Comparative Toxicity of “Tin Free” Self-Polishing Copolymer Antifouling Paints and Their Inhibitory Effects on Larval Development of a Non-Target Organism

Toxic substances released as a result of leaching from painted surfaces to the aquatic environment affect both fouling organisms and “non-target” biota. Artemia fransiscana nauplii have been considered a useful test system for the examination of toxicity for antifouling paints. In this study, we examined the effect of four “tin free” self-polishing copolymer (SPC) antifouling paints on the larval development of Artemia nauplii. Based on the L(S/V)50 values the order of toxicity of the antifouling paints was: ANTI F > SHARKSKIN > OCEAN T/F > MICRON. Furthermore, the body size of Artemia nauplii was significantly affected at lethal and above lethal L(S/V)5024h values. The body size of 48 h-aged nauplii exposed for the last 24 hours to each of the four SPC antifouling paints was significantly lower than that of the 48 h-aged controls (0.88 ± 0.030 mm). In addition, the body size of 72 h-aged nauplii maintained for the last 24 hours to pure synthetic seawater after exposure for 24 hours to each of the four SPC antifouling paints was significantly lower than that of the 72 h-aged controls (0.96 ±0.027 mm). Overall, the SPCs examined here were substantially toxic to Artemia nauplii, but with different toxicities and modes of action, as a result of the synergistic action of distinct components of the antifouling paints.

Effects of Antifouling Technology Application on Marine Ecological Environment

Resolving the contradiction between Marine economic development and Marine ecological environment protection has become an unavoidable and sharp problem.The uncontrolled use of Marine antifouling technology will bring uncontrollable and even irreversible damage to the Marine biosphere,which will lead to ecological disaster and threaten the survival of human beings.Therefore,it is an urgent task to find antifouling technology with lower environmental toxicity under the premise of considering economy.More attention should be paid to the long-term impact of mature and new technologies on the Marine ecological environment.This paper introduces the development status of antifouling technology,its influence on Marine ecological environment and puts forward the design strategy of comprehensive biological fouling prevention and control technology.

Research on the Marine Antifouling Ability and Mechanism of Acrylate Copolymers and Marine Coatings Based on a Synergistic Effect

Marine biofouling is an urgent global problem in the process of ocean exploitation and utilization.In our work,a series of zinc-based acrylate copolymers(ACZn-x)were designed and synthesized using benzoic acid,zinc oxide(ZnO)and a random quaternion copolymer consisting of ethyl acrylate(EA),butyl acrylate(BA),acrylic acid(AA)and methacrylic acid(MAA)by free radical polymerization and dehydration condensation.The ACZn-x with a zinc benzoate side chain is able to hydrolyze in natural seawater under static conditions,resulting in the formation of a smooth surface.We investigated and confirmed the antifouling(AF)behavior of ACZn-x in the laboratory and revealed that they have better antibacterial(86%for S.aureus and 72%for E.coli)and anti-algal(≥60.1%for N.closterium and≥67.5%for P.subcordiformis)activities.We also assessed the marine AF properties of ACZn-x and corresponding coatings in Qingdao,China;the ACZn-x exhibited ideal AF properties with little silt and biological mucosa adhered to the ACZn-x surface after 6 months,and corresponding coatings exhibited little biofouling after 16 months in the ocean.Importantly,possible AF mechanisms were further proposed at the cellular level.These results could be helpful for the development and application of effective AF coatings.

PPy/SMANa/PES导电复合膜的制备及其抗污性能

为改善聚醚砜(PES)膜的抗污性能,以苯乙烯-马来酸酐钠共聚物(SMANa)为添加剂,采用非溶剂诱导相分离法制备了SMANa/PES膜(简称SP膜)。然后采用气相聚合法,以FeCl_(3)作为氧化剂,在SP膜上沉积导电聚吡咯(PPy)层,制备了PPy/SMANa/PES导电复合膜(简称PSP膜)。采用FTIR、SEM和接触角测试仪表征SP膜、PSP膜的结构和形貌,采用超滤错流过滤法对两种膜的水通量和抗污性能进行了测试。考察了不同FeCl_(3)浓度、反应时间和反应温度对制备的PSP膜性能的影响。结果表明,当FeCl_(3)浓度0.8 mol/L、反应温度30℃、反应时间5 min时,制备的PSP膜表现出最佳的抗污性能,在0.1 MPa的过滤压力下,其纯水通量高达409.6 L/(m^(2)·h),为SP膜的83.8%,超声冲洗后的通量恢复率达到86.6%,比SP膜提高16.6%。

光固化3D打印技术及材料在口腔医疗领域的应用研究进展

近年来,随着科技的飞速发展,光固化3D打印技术因其高精度与高效率,正迅速在口腔医疗领域普及。介绍了光固化3D打印技术及材料在口腔医疗领域的最新应用研究进展,从工艺和材料两个角度,分别阐述了该技术在口腔修复与种植领域、口腔正畸领域、口腔颌面外科领域及口腔组织工程领域等方面的应用实例。对光固化3D打印技术存在的问题进行了分析,最后指出未来研究应聚焦于光固化3D打印材料创新以优化生物安全性与功能性,并探索更高效的打印策略以降低成本,推动口腔医疗向更加精准、高效、个性化的方向发展。

Application of Bionic Technology in Marine Cruise Equipment:Research Progress and Development Trends

This article provides an overview of the application of bionic technology in marine cruising equipment,discussing its research progress and future development trends.Marine cruising is a crucial means of gaining insights into the marine environment and conducting scientific research.However,conventional marine cruising equipment faces numerous challenges when dealing with complex and ever-changing marine environments.Bionic technology,as a means of drawing inspiration from the structure and functions of living organisms,offers new approaches and methods to address the challenges faced by marine cruising equipment and has found widespread application.The article primarily focuses on the applications and historical developments of bionic technology in propulsion methods,drag reduction,and surface antifouling.It summarizes the design principles,manufacturing techniques,and optimization methods for marine biomimetic cruising equipment.Finally,this paper analyzes the achievements,challenges,and future directions of bionic technology in marine cruising equipment.The application of bionic technology in marine cruising equipment holds vast potential for development,enabling us to better confront the challenges of marine exploration and research by drawing wisdom from nature and driving advancements in marine science.

海水养殖网箱防污损生物技术的研究进展

海水养殖网箱上的污损生物过多时,会影响网箱内外水体的交换、缩短网衣的使用寿命,甚至危害养殖生物的健康。如何解决网箱污损生物的附着成为了海水养殖网箱使用的一个难题。本文简述了国内外海水养殖网箱防污损生物技术的现状,重点介绍了机械清除法、涂料防污法、金属合金网衣防污法等海水养殖网箱防污损生物技术的研究进展,同时指出了当前海水养殖网箱防污损生物技术所面临的问题并给予了建议,旨在为海水养殖网箱的防污损生物技术以及海水养殖业的可持续性健康发展提供参考。

Antifouling Technology Trends in Marine Environmental Protection

Marine fouling is a worldwide problem,which is harmful to the global marine ecological environment and economic benefits.The traditional antifouling strategy usually uses toxic antifouling agents,which gradually exposes a serious environmental problem.Therefore,green,long-term,broad-spectrum and eco-friendly antifouling technologies have been the main target of engineers and researchers.In recent years,many eco-friendly antifouling technologies with broad application prospects have been developed based on the low toxicity and non-toxicity antifouling agents and materials.In this review,contemporary eco-friendly antifouling technologies and materials are summarized into bionic antifouling and non-bionic antifouling strategies(2000-2020).Non-bionic antifouling technologies mainly include protein resistant polymers,antifoulant releasing coatings,foul release coatings,conductive antifouling coatings and photodynamic antifouling technology.Bionic antifouling technologies mainly include the simulated shark skin,whale skin,dolphin skin,coral tentacles,lotus leaves and other biology structures.Brief future research directions and challenges are also discussed in the end,and we expect that this review would boost the development of marine antifouling technologies.

Durable self-polishing antifouling Cu-Ti coating by a micron-scale Cu/Ti laminated microstructure design

Marine biofouling is a major issue deteriorating the service performance and lifespan of marine infrastructures.The development of a durable,long-term,and environment-friendly antifouling coating is therefore of significant importance but still a critical challenge in maritime engineering.Herein,we developed a Cu-Ti composite antifouling coating with micron-sized alternating laminated-structure of Cu/Ti by plasma spraying of mechanically mixed Cu/Ti powders.The coating was designed to enable controlled release of Cu ions through galvanic dissolution of Cu laminates from the Cu/Ti micro-galvanic cell in aqueous solution.Results showed that remarkable antifouling efficiency against bacterial survival and adhesion up to~100%was achieved for the Cu-Ti coating.Cu/Ti micro-galvanic cell was in-situ formed within Cu-Ti coating and responsible for its Cu ions release.The successive dissolution of Cu laminates resulted in the formation of micro-channels under Ti laminates near surface,which contributed to controlled slow Cu ions release and self-polishing effect.Thus,environment-friendly antifouling capability and∼200%longer antifouling lifetime than that of the conventional organic antifouling coatings can be achieved for the Cu-Ti coating.On the other hand,as compared to the conventional organic antifouling coatings,the Cu-Ti composite coating presented much higher mechanical durability due to its strong adhesion strength,excellent mechanical properties,and two orders lower wear rate.The present laminated Cu-Ti coating exhibits combination of outstanding antifouling performance and high mechanical durability,which makes this coating very potentially candidates in marine antifouling application.

可控释放型海洋防污涂料的研究进展

防污涂料因性能可控、使用简便、经济高效等优点已逐渐成为应用最为广泛的防污技术。目前,如何解决涂层中防污剂的“暴释”问题以实现绿色长效防污,是国内外研究学者重点关注的技术难题,开发绿色高效的海洋防污涂料已成为研究的焦点和发展的主要方向。文章首先介绍了化学杀生型以及环境友好型海洋防污涂料,针对控释重点讨论了微胶囊包覆、微管吸附、温敏水凝胶和分子筛这4种主流防污剂控释技术的特点、机理及其研究进展。在此基础上,梳理了每种技术存在的问题,提出了相应的解决措施,并探究了一种新型智能控释材料——金属有机框架。最后,在技术总结的基础上,从实现海洋防污与环境保护共赢和协同发展的角度,进行了展望。

Progress of marine biofouling and antifouling technologies

Adhesion of marine fouling organisms on artificial surfaces such as ship hulls causes many problems, including extra energy consumption, high maintenance costs, and increased corrosion. Therefore, marine antifouling is an important issue. In this review, physical and biochemical developments in the field of marine biofouling, which involves biofilm formation and macro-organism settlement, are discussed. The major antifouling technologies based on traditional chemical methods, biological methods, and physical methods are presented. The chemical methods include self-polishing types such as tributyltin (TBT) self-polishing co- polymer coatings, which despite its good performance has been banned since 2008 because of its serious environmental impact. Therefore, other methods have been encouraged. These include coatings with copper compounds and biocide boosters to replace the TBT coatings. Biological extracts of secreted metabolites and enzymes are anticipated to act as antifoulants. Physical methods such as modification of surface topography, hydrophobic properties, and charge potential have also been considered to prevent biofouling. In this review, most of the current antifouling technologies are discussed. It is proposed that the physical antifouling technologies will be the ultimate antifouling solution, because of their broad-spectrum effectiveness and zero toxicity.

我国沿海污损生物分布特点及防治措施

简述了我国四大海域海洋污损生物的时空分布特点、污损生物的附着机理、污损生物防治措施和常见网衣防污设备。指出,我国海洋产业逐渐走向深远海,海洋养殖业趋于规模化,对污损生物的防治愈发重要。提出,今后不同海域需定期开展污损生物群落调研工作,将污损生物的季节性、区域性和生物特性作为开展防污工作的依据。防污技术需要向绿色、无毒、长效等方向发展,开发多样化防污手段,水下清洗设备也需要进一步提升稳定性与智能化程度,加强清洗设备与大型网箱之间的集成化及适配性。

海洋防污剂控释技术的研究进展

含防污剂的防污涂层技术是目前解决海洋污损问题最常用的手段,然而即使是防污性能优异的自抛光防污涂料也普遍存在防污剂毒性危害和释放不稳定的问题,要兼顾环保和长效防污,除了提升防污剂本身的防污能力外,另一个关键因素是控制防污剂的释放。本文介绍了含防污剂的防污涂料类型与作用机理,综述了海洋防污剂控释技术的研究进展,主要包括微/纳米容器控释技术和接枝防污剂控释技术。最后指出了海洋防污控释技术实用化还需解决控释工艺复杂以及防污剂负载或接枝后防污能力不足的问题,提出了发展海洋防污剂的控释技术可以从开发高效的且能够满足负载或接枝要求的防污剂,开发简单可行的控释技术,研究防污剂的控释机理以及发展智能控释技术等方向努力。

渔网防污技术及应用

根据不同的防污机理,渔网防污技术可分为化学防污、物理防污及生物防污等。其中,目前最常用、最有效的渔网防污技术是化学方法中的涂覆防污涂料。本文介绍了各类防污技术,描述了现有渔网防污涂料的发展历程、最新研究进展及应用情况,并展望了渔网防污技术的发展趋势。

钛合金表面海生物污损及防护技术的研究现状和发展趋势

钛合金具有低密度、高强度、耐海水腐蚀等优异的性能,被人们誉为"海洋金属"。然而,由于钛合金具有良好的生物相容性,海生物污损也因此成为钛合金在海洋工程中应用所面临的最大问题。为此,主要从海生物对钛合金的危害以及钛合金表面海生物的防护方法两方面论述了相关研究现状,并指出钛合金表面防污技术的发展方向是:①建立"药剂"注入、防污监测和反馈等自动管理系统;②研究实用的电解制臭氧装置;③研究物理、化学等多种防污复合技术;④研究生物防污方法。

冷喷涂防污涂层的制备及其对海洋底栖硅藻防污抑制作用的研究

通过冷喷涂技术制备了Cu2O质量分数分别为0、10%、20%和30%的4种Cu-Cu2O涂层,考察了涂层对成排舟形藻、小舟形藻、羽状舟形藻附着的抑制作用。实验表明:4种不同Cu2O含量的Cu-Cu2O防污涂层对成排舟形藻、小舟形藻、羽状舟形藻的附着均产生了抑制作用。随着涂层中Cu2O含量的增加,抑制率增大,达到100%抑制率的时间缩短。30%Cu2O-70%Cu涂层的抑制效果最好。Cu-Cu2O防污涂层对3种底栖硅藻附着的抑制作用具有差异性,对羽状舟形藻的抑制作用最明显,其次是小舟形藻,最后是成排舟形藻。4种不同Cu2O含量的Cu-Cu2O防污涂层对各底栖硅藻附着的抑制作用均具有持久性和稳定性。30%Cu2O-70%Cu涂层在海水中浸泡45 d后,仍能在36 h之内对羽状舟形藻产生90%以上的抑制率,对小舟形藻和成排舟形藻产生85%以上的抑制率。

船舶低表面能防污涂料研究进展

本文论述了低表面能防污涂料的机理和研究进展,展望了仿生技术在低表面能防污涂料研究中的应用前景。

深海环境通用自清洁防污涂层的研究

针对我国深海防污研究与应用刚起步且防污涂料产业技术及工艺落后的现状,该项目从我国南海资源勘查开发的迫切需求出发,优选出了综合性能优良的4种防污涂料基础材料——2种含辣素功能结构的丙烯酸金属盐树脂和2种二硫代二丙酰胺防污剂,并优化了其制备工艺,实现了规模化生产;针对南海的应用环境,通过复配技术优化防污涂料配方体系,研发了具有通用技术特性的自清洁防污涂料,并实现了规模化生产,在潜标、船舶等设施上进行了示范应用,效果良好;从防污性能加速评价方法和具有协同防污作用的防污涂料复配技术方面完善防污涂料理论与技术体系,探索深海环境防污涂层技术体系及其应用。

海洋环境混凝土结构附着生物抑制技术研究进展

海洋环境混凝土结构表面易被大量海洋生物附着,侵蚀混凝土,降低其耐久性并对景观性造成一定的影响。通过文献介绍海洋附着生物的附着机理以及现有的一些不同观点。将抑制海洋生物附着的传统型技术从物理、化学、生物三个大类进行阐述,分别介绍其优缺点。归纳了新技术,从其改进其自身的润湿性、表面自由能、表面微观结构等性质,并具有特殊的物理化学特性和机械性能,从而有效地抑制附着进行对比。基于众多研究成果,对未来高效环保经济的抑制技术的研究发展趋势进行展望。

钛及钛合金防污技术国内外研究现状

钛合金耐海水腐蚀性能好,但是在海水中容易在合金表面生长海生物。在开发海洋资源的同时,防止海生物污损就成为迫切需要解决的问题。防止海洋污损生物附着的方法常用的有十几种:如涂刷防污漆、电解海水生成次氯酸盐、电解重金属法、机械清除法、过滤法、加热法、超声波防污等方法。本文从钛及钛合金防污技术概述、国内外钛及钛合金防污技术现状两方面进行了综述,希望大家有一个全面了解。