Analysis of morphological characteristics of gravels based on digital image processing technology and self-organizing map

A comprehensive understanding of spatial distribution and clustering patterns of gravels is of great significance for ecological restoration and monitoring.However,traditional methods for studying gravels are low-efficiency and have many errors.This study researched the spatial distribution and cluster characteristics of gravels based on digital image processing technology combined with a self-organizing map(SOM)and multivariate statistical methods in the grassland of northern Tibetan Plateau.Moreover,the correlation of morphological parameters of gravels between different cluster groups and the environmental factors affecting gravel distribution were analyzed.The results showed that the morphological characteristics of gravels in northern region(cluster C)and southern region(cluster B)of the Tibetan Plateau were similar,with a low gravel coverage,small gravel diameter,and elongated shape.These regions were mainly distributed in high mountainous areas with large topographic relief.The central region(cluster A)has high coverage of gravels with a larger diameter,mainly distributed in high-altitude plains with smaller undulation.Principal component analysis(PCA)results showed that the gravel distribution of cluster A may be mainly affected by vegetation,while those in clusters B and C could be mainly affected by topography,climate,and soil.The study confirmed that the combination of digital image processing technology and SOM could effectively analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of gravels,providing a new mode for gravel research.

A novel fractional uplink power control framework for self-organizing networks

Internet of things and network densification bring significant challenges to uplink management.Only depending on optimization algorithm enhancements is not enough for uplink transmission.To control intercell interference,Fractional Uplink Power Control(FUPC)should be optimized from network-wide perspective,which has to find a better traffic distribution model.Conventionally,traffic distribution is geographic-based,and ineffective due to tricky locating efforts.This paper proposes a novel uplink power management framework for Self-Organizing Networks(SON),which firstly builds up pathloss-based traffic distribution model and then makes the decision of FUPC based on the model.PathLoss-based Traffic Distribution(PLTD)aggregates traffic based on the propagation condition of traffic that is defined as the pathloss between the position generating the traffic and surrounding cells.Simulations show that the improvement in optimization efficiency of FUPC with PLTD can be up to 40%compared to conventional GeoGraphic-based Traffic Distribution(GGTD).

Multi-UAV Collaborative Mission Planning Method for Self-Organized Sensor Data Acquisition

In recent years,sensor technology has been widely used in the defense and control of sensitive areas in cities,or in various scenarios such as early warning of forest fires,monitoring of forest pests and diseases,and protection of endangered animals.Deploying sensors to collect data and then utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)to collect the data stored in the sensors has replaced traditional manual data collection as the dominant method.The current strategies for efficient data collection in above scenarios are still imperfect,and the low quality of the collected data and the excessive energy consumed by UAV flights are still the main problems faced in data collection.With regards this,this paper proposes a multi-UAV mission planning method for self-organized sensor data acquisition by comprehensively utilizing the techniques of self-organized sensor clustering,multi-UAV mission area allocation,and sub-area data acquisition scheme optimization.The improvedα-hop clustering method utilizes the average transmission distance to reduce the size of the collection sensors,and the K-Dimensional method is used to form a multi-UAV cooperative workspace,and then,the genetic algorithm is used to trade-off the speed with the age of information(AoI)of the collected information and the energy consumption to form the multi-UAV data collection operation scheme.The combined optimization scheme in paper improves the performance by 95.56%and 58.21%,respectively,compared to the traditional baseline model.In order to verify the excellent generalization and applicability of the proposed method in real scenarios,the simulation test is conducted by introducing the digital elevation model data of the real terrain,and the results show that the relative error values of the proposed method and the performance test of the actual flight of the UAV are within the error interval of±10%.Then,the advantages and disadvantages of the present method with the existing mainstream schemes are tested,and the results show that the present method has a huge advantage in terms of space and time complexity,and at the same time,the accuracy for data extraction is relatively improved by 10.46%and 12.71%.Finally,by eliminating the clustering process and the subtask assignment process,the AoI performance decreases by 3.46×and 4.45×,and the energy performance decreases by 3.52×and 4.47×.This paper presents a comprehensive and detailed proactive optimization of the existing challenges faced in the field of data acquisition by means of a series of combinatorial optimizations.

Equilibrium reconstruction method for self-organized plasmas on reversed field pinches with polarimeter-interferometer

In the reversed field pinch(RFP),plasmas exhibit various self-organized states.Among these,the three-dimensional(3D)helical state known as the“quasi-single-helical”(QSH)state enhances RFP confinement.However,accurately describing the equilibrium is challenging due to the presence of 3D structures,magnetic islands,and chaotic regions.It is difficult to obtain a balance between the available diagnostic and the real equilibrium structure.To address this issue,we introduce KTX3DFit,a new 3D equilibrium reconstruction code specifically designed for the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)RFP.KTX3DFit utilizes the stepped-pressure equilibrium code(SPEC)to compute 3D equilibria and uses polarimetric interferometer signals from experiments.KTX3DFit is able to reconstruct equilibria in various states,including axisymmetric,doubleaxis helical(DAx),and single-helical-axis(SHAx)states.Notably,this study marks the first integration of the SPEC code with internal magnetic field data for equilibrium reconstruction and could be used for other 3D configurations.

Generativity of Self-Organizing Processes and Their Correlative Description in Terms of a Formal Language of Meta-Ordinal Generative Nature, in the Light of the Maximum Ordinality Principle and the Explicit Solution to the “Three-Body Problem”

The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the internal processes of Self-Organizing Systems represent a unique and singular process, characterized by their specific generativity. This process can be modeled using the Maximum Ordinality Principle and its associated formal language, known as the “Incipient” Differential Calculus (IDC).

Effect of Different Raw Material Processing Methods on the Quality of Apple Distilled Spirits

In this study,the effect of yeast strains(X16 and RMS2),fruit seed,and pectinase on the quality of apple distilled spirits were investigated with apple as material.The results showed that pectinase shortened the fermentation period.The strain X16,fruit seed remaining,and pectinase addition groups had higher yields of crude distilled spirits than the strain RMS2,fruit seed removal,and without pectinase groups,respectively.Regarding the first-grade distilled spirits quality,the X16 group had higher content of total acids,total esters,higher alcohols,and alcohol content than the RMS2 group;the group with fruit seeds had higher total acids but lower alcohol content and total esters than the group with fruit seed removal;the group with pectinase addition had higher total acids and alcohol content than the group without pectinase addition.Regarding the second-grade distilled spirits quality,the X16 group had higher total acids,total esters,and alcohol content than the RMS2 group;the group without fruit seeds had higher alcohol content than the group with fruit seeds;the group with pectinase addition showcased higher total acids but lower alcohol content than the group without pectinase addition.In summary,yeast strains and pectinase affected the quality of apple distilled spirits,and strain X16 was more suitable for brewing apple distilled spirits.Pectinase affected the quality of apple distilled spirits by affecting fermentation rate and temperature.

From Rejection to Embracement:The Catholic Perception of Spiritism in Brazil

The history of the relationship between Spiritism and Catholicism in Brazil can be traced through pivotal moments in the trajectory of the First Republic and the religious field since the 19th century,reflecting Brazil’s evolution into a modern,urban,and industrial society.Introduced to Brazil in the 1880s,Spiritism initially faced severe opposition from the Catholic Church,being dismissed as superstition and demon worship due to its engagement with death and spirits.Unlike Christianity,Spiritism denies the divinity of Jesus,the resurrection,and the sanctity of Church sacraments,viewing demons and angels merely as disembodied souls at different spiritual stages.Early perceptions were further complicated by the mixing of Spiritism with African and indigenous rites,which led critics to associate it with madness and mental health threats.However,the relationship between Catholicism and Spiritism in Brazil has evolved positively,particularly following the popularization of Spiritism by figures like Chico Xavier.Modern Brazilian society,characterized by increased education and religious syncretism,has grown more tolerant of diverse practices and beliefs,diminishing historical prejudices against Spiritists.This qualitative study,drawing on scholarly research and first-hand interviews,reveals that Spiritism's acceptance among Brazilian Catholics is due to its convergence with contemporary social values and the evolving profile of the average Catholic.Despite possessing a religion-like character,Spiritism is seen less as a distinct religion and more as a complementary set of practices and beliefs that enhance Catholic faith.This phenomenon mirrors the integration of Agama Hindu practices,reinforcing rather than undermining traditional religious identities.

Entrepreneurial Spirit for China in the New Era and Strategies for Cultivation

What type of entrepreneurial spirit is needed for China’s new era,and how can we unlock its innovation potential?Answers to these questions will unleash vital forces to drive China’s high-quality economic development.After reviewing the theories,dimensions,features,and limitations of the entrepreneurial spirit in the Western context,we concluded that the entrepreneurial spirit in China’s new era,which is characterized by patriotism,innovation,trustworthiness,adherence to the law,fulfillment of social responsibilities,and a global horizon,has overcome the limitations that come with self-interested entrepreneurship in the context of Western economics.This is a major step forward in the development of theories on entrepreneurial spirit.In the development context of the new era,this paper argues that the entrepreneurial spirit should become an important force at the individual level to implement the new development concept,foster the new development paradigm,and promote high-quality development in the new stage.This paper provides answers to the question of what type of entrepreneurial spirit China’s new era requires.Finally,this paper presents basic strategies for cultivating entrepreneurial spirit in the context of China’s new era,emphasizing the importance to promote the healthy growth of young entrepreneurs,ensure their business autonomy,develop a multi-tiered capital market,implement the factor market reforms,improve the business climate,and accelerate the digital transition.

Innovation and Practice of the Cultivation Mode of Application-Oriented Undergraduate Talents in Agricultural and Forestry Colleges under the Guidance of the Spirit of the Great Northern Wilderness

Heilongjiang reclamation area has made great progress since its development and construction, among which the agricultural and forestry colleges in China have played a key role in the input of talents for the production of reclamation area, and the spirit of the Great Wilderness has important strategic significance for the cultivation of agricultural and forestry talents. Taking Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University as an example, this paper analyzes the ways of the Great Northern Wilderness Spirit for cultivating application-oriented undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges, improving the curriculum system of undergraduate talents through innovation, strengthening the cultivation of students’ innovative ability, leading students’ scientific research and academic level, and enhancing students’ practical ability. To innovate the cultivation mode of application-oriented undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges under the guidance of the spirit of the Great Northern Wilderness, and to provide a reference mode for the cultivation of undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges in China.

From Differential Mode of Association to Tianxia Worldview:A Study on Chinese Entrepreneurial Spirit

China has made significant strides in economic and social development since reform and opening up over the past four decades.This process has been influenced by the exceptional innovation and entrepreneurship of Chinese business leaders,as well as their profound sentiments of compassion for the world and their country.It is of great significance to foster and promote an entrepreneurial spirit with distinctive Chinese characteristics.Not only is such spirit essential to the high-quality development of enterprises and the economy,but it is also a critical impetus for achieving Chinese modernization.Nevertheless,there is still a paucity of adequate theoretical discourse on the cultural origins and entrepreneurial spirit of outstanding Chinese business leaders.This paper employs the classical grounded theory method to conduct a 10-year follow-up research on 11 representative entrepreneurs and their enterprises.The results indicate that these entrepreneurs exhibit an evolving worldview along the paths of“self-cultivation and moral conduct”,“assisting employees to achieve”,“multilateral symbiosis”,and“the oneness of existence”when interacting with themselves,employees,partners,the general public,and all things in nature.Such entrepreneurial spirit is embodied in this paper as the“Tianxia(all-under-heaven)worldview”.Through theoretical construction,this study defines the concept of“Tianxia worldview”and extensively examines the distinctions and connections between the broadminded“Tianxia worldview”and the kinship-centered“differential mode of association”in terms of internal structure,value orientation,and applicable groups.It is posited that the transition from the former to the latter is a continuous process of transcendence and evolution of the individual mindset.This study has theoretical significance in the context of advancing the research on the Chinese entrepreneurial spirit,transcending the constraints of the management approach based on the“differential mode of association”,and enhancing the research on social responsibility from the perspective of“benefit corporations”.It also has practical value in overcoming the trust dilemma and development impediment of family businesses,ensuring that enterprises consciously fulfill their social responsibilities in a broader social context,and achieving common prosperity and progress for both enterprises and society.

Spatial Protection and Development of Traditional Mountain Settlements from the Perspective of Self-organization : A Case Study of Anju Ancient Town in Tongliang District, Chongqing

Through literature research, field research and urban design analysis methods, based on the self-organization theory, the evolution characteristics of the settlement space of Anju Ancient Town with significant characteristics of traditional mountain settlements were analyzed, and then its internal and external influencing factors were summarized. Finally, appropriate protection and development strategies were proposed, such as reasonably planning functional zones, breaking through the single structure, and creating a good living cultural environment. The innovation of this study is that it integrates the self-organization theory into the cognition of traditional mountain settlement space, and discusses the connection between the mountain settlement space and the traditional regional context under the modern development concept, so as to seek the benign protection and reasonable development of traditional mountain settlement space.

Analysis of the Spirit of Struggle in the New Era Based on General Secretary Xi Jinping’s New Year’s Greetings in the Past Decade

In order to realize the national rejuvenation,General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the spiritual strength of struggle,and has repeatedly advocated that all people should exalt the spirit of strive on different occasions.According to his New Year’s greetings since 2014,Xi Jinping has illustrated the connotation of the spirit of enterprising,the necessity of carrying forward and the requirements for practicing the spirit of struggle from different perspectives,pointing out that all Chinese must keep in mind both domestic and international situations,strive in unity,work creative and industrious with the enthusiasm of seizing every minute,catch the opportunity and solve the problem,make substantial progress on the new journey to construct China into a great modern socialist country in all respects.

Inquiry of Modernization Management of Rural Community Self-organizing on the Perspective of Social Work

The current rural community self-organizing of China is closely related with the rural social stability as well as economic and social development. However, the current rural community self-organizing construction falls far behind the requirements of realistic practice all over China, which greatly affects the advancement of the rural modernization of China. On the other hand, social work provides a unique perspective and method to deal with these problems. Its service philosophy of selfservice as well as its humanitarian value and practical working methods provide reality conformity for the intervention into rural community self-organizing, making it conductive to improving the social relations between rural community residents and possible to realize the mutual development of rural community and rural community residents.

Fault Diagnosis in Chemical Process Based on Self-organizing Map Integrated with Fisher Discriminant Analysis

Fault diagnosis and monitoring are very important for complex chemical process. There are numerous methods that have been studied in this field, in which the effective visualization method is still challenging. In order to get a better visualization effect, a novel fault diagnosis method which combines self-organizing map (SOM) with Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) is proposed. FDA can reduce the dimension of the data in terms of maximizing the separability of the classes. After feature extraction by FDA, SOM can distinguish the different states on the output map clearly and it can also be employed to monitor abnormal states. Tennessee Eastman (TE) process is employed to illustrate the fault diagnosis and monitoring performance of the proposed method. The result shows that the SOM integrated with FDA method is efficient and capable for real-time monitoring and fault diagnosis in complex chemical process.

Data-Driven Microstructure and Microhardness Design in Additive Manufacturing Using a Self-Organizing Map

To design microstructure and microhardness in the additive manufacturing(AM)of nickel(Ni)-based superalloys,the present work develops a novel data-driven approach that combines physics-based models,experimental measurements,and a data-mining method.The simulation is based on a computational thermal-fluid dynamics(CtFD)model,which can obtain thermal behavior,solidification parameters such as cooling rate,and the dilution of solidified clad.Based on the computed thermal information,dendrite arm spacing and microhardness are estimated using well-tested mechanistic models.Experimental microstructure and microhardness are determined and compared with the simulated values for validation.To visualize process-structure-properties(PSPs)linkages,the simulation and experimental datasets are input to a data-mining model-a self-organizing map(SOM).The design windows of the process parameters under multiple objectives can be obtained from the visualized maps.The proposed approaches can be utilized in AM and other data-intensive processes.Data-driven linkages between process,structure,and properties have the potential to benefit online process monitoring control in order to derive an ideal microstructure and mechanical properties.

Patterns of upper layer circulation variability in the South China Sea from satellite altimetry using the self-organizing map

Patterns of the South China Sea (SCS) circulation variability are extracted from merged satellite altimetry data from October 1992 through August 2004 by using the self-organizing map (SOM). The annual cycle, seasonal and inter-annual variations of the SCS surface circulation are identified through the evolution of the characteristic circulation patterns.The annual cycle of the SCS general circulation patterns is described as a change between two opposite basin-scale SW-NE oriented gyres embedded with eddies: low sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) (cyclonic) in winter and high SSHA (anticyclonic) in summer half year. The transition starts from July—August (January—February) with a high (low) SSHA tongue east of Vietnam around 12°~14° N, which develops into a big anticyclonic (cyclonic) gyre while moving eastward to the deep basin. During the transitions, a dipole structure, cyclonic (anticyclonic) in the north and anticyclonic (cyclonic) in the south, may be formed southeast off Vietnam with a strong zonal jet around 10°~12° N. The seasonal variation is modulated by the interannual variations. Besides the strong 1997/1998 event in response to the peak Pacific El Nio in 1997, the overall SCS sea level is found to have a significant rise during 1999~2001, however, in summer 2004 the overall SCS sea level is lower and the basin-wide anticyclonic gyre becomes weaker than the other years.

A novel self-organizing E-Learner community model with award and exchange mechanisms

How to share experience and resources among learners is becoming one of the hottest topics in the field of E-Learning collaborative techniques. An intuitive way to achieve this objective is to group learners which can help each other into the same community and help them learn collaboratively. In this paper, we proposed a novel community self-organization model based on multi-agent mechanism, which can automatically group learners with similar preferences and capabilities. In particular, we proposed award and exchange schemas with evaluation and preference track records to raise the performance of this algorithm. The description of learner capability, the matchmaking process, the definition of evaluation and preference track records, the rules of award and exchange schemas and the self-organization algorithm are all discussed in this paper. Meanwhile, a prototype has been built to verify the validity and efficiency of the algorithm. Experiments based on real learner data showed that this mechanism can organize learner communities properly and efficiently; and that it has sustainable improved efficiency and scalability.

Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater using self-organizing maps in the Hangjinqi gasfield area,Ordos Basin,NW China

Water resources are scarce in arid or semiarid areas,which not only limits economic development,but also threatens the survival of mankind.The local communities around the Hangjinqi gasfield depend on groundwater sources for water supply.A clear understanding of the groundwater hydrogeochemical characteristics and the groundwater quality and its seasonal cycle is invaluable and indispensable for groundwater protection and management.In this study,self-organizing maps were used in combination with the quantization and topographic errors and K-means clustering method to investigate groundwater chemistry datasets.The Piper and Gibbs diagrams and saturation index were systematically applied to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater from both rainy and dry seasons.Further,the entropy-weighted theory was used to characterize groundwater quality and assess its seasonal variability and suitability for drinking purposes.Our hydrochemical groundwater dataset,consisting of 10 parameters measured during both dry and rainy seasons,was classified into 6 clusters,and the Piper diagram revealed three hydrochemical facies:Cl-Na type(clusters 1,2 and 3),mixed type(clusters 4 and 5),and HCO3-Ca type(cluster 6).The Gibbs diagram and saturation index suggested thatweathering of rock-forming mineralswere the primary process controlling groundwater chemical composition and validated the credibility and practicality of the clustering results.Two-thirds of 45 groundwater samples were categorized as excellent-or good-quality and were suitable as drinking water.Cluster changes within the same and different clusters from the dry season to the rainy season were detected in approximately 78%of the collected samples.The main factors affecting the groundwater quality were hydrogeochemical characteristics,and dry season groundwater quality was better than rainy season groundwater quality.Based on this work,such results can be used to investigate the seasonal variation of hydrogeochemical characteristics and assess water quality accurately in the others similar area.

CLUSTERING PROPERTIES OF FUZZY KOHONEN'S SELF-ORGANIZING FEATURE MAPS

A new clustering algorithm called fuzzy self-organizing feature maps is introduced. It can process not only the exact digital inputs, but also the inexact or fuzzy non-digital inputs, such as natural language inputs. Simulation results show that the new algorithm is superior to original Kohonen’s algorithm in clustering performance and learning rate.

Application of Self-Organizing Feature Map Neural Network Based on K-means Clustering in Network Intrusion Detection

Due to the widespread use of the Internet,customer information is vulnerable to computer systems attack,which brings urgent need for the intrusion detection technology.Recently,network intrusion detection has been one of the most important technologies in network security detection.The accuracy of network intrusion detection has reached higher accuracy so far.However,these methods have very low efficiency in network intrusion detection,even the most popular SOM neural network method.In this paper,an efficient and fast network intrusion detection method was proposed.Firstly,the fundamental of the two different methods are introduced respectively.Then,the selforganizing feature map neural network based on K-means clustering(KSOM)algorithms was presented to improve the efficiency of network intrusion detection.Finally,the NSLKDD is used as network intrusion data set to demonstrate that the KSOM method can significantly reduce the number of clustering iteration than SOM method without substantially affecting the clustering results and the accuracy is much higher than Kmeans method.The Experimental results show that our method can relatively improve the accuracy of network intrusion and significantly reduce the number of clustering iteration.