On the clash between the traditional culture and the ＂fast food＂ culture from a perspective of internet language

With the development of the Internet, the Internet language-a new social variant of language comes into being. Owing to its distinctive features, the Internet language draws extensive attention and evokes dispute. Should we make laws to restrict its development or be magnanimous and tolerant？ The present authors think that the dispute reflects the clash between the traditional culture and the ＂fast food＂ culture. The two cultures would co-exist harmoniously and co-develop healthily only if we cherish the law in the development of language and grasp the indirect correlation between them.

Determination of Seven Volatile N-Nitrosamines in Fast Food

In this study, various fast food samples, including raw meat, cured meat, grilled meat, fried meat, smoked meat and canned meat products, were analyzed for the determination of the seven volatile N-nitrosamines. The samples were treated with an aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) by autoclaving at 121°C for 10 min and extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane, and then the nitrosamines were pre-concentrated by using activated silica. Then, gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector was used for the separation and determination of the different nitrosamines contained in a real sample. The applied method allowed the determination of nitrosamine compounds at trace levels with limit of detection ranging from 0.077 to 0.18 ppb, and quantitation limits were from 0.26 to 0.60 ppb for all nitrosamines. The total concentrations of the seven nitrosamines in the studied meat samples ranged from 2.60 to 13.28 μg/kg.

The Relationship between Consumption of Fast Food with Level of Serum Folat among Nursing Students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch in 2016

In recent decades, substantial increase in average weight of individuals has been seen in rich countries. Such changes are the result of significant changes in pattern of people’s lives. One of these issues is increasing levels in consumption of fast foods or processed foods. According to experts, the consumption of processed foods, because of having high-calories and trans-fatty acids, is fattening and harmful. In this study, the researchers after obtaining permission from the ethics committee and head of the School of Nursing, introduced themselves to nursing students then, samples were randomly selected among those who are eligible for the study. Before performing to complete the questionnaire and relevant experiments, testimonial were asked from the subjects. At the end of the study, results were suggested that, levels of Serum folate between males and females and also among married and single people were equivalent. Level of Serum folate among those students who usually have anemia in their families is significantly lower than those ones who have not anemia in their families (P = 0.003). There was a significant relationship between age and semester with levels of folate (P i.e. by increasing age and educational terms, levels of serum folate would be reduced. The level of serum folate among students who smoke is lesser than those do not (P = 0.001).

Operations Management:The Application of OM in Fast-food Production

Operations management is essential for gaining competitiveness in most manufacturing or service-offering organizations.Therefore,this report is going to analyze the way in which effective operations managers use process strategy as a competitive weapon.Besides,based on relevant theories,a case of fast food production process will be studied.

4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), a Toxic Aldehyde in Fried Chicken from Fast Food Restaurants and a Grocery Store

The lipid oxidation product, the toxic 4-hydroxynonenal, was measured for fried chicken in commercial samples from two fast food restaurants and one commercial establishment. The fried chicken samples were breasts, thighs, chicken nuggets and popcorn chicken. Fried chicken samples were separated to breast skin and meat, and thigh skin and meat. Chicken nuggets and popcorn chicken were not separated from the coating materials and the meat was analyzed together. Samples were analyzed for total fat, fatty acid distribution, reactivity with thiobarbituric acid (TBAR), measuring the secondary lipid peroxidation products such as aldehydes, ketones and related carbonyl compounds. Samples were analyzed for HNE, a toxic aldehyde using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fatty acid distribution showed in breast and thigh meats, a higher level of palmitic acid, compared to the breast and thigh skins. TBAR values were significantly higher in all breast meats compared to skins. TBAR values were significantly higher in thigh meat than in skin samples. HNE concentrations (μg HNE/g fat) were significantly very low in breast skins compared to breast meat. HNE concentration was generally higher in thigh meat than skin but not in every sample. In chicken nuggets, both the TBAR value and HNE concentration were much higher from one establishment than from the two others. Chicken nuggets TBAR and HNE concentrations resembled one of the chicken nugget samples. The average toxic HNE concentration for 100 g fried chicken breast (skins + meat) was 12.55 μg and for thighs (skin + meat) was 26.76 μg. The average total HNE concentration was 2.1 times higher in the fried chicken thighs than in the breasts. It is clear that HNE is produced during the heating process of oils and incorporated into the fried meat and skin samples during the frying process. If HNE, a toxic aldehyde, is consumed with the food, over long periods of time it could be related to a number of pathological conditions.

Plasma Ghrelin, PYY and CCK Concentration Following Indonesian Fast Food and Western Fast Food in Obese Participant

This study aimed to compare the acute effect of different fast food types on appetite regulatory hormones. This was a randomized, cross over design study. After ten-hour fasting, sixteen obese participants (Body Mass Index 33.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2) received Indonesia Fast Food (IFF) followed Western Fast Food (WFF) after 1 week wash out. Both of fast foods have similar energy content but higher fat content on WFF vs IFF. Plasma ghrelin, Peptide YY (PYY) and Cholecystokinin (CCK) were measured at 30, 60 and 120 minutes after ingestions. The investigation revealed that the change of plasma ghrelin level was lower on participant consuming WFF in 120 minutes vs IFF (P < 0.05). The change of plasma PYY showed significantly higher among participant on 60 minutes following WFF vs IFF (P < 0.05). The change of plasma CCK level is lower in 30, 60 and 120 minutes after consuming WFF vs IFF (all, P < 0.001). The appetite response regarding “desire to eat” was higher after consuming IFF vs WFF. This study suggested that IFF induced feeling “want to eat” higher than WFF also induced the increasing orexigenic hormone, ghrelin, but the effects on the anorexigenic hormone (PYY) and CCK were opposite.

Consumption Motivation and Behavior of College Students in Western-style Fast Food Restaurants on Campus

Based on the questionnaire survey data of college students in Wuhan,this paper studied the motivation of consumption behavior of college students in western-style fast food restaurants on campus,and built a relationship model for consumption motivation and behavior. The results indicate that the consumption motivation of college students in western-style fast food restaurants includes six types: social motivation,conformity motivation,show-off motivation,self-hedonic motivation,quality-pursuing motivation,and self-gift giving motivation. The overall characteristics of college students' consumption behavior in western-style fast food restaurants include six characteristics: consumption period,consumption frequency,ways of information access,consumption amount,product preference,and consumption willingness. There are significant differences in the consumption behavior between different college students. Different college students are different in consumption period,consumption frequency,ways of information access,consumption amount,product preference,and consumption willingness. Based on the above results,it came up with pertinent marketing recommendations.

Monitoring of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococci in Poultry Meat-Based Fast Food in Saudi Arabia

An investigation was made to survey the possible presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from fast-food shops in Al-Ahsa Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), as potential reservoir of human infection and antimicrobial resistance. A total of 100 samples of shawarma poultry meat were collected from different localities of the province. Conventional, commercial VITEK 2 and molecular techniques were used for isolates’ identification and antibiogram detection. Staph aureus was isolated at a rate of 14% and CNS as Staph. sciuri and Staph. xylosus at 2%. E. coli was identified at a rate of 12% and antibiogram analysis showed 41.67% of isolates to be extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) with evidence of multi-drug resistance (MDR). Molecular analysis of E. coli revealed presence of sero-groups O1 and O2, entero-toxigenic (ETEC), shiga-toxigenic, ST540 and the prototypical ETEC strain H10407 which are potential public health hazard. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis showed 19% prevalence while S. Typhimurium with 8% prevalence. Anti-microbial sensitivity of 15 strains of S. Enteritidis and 5 strains of S. Typhimurium showed multi-drug resistance (MDR).

Fast-food Culture and Americans' Outlooks on Life

Fast-food is always the one of the main culture in America just like it has been known.It is not only very important in Americans’lives,but can reflect some of their outlooks on life.This thesis gives an analysis of reflection of Americans’outlooks on life in fast-food culture.Five types of Americans’outlooks on life have been surveyed:working hard and playing hard,optimism and open-mindedness,treating the time as the life,self-independence and believing the equality.Beginning with the introduction of the emergence and development of fast-food culture in America,the thesis brings why the fast-food can be popularized among Americans to light.Consequently,we can find that some of the Americans’outlooks on life can be consistent with their fast-food culture.This thesis will be divided into four parts.The first part is the introduction and the last conclusion.The focus of this thesis is laid on the two middle parts which first display the five types of Americans’outlooks on life,then give the analysis of the reflection in fast-food culture.This thesis attempts to explore the Americans’outlooks on life.Although by the thesis we can not learn about a nation completely,we still know some aspects of their outlooks on life from fast-food culture.Key words:outlook;Americans;fast-food;

Nutritional Analysis of Fast Food in Streets of Patna Town, Bihar

Mushroom growth of street fast food is a boon for changing lifestyle of urban people. However, its nutritional aspect is also a matter of concern. The objective of the present study was hence to assess the nutrient components of fast food sold in streets of Patna town. A total of 30 fast food samples from streets were collected from different locations of Patna town in aseptic containers and immediately transferred to the laboratory for proximate analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the collected data. In terms of nutrient contribution, the highest energy content was found in Hot potato chips （536 ~ 85.2 kcal /I00 g） followed by Chicken chawmin （527 ~ 253.08 kcal/plat）, Chilli chicken （464 ~ 91.8 kcal/plat） and Pav bhaji （425 -4- 164 kcal/plat）. Highest level of protein was detected in Chilli chicken at 27.3 ~ 5.01 g per serving. Protein of Chilli chicken supplied approximately 29% of the total energy content per serving. Maximum amount of fat was also found in Chilli ckicken （35.5 ~ 31.89 g/plat）. Total fat contribution of Chilli ckicken to the total energy per serving found to be approximately 67%. Highest level of carbohydrate was detected in Idli at 15.0 ~ 9.18 g per serving of sample which contributed approximately 91% of the total energy content per serving. From this study it was concluded that street fast foods provide an appreciable amount of recommended nutrient composition. It could be observed in this study that street fast foods supply appreciable amount of nutrients and calories to the people of Patna.

Commercial Bakery, Fast-Food, and Soft Drink Consumption and Quality of Life in the SUN Project

Objective: Few studies have related nutritional factors with quality of life in healthy populations. Our aim was to analyze the relationship between commercial bakery, fast food or soft drinks consumption and mental and physical quality of life. Study Design: This analysis included 8335 participants from the 'Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra' (SUN) Project (a multipurpose, dynamic cohort). Methods: The consumption of commercial bakery, fast food and soft drinks was assessed through a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Quality of life was measured after 4 years of follow-up with the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey. Generalized Linear Models were fit to assess the regression coefficients (b) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between commercial bakery, fast food and soft drinks consumption and each domain and the two standardized measures of the SF-36. Results: As compared to the participants in the lowest quintile of consumption, those participants in the highest quintile of consumption of commercial bakery, fast food and soft drinks showed a score significantly lower (>2 points) for vitality (b = -2.14, 95% CI = -3.31 to -0.96), role emotional (b = -2.23, 95% CI = -4.33 to -0.13), and role physical (b = -2.31, 95% IC = -4.26 to -0.36) domains with statistically significant dose-response relationships (p for trend < 0.05). When the food groups were analysed separately, significant inverse associations were found only for commercial bakery and fast-food consumption. Conclusions: The results suggest that high consumption of commercial bakery, fast-food and soft drinks at baseline was associated with worse scores on self-perceived quality of life. This association was stronger for the mental domains of the SF-36.

Effects of intermittent fasting on health markers in those with type 2 diabetes:A pilot study

AIMTo determine the short-term biochemical effects and clinical tolerability of intermittent fasting (IF) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).METHODSWe describe a three-phase observational study (baseline 2 wk, intervention 2 wk, follow-up 2 wk) designed to determine the clinical, biochemical, and tolerability of IF in community-dwelling volunteer adults with T2DM. Biochemical, anthropometric, and physical activity measurements (using the Yale Physical Activity Survey) were taken at the end of each phase. Participants reported morning, afternoon and evening self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) and fasting duration on a daily basis throughout all study stages, in addition to completing a remote food photography diary three times within each study phase. Fasting blood samples were collected on the final days of each study phase.RESULTSAt baseline, the ten participants had a confirmed diagnosis of T2DM and were all taking metformin, and on average were obese [mean body mass index (BMI) 36.90 kg/m2]. We report here that a short-term period of IF in a small group of individuals with T2DM led to significant group decreases in weight (-1.395 kg, P = 0.009), BMI (-0.517, P = 0.013), and at-target morning glucose (SMBG). Although not a study requirement, all participants preferentially chose eating hours starting in the midafternoon. There was a significant increase (P < 0.001) in daily hours fasted in the IF phase (+5.22 h), although few attained the 18-20 h fasting goal (mean 16.82 ± 1.18). The increased fasting duration improved at-goal (< 7.0 mmol/L) morning SMBG to 34.1%, from a baseline of 13.8%. Ordinal Logistic Regression models revealed a positive relationship between the increase in hours fasted and fasting glucose reaching target values (χ2 likelihood ratio = 8.36, P = 0.004) but not for afternoon or evening SMBG (all P > 0.1). Postprandial SMBGs were also improved during the IF phase, with 60.5% readings below 9.05 mmol/L, compared to 52.6% at baseline, and with less glucose variation. Neither insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), nor inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein) normalized during the IF phase. IF led to an overall spontaneous decrease in caloric intake as measured by food photography (Remote Food Photography Method). The data demonstrated discernable trends during IF for lower energy, carbohydrate, and fat intake when compared to baseline. Physical activity, collected by a standardized measurement tool (Yale Physical Activity Survey), increased during the intervention phase and subsequently decreased in the follow-up phase. IF was well tolerated in the majority of individuals with 6/10 participants stating they would continue with the IF regimen after the completion of the study, in a full or modified capacity (i.e., every other day or reduced fasting hours).CONCLUSIONThe results from this pilot study indicate that short-term daily IF may be a safe, tolerable, dietary intervention in T2DM patients that may improve key outcomes including body weight, fasting glucose and postprandial variability. These findings should be viewed as exploratory, and a larger, longer study is necessary to corroborate these findings.

Effects of fasting and preoperative feeding in children

AIM： To investigate whether children should undergo surgery without a long period of fasting after feeding. METHODS： Eighty children with inguinoscrotal disorders （aged 1-10 years） were studied prospectively. They were divided into eight groups that each contained 10 children who were fed normal liquid food （NLF） and a high-calorie diet （HCD） 2, 3, 4 and 5 h before surgery, in two doses at 6-h intervals. NLF was given to four groups and HCD to the other four. In all groups, glucose, prealbumin and cortisol levels in the blood were measured twice： just after oral feeding and just before the operation. After the establishment of adequate anesthesia, gastric residue liquid was measured with a syringe. RESULTS： Blood glucose levels in all patients fed NLF and HCD were high, except in patients inthe HCD-4 group. There was no significant difference in the blood prealbumin levels. There was a significant increase in the blood cortisol levels in the NLF-2 （14.4± 5.7）, HCD-2 （13.2 ± 6.0）, NLF-3 （10.9± 6.4）, and HCD-5 （6.8 ± 5.7） groups （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： The stress of surgery may be tolerated by children when they are fed up to 2 h before elective surgery.Key words： Cortisol; Diet; Fasting; Food; Glucose; Liquids; Prealbumin

Are Functional Foods Marketed in Honduras a Healthy Option?

Background: Functional foods have been proposed as vehicles to prevent diseases in response to disease increase throughout the world. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. The nutritional labeling of processed functional foods (PFF) commercially available in Honduras was examined to consider health benefits based on functionality according to the Central American Technical Regulation (CATR) and critical nutrient content according to the profile of the Panamerican Health Organization (PAHO). Results: Out of a national sample of 631 commercial processed foods (CPF), 144 were defined as functional;sweetened and flavored yogurts and cereal bars reached the highest proportions (70% and 66%) of products available in their respective categories. None of the categories was on average “low in calories” according to criteria of CATR;sweetened breakfast cereals were the most caloric (180 kcal) and only sweetened juices had “calorie free” products (15%). Prepared meat did not meet the criterion of “low cholesterol” even though all the products in this category were the reduced fat version of the original CPF. All categories of cereal-based products met the “source of dietary fiber” criteria and 64% of baked products were “high in dietary fiber”. More than 70% of PFF exceeded the sugar recommendation of the PAHO profile, mainly sweetened breakfast cereals (100%) and sweetened juices (93%). 49% of the products exceeded the sodium recommendation, particularly baked products (100%) and cheeses (86%);100% of the later exceeded the recommendation of total fats. More than 60% of products simultaneously exceeded between 2 and 3 of PAHO profile criteria;5% exceeded all the criteria and 4% met all the PAHO profile criteria. The average price of PFF was $2.34, while that of conventional products was $1.87;sweetened breakfast cereals were the most expensive ($3.49 and $3.28) and sweetened juices were the cheapest ($1.79 and $1.89) for both CPF and PFF. Conclusions: PFF marketed in Honduras have an excessive content of critical nutrients. These results demonstrate the need for a rigorous and mandatory regulation in the production, advertising and sale of functional and conventional processed foods.

How Do Commercial Children’s Foods Influence Their Growth and Development?A Map of Commercially Available Children’s Foods in Honduras

Background: The premature consumption of processed foods with high sugar and sodium content over the course of life has been associated with an increased risk of suffering from chronic diseases starting in adolescence or early adulthood. Methods: There was an examination of the nutritional labelling of processed products for young children (n = 140) available in the Honduran market to evaluate their nutritional quality with regard to sodium and sugar content, pursuant to various international recommendations. Results: 54% of the products evaluated derive more than 20% of their calories from sugar. The categories that to a large degree exceed the recommended sugar content range are fruit drinks (80%) and dessert purees (65%). The average price per product serving is lower than one US dollar ($0.81). 46% and 6% of the products place sugar and salt, respectively, among the first five positions in their ingredient lists. Conclusions: Processed foods for infants and young children generally exceed the recommended sugar content, but due to their low cost and easy access, they are displacing traditional food consumption, contributing to increasing childhood obesity and chronic disease in the early stages of life.

杭州主城区中西快餐连锁店区位选择空间关联特征

借助杭州快餐连锁店区位等POI数据,运用核密度、协同区位商方法和地理加权回归模型,分析杭州主城区中西快餐连锁店区位选择的空间关联特征,结果表明:(1)杭州主城区中西快餐连锁店空间热点在中心城区集中分布,并呈星射状向外扩散,中西快餐连锁店的空间分布联系密切.(2)中西快餐连锁店空间分布之间存在一定协同关联性,中式快餐连锁店邻近西式快餐连锁店布局的倾向更强,且运营模式相近的中西快餐连锁店品牌之间的协同区位商也越大.(3)中西快餐连锁店空间关联区位呈现中心集聚、线状延伸特征,且中式快餐连锁店与西式快餐连锁店关联的局域关联空间分布更为显著.(4)中西快餐连锁店空间分布同时呈现相似性和分异性特征,西式快餐连锁店普遍邻近购物商场,而中式快餐连锁店除邻近购物商场之外,还存在部分区位更邻近产业园区、写字楼和居民区,并且西式快餐连锁店受不同区位因素影响的范围均大于中式快餐连锁店.

全媒体时代下速食桂林米粉的“出圈”策略

随着互联网的普及和全媒体时代的到来,消费行为逐渐发生转变,螺蛳粉、桂林米粉等速食食品逐渐进入消费者的餐桌。当前,速食桂林米粉行业面临着区外知名度低、品牌建设落后、工业化标准缺失等问题。速食桂林米粉要利用城市名片、打造本土知名品牌、增强工业化意识以及转变销售模式等策略推动速食桂林米粉产业的可持续发展。

北京地区外卖快餐中12种矿质元素含量分析及初步膳食营养评估

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法,对北京地区畅销的粥食面点、特色小吃、中式快餐、西式快餐4类外卖快餐100份样品中12种矿质元素的含量进行分析,并以该元素的日推荐摄入量和可耐受摄入量作为评估标准,对不同年龄人群进行初步膳食营养评估。结果表明:样品中矿质元素含量范围较宽,离散程度较大。全人群在各类外卖样品中,Na、I和Cr的摄入量能够满足日常膳食需要,而Ca、Mg和Fe的摄入量不足,K、Zn、Cu、Mn、Mo和Se的摄入不足表现在部分人群部分样品中。12种元素的摄入量在4类外卖之间存在不同程度的差异性,粥食面点中各元素摄入量均较低,K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Se和Cr的摄入量与其他3类表现出显著性差异。另外,外卖快餐中还存在摄入超标情况,不同年龄段Zn和I超标率分别为1.1%~5.3%和3.6%~14.3%。结果表明:长期外卖就餐人群应注意调整膳食结构,均衡摄入含肉类、蔬菜类、豆类和蛋奶类的外卖食物,适当补充各类摄入量不足的矿质元素,同时要关注外卖快餐带来“过度营养”的健康隐患,低龄未成年为重点关注人群。

高铁列车冷链快餐食品质量与安全管理

本文探讨了高铁冷链快餐食品质量与安全管理的各个方面,包括其独特性、管理流程和保障措施。高铁冷链快餐食品特定的运输和保存条件对食品质量与安全提出了特殊要求,为确保食品质量与安全,餐饮企业应建立完善的质量管理体系及食品安全管理体系,覆盖从产品研发到销售的各个环节,并实施严格的供应商管控、异物控制和售前检查等措施,保障高铁冷链快餐食品的质量与安全,为乘客提供优质的餐饮服务。