bracket was bonded to the tooth enamel surface. The specimens were submitted to 3000 thermal cycling baths for 30 s, at temperatures of 5°C, 37°C and 55°C (±1°C). Afterwards they were subjected to shear testing and the results were analyzed by the Student’s-t test (p < 0.05). G1 presented the highest bond strength value, followed by G4 > G5 > G2 > G3. In all groups the majority of the fractures at the interface of the specimens were cohesive, except in G3, which presented the largest number of adhesive fractures. After clinical aging, the chemically activated material (CO) showed higher bond strength than the light activated types (FMO, TXT and TP). The self-etching adhesive system (TP) showed similar bond strength to that of conventional systems (FMO and TXT).

Performance of Different Orthodontic Brackets after Exposure to Dietary Components: An <i>in Vitro</i>Pilot Study

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a significant difference in shear bond strength between metal and ceramic brackets when exposed to acidic dietary components (beverages) and to observe the chromogenic potential of each in vitro. Methods: Metal and clear orthodontic brackets were placed on extracted maxillary second premolars and exposed to select beverages three times daily for four weeks. Shade was taken using a colorimeter device at seven intervals and the shear bond strength of each bracket was recorded. Results: There was a variable change in tooth shade with respect to the various beverages in which they were submerged. Coffee and Dr. Pepper had the most pronounced change, whereas Red Bull and water produced little to none, respectively. Compared to controls, brackets submerged in coffee had the greatest reduction in shear bond strength, followed by Dr. Pepper, then Red Bull. Overall, clear brackets showed higher shear bond strength than metal brackets. Conclusion: Acidic dietary components have a negative effect on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets, and more pigmented beverages have a higher chromogenic staining potential.

A Study on the Multi-Objective Optimization Method of Brackets in Ship Structures

The shape and size optimization of brackets in hull structures was conducted to achieve the simultaneous reduction of mass and high stress,where the parametric finite element model was built based on Patran Command Language codes.The optimization procedure was executed on Isight platform,on which the linear dimensionless method was introduced to establish the weighted multi-objective function.The extreme processing method was applied and proved effective to normalize the objectives.The bracket was optimized under the typical single loads and design waves,accompanied by the different proportions of weights in the objective function,in which the safety factor function was further established,including yielding,buckling,and fatigue strength,and the weight minimization and safety maximization of the bracket were obtained.The findings of this study illustrate that the dimensionless objectives share equal contributions to the multi-objective function,which enhances the role of weights in the optimization.

Bonding Orthodontic Ceramic Brackets to Ceramic Restorations:Evaluation of Different Surface Conditioning Methods

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength and Adhesive Remnant Index of four different veneering ceramic materials to ceramic brackets. Additionallly, a further aim of this study was to overcome the etching using hydrofluoric acid which is noxious and could seriously damage the corneas of the eyes. Two surface conditioning methods of four ceramic materials before bonding brackets were examined: in group 1 an air particle abrasion with 25 μm aluminium trioxide (4 seconds at a pressure of 2.5 bars) and subsequently a silane coupling agent (Espe Sil, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, USA) was applicated on one side of each ceramic specimen (10 per group). In group 2 one side of each sample (20 per group) was etched with 37.0 per cent orthophosphoric acid for two minutes and was followed by a silane application (Espe Sil, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, USA). After this procedure the self-ligating ceramic brackets Clarity SL (3M Unitek, Monrovia, USA) brackets were bonded to the ceramic blocks and a thermocycling process started (5°C - 55°C, 6000 cycles). Then, shear bond strength and Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) were measured. To determine statistical differences Oneway-ANOVA and Tukey Post-hoc test were performed. Hydrofluoric acid seems not to be justifiable anymore for preparing the surface of dental ceramic restorations before bracket bonding. Sandblasting with 25 μm aluminium trioxide and the use of orthophosphoric acid (37.0 per cent) seem to prepare the surface of ceramic restoration sufficiently before ceramic bracket bonding. The found level of shear bond strength values seems to be sufficient for bonding ceramic brackets to ceramic restorations.

Application of mobile photography with smartphone cameras for monitoring of orthodontic correction with dental BRACKETS

This research was to observe patients,who underwent orthodontic tooth alignment correction with dental brackets,for the purpose of early detection of white spots(early satge of caries)and dynamic measurement of distance between teeth edges based on the digital photographs taken with a smartphone Sony Xperia S.Color reading was realized taking into account the adjustment of color features of a standard ceramic surface(tile)that was selected during the dental brackets installation period,the photo of which was taken simultaneously during the dynamic observation period.The color scale RGB was transformed into CIE L*a*b scale of color measurement with regard to the correction of RGB components of image by usage of correction coefficient for calibration tile surface RGB characteristics.The expert appraisal showed sensitivity of proposed method was between 88.7%and 96.2%(the mean 93.1%)and specificity between 68.4%and 84.2%(the mean 75.4%).The positive predictive value was between 89.5%and94.0%(the mean 91.5%);and the negative predictive value was between 72.7%and 86.7%(the mean 80.6%).The measurement of the distance between teeth edges during the first 10 days following the brackets installation was carried out using a self-scalable ruler that was calibrated,according to the standard sizes of the dental bracket system components.The Android application of self-scalable ruler was developed using Java.The development of a pronounced pain syndrome was observed when the velocity of distance changes between teeth edges was rather high-0.051+0.004 mm/day.The improvement of efficiency of the suggested method is expected due to application of illumination standards during the shooting period.

Application Strategies of the Bracket Set in Modern Architectural Design

The Bracket Set(dougong)is an important aspect of traditional Chinese architecture known for its exquisite structure,complexity,and rich variations.This design element has been used since the Qin and Han Dynasties and is still prevalent today.It highlights hierarchy and spiritual connotations in the design of a building.This article explores the application of Bracket Set elements in modern architectural design.It analyzes the specific application strategies of this design element,highlighting its value in modern architecture.The goal is to provide modern architectural designers with multiple perspectives and strategies to fully utilize the advantages of Bracket Set elements in architectural design and enhance the artistic value of their work.

CBCT引导下头颈肩联合腹膜固定方式在乳腺癌IMRT中的临床适用性研究

目的基于锥形束CT(Cone Beam CT,CBCT)影像比较头颈肩联合腹膜体位固定方式和乳腺托架体位固定方式的摆位误差,研究头颈肩联合腹膜在乳腺癌患者调强放射治疗(Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy,IMRT)中体位固定方法的可行性。方法选取需要进行IMRT的40例乳腺癌患者为研究对象,并将其随机分成头颈肩联合腹膜固定组(20例)、乳腺托架固定组(20例)。每例患者在放射治疗(以下简称“放疗”)前行CBCT扫描,每周1次,分析2组患者在X(左右)、Y(进出)、Z(前后)方向的摆位误差、分次间位移和摆位效率。结果头颈肩联合腹膜和托架摆位2组患者在X、Y、Z方向上的摆位误差分别为(1.97±0.94)和(2.11±1.55)mm、(2.54±0.57)和(2.82±1.46)mm、(1.27±0.62)和(2.28±0.96)mm(P=0.801、0.604、0.013);分次间位移分别为(0.76±0.50)和(1.24±0.52)mm、(1.34±0.15)和(2.52±1.18)mm、(0.73±0.33)和(0.88±0.53)mm(P=0.453、0.296、0.773);摆位时间分别为(6.5±1.7)和(8.7±3.1)min(P=0.485);2组X、Y、Z方向上的首次摆位通过率分别为90%和85%、80%和70%、100%和95%(P=0.632、0.464、0.235);分次间摆位通过率为92%和82%、88%和79%、94%和88%(P=0.036、0.086、0.138)。结论头颈肩联合腹膜体位固定方式简单易行,可在一定程度上控制乳腺癌患者IMRT的摆位误差和分次间位移,尤其是Z方向上的摆位误差,提高摆位效率。

铝合金悬置托臂挤压铸造工艺设计与开发

对汽车铝合金悬置托臂进行了挤压铸造浇注系统设计与仿真分析。通过采取增加浇道、局部增压和高压点冷措施改善孤立热节冷却条件,对比改进前后浇注系统对铝合金悬置托臂铸件内部缩孔缺陷的影响;同时研究了不同T6处理工艺对铸件金相组织及力学性能的影响,对同类零件的挤压铸造浇注系统设计及T6处理工艺确定有一定的借鉴意义。

BracKet间接粘着法的临床应用

目的:提高固定矫治器中BracKet的粘接精度,使矫治器发挥最佳矫治疗效。方法:先将BracKet精确地粘接在石膏模型上,后用0.5 mm胶模制做转移模托,将BracKet再转移到模托上。最终将BracKet精确地粘着于牙面上。结果:通过临床观察证明BracKet间接粘着法克服了直接粘着法中BracKet位置不准确,BracKet的粘接高度和角度不易控制的缺点,能使BracKet精确地粘与牙面。结论:随着固定矫治器的不断发展,临床上对BracKet的粘着精度越来越高,为了达到此目标,提高矫治疗效,采用BracKet间接粘着法将托槽的粘着精度大大提高。

海外某光伏项目的光伏组件不同安装方式的技术经济比选

以南美洲某国光照资源丰富区域的233 MWp光伏项目为例,使用PVsyst软件进行发电量仿真计算。先对比1 V与2 V平单轴跟踪支架布置方式,确定1 V竖排布置的平单轴跟踪支架在经济性和发电效率上更优。随后对全部固定支架、全部跟踪支架、固定支架+跟踪支架这3种方案进行综合比较。结果显示,尽管全部跟踪支架方案初期投资较高,但长期发电收益显著优于全部固定支架方案及固定支架+跟踪支架方案。

高精度铅同位素比值MC-ICP-MS测试方法及土壤标准物质铅同位素组成

利用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)精准测定了国家土壤标准物质的铅同位素比值,研究了MC-ICP-MS测定铅同位素时的分馏效应,发现仪器存在非质量分馏效应,应用Baxter法和标准与实际样品的交叉组合法(SSB)校正仪器的质量和非质量分馏,校正后NIST SRM 981标准溶液的铅同位素比值具有较高的准确度和精确度。采用MC-ICP-MS测定了3个国家土壤标准物(GBW07564、GBW07406a、GBW07980)的铅同位素比值。对土壤进行微波消解和纯化,回收率大于98%,全流程空白小于0.22 ng。GBW07564铅同位素的^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb为19.9603±0.0303、^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb为15.7675±0.0061、^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb为39.0868±0.0264(n=9,2SD);GBW07406a铅同位素的^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb为18.8024±0.0018、^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb为15.7442±0.0025、^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb为39.1943±0.0086(n=9,2SD);GBW07980铅同位素的^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb为18.6142±0.0057、^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb为15.7378±0.0044、^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb为38.9629±0.0153(n=9,2SD)。这些土壤标准物质的^(206)Pb/^(207)Pb分别为1.2659±0.0014、1.1942±0.0001、1.1828±0.0001(n=9,2SD),^(208)Pb/^(206)Pb分别为1.9582±0.0018、2.0845±0.0003、2.0932±0.0002(n=9,2SD),大致在自然界土壤铅同位素^(206)Pb/^(207)Pb(大于1.17)、^(208)Pb/^(206)Pb(小于2.11)变化范围内,且容易获得,化学和铅同位素组成均一,适合作为监控土壤铅同位素化学及质谱分析数据可靠性的同位素土壤标准物质。

某变速箱蓄能器支架的有限元分析及优化

蓄能器是高压液压系统的重要组成部分,蓄能器的正常工作是变速箱实现换挡和离合器结合等功能的保证。蓄能器支架是将其固定在壳体上的装置。在某变速箱样件试验中发生了蓄能器支架断裂的问题,导致变速箱相关功能失效,通过排查分析发现为设计原因导致。文章通过有限元法对蓄能器支架进行强度分析,发现在极限工况下蓄能器支架存在断裂失效风险,并基于分析结果对蓄能器支架进行优化设计,最终得到满足要求的设计并顺利通过试验。文中提到的分析方法和优化思路,对蓄能器的设计研发和仿真分析均有一定参考作用。