Gel-state polybenzimidazole proton exchange membranes with flexible alkyl sulfonic acid side chains for a wider operating temperature range(25–240 ℃)

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFC) possess distinct technical advantages of high output power, simplified water/heat management, increased tolerance to fuel impurities and diverse fuel sources, within the temperature range of 120–200 ℃. However, for practical automobile applications, it was crucial to broaden their low-temperature operating window and enable cold start-up capability. Herein, gel-state phosphoric acid(PA) doped sulfonated polybenzimidazole(PBI) proton exchange membranes(PEMs) were designed and synthesized via PPA sol-gel process and in-situ sultone ring-opening reactions with various proton transport pathways based on absorbed PA, flexible alkyl chain connected sulfonic acid groups and imidazole sites. The effects of flexible alkyl sulfonic acid side chain length and content on PA doping level, proton conductivity, and membrane stability under different temperature and relative humidity(RH) were thoroughly investigated. The prepared gel-state membranes contained a self-assembled lamellar and porous structure that facilitated the absorption of a large amount of PA with rapid proton transporting mechanisms. At room temperature, the optimized membrane exhibited a proton conductivity of 0.069 S cm^(-1), which was further increased to 0.162 and 0.358 S cm^(-1)at 80 and 200 ℃, respectively, without additional humidification. The most significant contribution of this work was demonstrating the feasibility of gel-state sulfonated PBI membranes in expanding HT-PEMFC application opportunities over a wider operating range of 25 to 240 ℃.

Moderately concentrated electrolyte enabling high-performance lithium metal batteries with a wide working temperature range

The electrolyte integrated with lithium metal anodes is subjected to the issues of interfacial compatibility and stability,which strongly influence the performances of high-energy lithium metal batteries.Here,we report a new electrolyte recipe viz.a moderately concentrated electrolyte comprising of 2.4 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide(LiFSI)in a cosolvent mixture of fluorinated ethylene carbonate(FEC)and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)with relatively high ion conductivity.Owing to the preferential decomposition of LiFSI and FEC,an inorganic-rich interphase with abundant Li_(2)O and LiF nanocrystals is formed on lithium metal with improved robustness and ion transfer kinetics,enabling lithium plating/stripping with an extremely low overpotential of~8 mV and the average CE of 97%.When tested in Li||LiFePO_(4) cell,this electrolyte provides long-term cycling with a capacity retention of 98.3%after 1000 cycles at 1 C and an excellent rate performance of 20 C,as well as an areal capacity of 1.35 mA h cm^(-2)at the cathode areal loading of 9 mg cm^(-2).Moreover,the Li||LiFePO_(4) cell exhibits excellent wide-temperature performances(-40~60℃),including long-term cycling stability over 2600 cycles without visible capacity fading at 0℃,as well as extremely high average CEs of 99.6%and 99.8% over 400 cycles under-20℃ and 45℃.

Progress in Electrolyte Engineering of Aqueous Batteries in a Wide Temperature Range

Aqueous rechargeable batteries are safe and environmentally friendly and can be made at a low cost;as such,they are attracting attention in the field of energy storage.However,the temperature sensitivity of aqueous batteries hinders their practical application.The solvent water freezes at low temperatures,and there is a reduction in ionic conductivity,whereas it evaporates rapidly at high temperatures,which causes increased side reactions.This review discusses recent progress in improving the performance of aqueous batteries,mainly with respect to electrolyte engineering and the associated strategies employed to achieve such improvements over a wide temperature domain.The review focuses on fi ve electrolyte engineer-ing(aqueous high-concentration electrolytes,organic electrolytes,quasi-solid/solid electrolytes,hybrid electrolytes,and eutectic electrolytes)and investigates the mechanisms involved in reducing the solidifi cation point and boiling point of the electrolyte and enhancing the extreme-temperature electrochemical performance.Finally,the prospect of further improving the wide temperature range performance of aqueous rechargeable batteries is presented.

Mixed salts for lithium iron phosphate-based batteries operated at wide temperature range

To achieve good performance for LiFePO4-based batteries operated at a wide temperature range,mixed salts of LiBF4 LiBOB（lithium bis（oxalato）borate） and LiTFSI（lithium bis（trifluoromethanesulfonyl）imide）-LiBOB were investigated as alternative lithium salts to LiPF6 in non-aqueous electrolytes.LiFePO4/Li half cells using LiPF6,LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB slats as lithium salts were investigated by galvanostatic cycling,cyclic voltammetry,thermogravimetric analysis.The results show that LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salts are much more thermally stable than LiPF6.Corrosion of Al foil in the LiTFSI-based electrolytes can be suppressed successfully by the addition of LiBOB as a co-salt.The electrochemical performance of LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salts based cells are both better than that of LiPF6-based cell.LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salt based electrolyte is considered to be a very promising electrolyte candidate for Li-ion batteries that will be used in wide-temperature applications.

Supercapacitor electrode based on few-layer h-BNNSs/rGO composite for wide-temperature-range operation with robust stable cycling performance

Currently,developing supercapacitors with robust cycle stability and suitability for wide-temperature-range operations is still a huge challenge.In the present work,few-layer hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets(h-BNNSs)with a thickness of 2−4 atomic layers were fabricated via vacuum freeze-drying and nitridation.Then,the h-BNNSs/reduced graphene oxide(rGO)composite were further prepared using a hydrothermal method.Due to the combination of two two-dimensional(2D)van der Waals-bonded materials,the as-prepared h-BNNSs/rGO electrode exhibited robustness to wide-temperature-range operations from−10 to 50℃.When the electrodes worked in a neutral aqueous electrolyte(1 M Na2SO4),they showed a great stable cycling performance with almost 107%reservation of the initial capacitance at 0℃ and 111% at 50℃ for 5000 charge−discharge cycles.

Wide temperature range,air stable,transparent,and self-powered photodetectors enabled by a hybrid film of graphene and singlewalled carbon nanotubes

Transparent photovoltaic devices(TPVDs)have attracted increasing attention in emerging electronic devices.As the application scenarios extend,there raise higher requirements regarding the stability and operating temperature range of TPVDs.In this work,a unique preparation strategy is proposed for air stable TPVD with a wide operating temperature range,i.e.,a nanoscale architecture termed as H-TPVD is constructed that integrates a free-standing and highly transparent conductive hybrid film of graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes(G-SWNT TCF for short)with a metal oxide NiO/TiO_(2)heterojunction.The preparation approach is suitable for scaling up.Thanks to the excellent transparent conductivity of the freestanding G-SWNT hybrid film and the ultrathin NiO/TiO_(2)heterojunction(100 nm),H-TPVD selectively absorbs the ultraviolet(UV)band of sunlight and has a transparency of up to 71%in the visible light.The integrated nanoscale architecture manifests the significant holecollecting capability of the G-SWNT hybrid film and the efficient carrier generation and separation within the ultrathin NiO/TiO_(2)heterojunction,resulting in excellent performance of the H-TPVD with a specific detectivity of 2.7×10^(10) Jones.Especially,the freestanding G-SWNT TCF is a super stable and non-porous two-dimensional film that can insulate gas molecules,thereby protecting the surface properties of NiO/TiO_(2)heterojunctions and enhancing the stability of H-TPVD.Having subjected to 20,000 cycles and storage in air for three months,the performance parameters such as photo-response signal,output power,and specific detectivity show no noticeable degradation.In particular,the as-fabricated self-powered H-TPVD can operate over a wide temperature range from −180 to 300℃,and can carry out solar-blind UV optical communication in this range.In addition,the 4×4 array H-TPVD demonstrates clear optical imaging.These results make it possible for H-TPVD to expand its potential application scenarios.

基于电热耦合模型的宽温域锂离子电池SOC/SOP联合估计

准确的状态估计对于锂离子电池安全可靠运行具有重要意义,但由于非线性强,多参数耦合,实现宽温域多参数联合在线估计难度较大。考虑到温度影响,建立电热耦合模型,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法(EKF)在线辨识电池参数,通过电压及温度仿真验证了模型的准确性;然后针对无迹卡尔曼滤波算法(UKF)历史数据利用率低的问题,引入多新息理论(MI)改进UKF,改进后的算法在非电压平台区荷电状态(SOC)估计均方根误差不超过1.2%,相较于改进前误差降低了30%以上,并结合安时积分法设计切换算法,解决了MIUKF算法在磷酸铁锂电池电压平台区无法通过电压反馈修正SOC估计误差的问题,实现了宽温域复杂工况下全区间SOC的准确估计,在不同SOC初始值条件下验证了结合算法的准确性,均方根误差不超过3%,为峰值功率(SOP)估计提供了可靠的SOC值;最后将温度约束引入到SOP估计中,提出多约束条件下的SOP估计方法,结果表明在高温条件下,温度起到关键限制作用,可以防止电池温升过大,减少安全隐患。

Performance analysis of a single-stage scroll compressor used in a drying heat pump over a wide condensing temperature range(30–80°C)

This study presents the performance of a new single-stage scroll compressor used for the heat pump drying of thermally sensitive materials over a wide temperature range. The performance of the new compressor was predicted by an ARI standard 540 map-based compressor model and verified by a semi-open drying heat pump system constructed for this purpose. A comparison of the experimental data with the predicted data proved that the new scroll compressor used in the drying heat pump works well, can supply a wide range of condensing temperatures （30--80℃） （without auxiliary heating）, and has a minimum coeffi- cient of performance （COP） above 2.0, even in the worst condition.

Exploiting ultra-large linear elasticity over a wide temperature range in nanocrystalline NiTi alloy

Many shape memory alloys can support large recoverable strains of a few percent by reversible stressinduced martensite transformation,yet they behave non-linear within a narrow operating temperature ra nge.Developing the bulk metallic materials with ultra-large linear elasticity over a wide tempe rature range has proven to be difficult.In this work,a material design concept was proposed,that is true elastic deformation and reversible twinning-detwinning deformation run in parallel to overcome this challe nge.By engineering the residual internal stress to realize the concurrency of true elastic deformation and twinning-detwinning deformation,a bulk nanocrystalline NiTi that possesses an ultra-large linear elastic strain up to 5.1 % and a high yield stress of 2.16 GPa over a wide temperature range of 270℃ was developed.This study offers a new avenue for developing the metallic materials with ultra-large linear elasticity over a wide temperature range of 270℃(from 70℃ to-197℃).

Fe3O4-nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanofiber hierarchical heterostructures with improved lithium-ion battery performance over wide temperature range

A facile strategy was designed for the fabrication of Fe3O4-nanoparticle- decorated TiO2 nanofiber hierarchical heterostructures （FTHs） by combining the versatility of the electrospinning technique and the hydrothermal growth method. The hierarchical architecture of Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated on TiO2 nanofibers enables the successful integration of the binary composite into batteries to address structural stability and low capacity. In the resulting unique architecture of FTHs, the 1D heterostructures relieve the strain caused by severe volume changes of Fe3O4 during numerous charge-discharge cycles, and thus suppress the degradation of the electrode material. As a result, FTHs show excellent performance including higher reversible capacity, excellent cycle life, and good rate performance over a wide temperature range owing to the synergistic effect of the binary composition of TiO2 and Fe304 and the unique features of the hierarchical nanofibers.

理论模拟指导宽温域大回复超弹合金设计的研究进展

中国未来的太空探测计划聚焦于月球永久阴影区探测、小行星及火星的采样返回任务、木星系和行星际穿越探测,以及太阳系边际探测等多项深空任务。这些宏大的探索活动旨在拓展中国在深空探测方面的能力,实现重大的科学突破,并显著提升国家的航天技术。深空探测任务的日趋复杂对宽温域大变形超弹性材料提出了更高的要求。综述了过去十几年来点缺陷与马氏体相变动力学的交互作用机制及其对宽温域超弹性影响规律方面的相关研究,着重介绍了计算机模拟技术在微观尺度上理解马氏体相变的形核长大动力学规律中发挥的重要作用。充分利用计算机模拟手段,结合日趋强大的人工智能技术,不仅有助于深入理解材料性能变化的机制,还将推动新材料的设计,从而为中国的深空探测事业提供更强大的支持。

Directly modulated active distributed reflector distributed feedback lasers over wide temperature range operation(-40 to 85℃)

We experimentally demonstrated that the distributed feedback(DFB) lasers with the active distributed reflector achieved a 25.8 Gb/s operation over a wide temperature range of -40 to 85℃. The DFB lasers can achieve additional feedback from an active distributed reflector with accurately controlled phase, and single-mode yields are not related to the position of cleave. The threshold currents of the fabricated laser are 6 mA and 20 mA at -40℃ and 85℃, respectively. The side mode suppression ratio of the fabricated laser is above 50 dB at all temperatures. Transmissions of 25.8 Gb/s after 10 km single-mode fibers with clear eye openings and less than 0.8 dB power penalty over a wide temperature range have been demonstrated as well.

聚硅氮烷/MoS_(2)高温自润滑涂层的制备及性能研究

高温固体自润滑涂层因具有优异的摩擦学性能和极好的附着力,已被广泛应用于航空、航天等领域.本文中采用陶瓷前驱体聚硅氮烷为粘接剂,MoS_(2)为润滑填料制备了1种新型的宽温域减摩抗磨涂层.系统探究了各因素对涂层摩擦学性能的影响,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和Raman等表征分析涂层的微观组织、物相组成及磨损机理.结果表明:聚硅氮烷/MoS_(2)涂层不仅和基底结合力强,且在25~300℃较宽温域范围内具有优异的减摩抗磨性能.其中300℃热处理的涂层在200℃、9 N及90 r/min的测试条件下具有最佳润滑性能:平均摩擦系数为0.05,磨损率为7.6×10^(-5)mm^(3)/(N·m).涂层在中高温下体现出优异的润滑和耐磨性能,这主要得益于MoS_(2)特殊层状结构和弱的剪切应力以及高硬度无机非晶态陶瓷相SiOC的形成.该涂层的成功制备有望为高温工况下服役的零部件表面润滑防护提供理论依据及数据支持.

光学阱中Λ增强型灰色黏团冷却辅助原子装载

Λ增强型灰色黏团冷却技术(Λgray molasses cooling,Λ-GMC)已被广泛用于制备低于亚多普勒温度极限的冷原子样品实验中.本文设计搭建了宽范围、快速调谐的激光系统,其调谐范围最高可达600 MHz.基于该激光系统,于光学微腔中心通过铯原子D2线Λ-GMC冷却辅助腰斑大小为15μm的交叉偶极阱中原子的装载,相比于传统的偏振梯度冷却辅助装载,原子数增加了约4倍,原子温度由25μK降低至8μK.该实验对超冷原子样品实验制备和单原子阵列俘获等研究具有重要借鉴意义.

黑体涂层宽温区红外光谱发射率特性研究(内封面文章)

为了研究高发射率黑体涂层的宽温区红外辐射特性,基于两种发射率测量装置测量了应用于不同温度场景的JSC-3和GR两种涂层宽温区3~14μm内的光谱发射率。其中JSC-3和GR涂层的测量温度范围分别是室温~1000℃和室温~150℃。分析了两种涂层光谱发射率与温度之间的关系以及不同角度下方向光谱发射率的变化。实验结果表明:宽温区内JSC-3和GR涂层在8~14μm的光谱发射率分别优于0.96和0.97,且光谱发射率保持稳定,变化量分别小于0.01和0.003。两种涂层在0°~30°内的方向光谱发射率均具有较好的一致性,变化量均小于0.005。最后利用积分球反射法得到了两种涂层在室温下3~14μm内的连续光谱发射率数据,实现了两种涂层在宽温区宽波段内的光谱发射率数据覆盖。

MoN/CrN自润滑防护涂层制备及其摩擦学性能研究

高温合金具有优异的高温强度,适用于高负载及高温应用环境,广泛应用于航空航天领域,其滑动构件需要针对性设计宽温域自润滑材料。传统MoN自润滑涂层抗氧化性能较差、服役温度较低,利用CrN插入层制备纳米多层涂层可抑制Mo组元快速氧化,从而提高涂层抗氧化能力及高温耐磨性。因此文章于高温合金基体表面设计制备MoN/CrN纳米多层涂层,通过引入CrN插入层提高MoN涂层的耐磨性及高温抗氧化性。同时研究了MoN与MoN/CrN纳米多层涂层在不同温度下的摩擦学性能及抗氧化性能,结果表明MoN/CrN纳米多层涂层具有优异的耐磨性及高温抗氧化性,在600℃温度下的摩擦系数低至0.466,磨损率低至1.59×10^(-6)mm^(3)/(N·m)。

一种采用分段温度补偿的低温漂带隙基准源

提出了一款宽温度范围、低温漂系数的带隙基准源。以Banba结构的带隙基准源作为核心电路,产生开口向下的抛物线状输出基准电压,将抛物线顶点向高温段移动,使输出基准电压的高温段趋于平缓,利用分段温度补偿技术对低温段进行曲率补偿,补偿电流由不同温度系数的电流相减产生,有效降低了温漂系数,并拓宽了带隙基准源工作的温度范围。在0.18μm的标准互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)工艺下进行电路性能验证,仿真结果表明,在-50~150℃的温度范围内,提出的带隙基准源的温漂系数为0.65 ppm/℃,在1.8 V的电源电压下输出电压为760 mV,版图面积仅为0.01 mm^(2)。

宽温区热敏电阻温度传感器调理电路

目前热敏电阻温度传感器电路一般采用电阻分压电路,非线性补偿温度范围一般在正温区10~100℃,非线性误差为0.5%;一些特殊应用场合要求热敏电阻测量范围在-45~+125℃。针对热敏电阻温度传感器使用温度范围越宽线性误差越大的问题,提出了一种宽温区热敏电阻温度传感器调理电路,采用精密恒流源激励,减小了热敏电阻温度传感器的自热问题,采用集成对数放大器与集成模拟乘法器进行线性化处理,调理电路具有非线性调节、零位调整、满量程调整3个功能,能够给出精确的标准电压0.1~4.9V信号,对每只热敏电阻温度传感器进行温度标定,根据标定数据进行最小二乘拟合,取得了良好的非线性和精度指标。实验结果表明:测温范围为-45~+125℃,非线性达到0.3%以下,测量误差达到±0.3℃。

宽温域宽应变率下丁羟四组元HTPB推进剂单轴压缩力学行为

为研究丁羟四组元端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂在宽温域宽应变率下的单轴压缩力学行为,基于万能材料试验机、高速液压伺服试验机、分离式霍普金森压杆,结合可程式恒温恒湿试验机等温控手段,开展了宽温域宽应变率下的推进剂单轴压缩力学性能实验,获取了-40,-25,-10,20,50℃5个温度下10-4~103 s-1应变率的丁羟四组元HTPB推进剂的应力应变曲线,并建立了HTPB推进剂的分段式单轴压缩率温本构关系。结果表明,HTPB推进剂的力学响应存在显著的率温相关性,在任意应变率下其力学响应都呈阶段性变化,即线弹性阶段⁃非线性屈服阶段⁃应变软化阶段或应变硬化阶段;且在高应变率下,非线性屈服行为后的应变软化现象明显弱于低、中应变率。此外,高应变率时,随着温度的降低,应力应变曲线的变化速率逐渐减缓;而低、中应变率却恰恰相反,随着温度的降低,应力应变曲线的变化速率逐渐加快。HTPB推进剂的力学强度随着温度的降低显著增大,温度从50℃降低至-40℃时,HTPB推进剂试件在宽应变率作用下的最大应力从2.2~8.8 MPa增长至约11~22 MPa。同时基于实验数据构建了分段式率温本构关系,发现其在温度较高时拟合效果更好,能够较好地预测HTPB推进剂的力学行为。

宽温域VL型密封结构应力分析及寿命预测

建立VL密封结构模型,在不同温度条件下,研究其应力状态分布。以Miner损伤机理为基础,疲劳累计损伤理论为指导,研究不同温度条件下,VL型密封结构中O型橡胶圈、L型圈的疲劳寿命变化规律和疲劳寿命状况。结果表明:随着温度增加,O型橡胶圈的Mises应力变化不大,疲劳寿命先增加后减小,当温度为25℃时,危险点处疲劳寿命最大,为7.341×10^(7)次,且疲劳寿命随着温度的增加,由局部变化转变为整体变化;L型圈的Mises应力由60.19 MPa逐渐减小到26.38 MPa,位置由底部开始,向内壁转移,最后到L型圈内部为止,最小疲劳寿命为2.21×10^(5)次。此外,在低温环境下,L型圈最小疲劳寿命较小,但平均疲劳寿命较大;在高温环境下,L型圈最小疲劳寿命较大,但平均疲劳寿命较小。