Unveiling the brain’s symphony:exploring the necessity and sufficiency of neural networks in behavior control

Since the pioneering work by Broca and Wernicke in the 19th century,who examined individuals with brain lesions to associate them with specific behaviors,it was evident that behaviors are complex and cannot be fully attributable to specific brain areas alone.Instead,they involve connectivity among brain areas,whether close or distant.At that time,this approach was considered the optimal way to dissect brain circuitry and function.These pioneering efforts opened the field to explore the necessity or sufficiency of brain areas in controlling behavior and hence dissecting brain function.However,the connectivity of the brain and the mechanisms through which various brain regions regulate specific behaviors,either individually or collaboratively,remain largely elusive.Utilizing animal models,researchers have endeavored to unravel the necessity or sufficiency of specific brain areas in influencing behavior;however,no clear associations have been firmly established.

Machine Learning Techniques in Predicting Hot Deformation Behavior of Metallic Materials

In engineering practice,it is often necessary to determine functional relationships between dependent and independent variables.These relationships can be highly nonlinear,and classical regression approaches cannot always provide sufficiently reliable solutions.Nevertheless,Machine Learning(ML)techniques,which offer advanced regression tools to address complicated engineering issues,have been developed and widely explored.This study investigates the selected ML techniques to evaluate their suitability for application in the hot deformation behavior of metallic materials.The ML-based regression methods of Artificial Neural Networks(ANNs),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Decision Tree Regression(DTR),and Gaussian Process Regression(GPR)are applied to mathematically describe hot flow stress curve datasets acquired experimentally for a medium-carbon steel.Although the GPR method has not been used for such a regression task before,the results showed that its performance is the most favorable and practically unrivaled;neither the ANN method nor the other studied ML techniques provide such precise results of the solved regression analysis.

Increased excitatory amino acid transporter 2 levels in basolateral amygdala astrocytes mediate chronic stress–induced anxiety-like behavior

The conventional perception of astrocytes as mere supportive cells within the brain has recently been called into question by empirical evidence, which has revealed their active involvement in regulating brain function and encoding behaviors associated with emotions.Specifically, astrocytes in the basolateral amygdala have been found to play a role in the modulation of anxiety-like behaviors triggered by chronic stress. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanisms by which basolateral amygdala astrocytes regulate chronic stress–induced anxiety-like behaviors remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we found that in a mouse model of anxiety triggered by unpredictable chronic mild stress, the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 was upregulated in the basolateral amygdala. Interestingly, our findings indicate that the targeted knockdown of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 specifically within the basolateral amygdala astrocytes was able to rescue the anxiety-like behavior in mice subjected to stress. Furthermore, we found that the overexpression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in the basolateral amygdala, whether achieved through intracranial administration of excitatory amino acid transporter 2agonists or through injection of excitatory amino acid transporter 2-overexpressing viruses with GfaABC1D promoters, evoked anxiety-like behavior in mice. Our single-nucleus RNA sequencing analysis further confirmed that chronic stress induced an upregulation of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 specifically in astrocytes in the basolateral amygdala. Moreover, through in vivo calcium signal recordings, we found that the frequency of calcium activity in the basolateral amygdala of mice subjected to chronic stress was higher compared with normal mice.After knocking down the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in the basolateral amygdala, the frequency of calcium activity was not significantly increased, and anxiety-like behavior was obviously mitigated. Additionally, administration of an excitatory amino acid transporter 2 inhibitor in the basolateral amygdala yielded a notable reduction in anxiety level among mice subjected to stress. These results suggest that basolateral amygdala astrocytic excitatory amino acid transporter 2 plays a role in in the regulation of unpredictable chronic mild stress-induced anxiety-like behavior by impacting the activity of local glutamatergic neurons, and targeting excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in the basolateral amygdala holds therapeutic promise for addressing anxiety disorders.

Relationship between parenting stress and behavioral and emotional problems in preschool children: A mediation effect analysis

BACKGROUND Emotional reactions,such as anxiety,irritability,and aggressive behavior,have attracted clinical attention as behavioral and emotional problems in preschool-age children.AIM To investigate the current status of family rearing,parental stress,and behavioral and emotional problems of preschool children and to analyze the mediating effect of the current status of family rearing on parental stress and behavioral/emo-tional problems.METHODS We use convenience sampling to select 258 preschool children in the physical examination center of our hospital from October 2021 to September 2023.The children and their parents were evaluated using a questionnaire survey.Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the correlation between child behavioral and emotional problems and parental stress and family rearing,and the structural equation model was constructed to test the mediating effect.RESULTS The score for behavioral/emotional problems of 258 preschool children was(27.54±3.63),the score for parental stress was(87.64±11.34),and the score for parental family rearing was(31.54±5.24).There was a positive correlation between the behavioral and emotional problems of the children and the“hostile/mandatory”parenting style;meanwhile,showed a negative correlation with the“support/participation”parenting style(all P<0.05).The intermediary effect value between the family upbringing of parents in parental stress and children's behavior problems was 29.89%.CONCLUSION Parental family upbringing has a mediating effect between parental stress and behavioral and emotional problems of children.Despite paying attention to the behavioral and emotional problems of preschool-age children,clinical medical staff should provide correct and reasonable parenting advice to their parents to promote the mental health of preschool-age children.

Carbon-based flexible self-supporting cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries:Progress and perspective

The flexible self-supporting electrode can maintain good mechanical and electrical properties while retaining high specific capacity,which meets the requirements of flexible batteries.Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs),as a new generation of energy storage system,hold much higher theoretical energy density than traditional batteries,and they have attracted extensive attention from both the academic and industrial communities.Selection of a proper substrate material is important for the flexible self-supporting electrode.Carbon materials,with the advantages of light weight,high conductivity,strong structural plasticity,and low cost,provide the electrode with a large loading space for the active material and a conductive network.This makes the carbon materials meet the mechanical and electrochemical requirements of flexible electrodes.In this paper,the commonly used fabrication methods and recent research progresses of the flexible self-supporting cathode with a carbon material as the substrate are introduced.Various sulfur loading methods are summarized,which provides useful information for the structural design of the cathode.As the first review article of the carbon-based flexible self-supporting LSB cathodes,it provides valuable guidance for the researchers working in the field of LSB.

Self-supporting and hierarchically porous Ni_(x)Fe-S/NiFe_(2)O_(4) heterostructure as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for fluctuating overall water splitting

Stable non-noble metal bifunctional electrocatalysts are one of the challenges to the fluctuating overall water splitting driven by re-newable energy.Herein,a novel self-supporting hierarchically porous Ni_(x)Fe-S/NiFe_(2)O_(4) heterostructure as bifunctional electrocatalyst was constructed based on porous Ni-Fe electrodeposition on three-dimensional(3D)carbon fiber cloth,in situ oxidation,and chemical sulfuration.Results showed that the Ni_(x)Fe-S/NiFe_(2)O_(4) heterostructure with a large specific surface area exhibits good bifunctional activity and stability for both hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)because of the abundance of active sites,synergistic effect of the heterostructure,superhydrophilic surface,and stable,self-supporting structure.The results further confirmed that the Ni_(x)Fe-S phase in the heterostructure is transformed into metal oxides/hydroxides and Ni_(3)S_(2) during OER.Compared with the commercial 20wt%Pt/C||IrO_(2)-Ta_(2)O_(5) electrolyzer,the self-supporting Ni1/5Fe-S/NiFe_(2)O_(4)||Ni1/2Fe-S/NiFe_(2)O_(4) electrolyzer exhibits better stability and lower cell voltage in the fluctu-ating current density range of 10-500 mA/cm^(2).Particularly,the cell voltage of Ni1/5Fe-S/NiFe_(2)O_(4)||Ni1/2Fe-S/NiFe_(2)O_(4) is only approximately 3.91 V at an industrial current density of 500 mA/cm^(2),which is lower than that of the 20wt%Pt/C||IrO_(2)-Ta_(2)O_(5) electrolyzer(i.e.,approximately 4.79 V).This work provides a promising strategy to develop excellent bifunctional electrocatalysts for fluctuating overall water splitting.

Self-supporting NiFe LDH-MoS_(x) integrated electrode for highly efficient water splitting at the industrial electrolysis conditions

Developing effective and practical electrocatalyst under industrial electrolysis conditions is critical for renewable hydrogen production.Herein,we report the self-supporting NiFe LDH-MoS_(x) integrated electrode for water oxidation under normal alkaline test condition(1 M KOH at 25℃)and simulated industrial electrolysis conditions(5 M KOH at 65℃).Such optimized electrode exhibits excellent oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance with overpotential of 195 and 290 mV at current density of 100 and 400 mA·cm^(-2) under normal alkaline test condition.Notably,only over-potential of 156 and 201 mV were required to achieve the current density of 100 and 400mA·cm^(-2) under simulated industrial electrolysis conditions.No significant degradations were observed after long-term durability tests for both conditions.When using in two-electrode system,the operational voltages of 1.44 and 1.72 V were required to achieve a current density of 10 and 100 mA·cm^(-2) for the overall water splitting test(NiFe LDH-MoS_(x)/INF||20%Pt/C).Additionally,the operational voltage of employing NiFe LDH-MoS_(x)/INF as both cathode and anode merely require 1.52 V at 50mA·cm^(-2) at simulated industrial electrolysis conditions.Notably,a membrane electrode assembly(MEA)for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis(AEMWEs)using NiFe LDH-MoS_(x)/INF as an anode catalyst exhibited an energy conversion efficiency of 71.8%at current density of 400 mA·cm^(-2)in 1 M KOH at 60℃.Further experimental results reveal that sulfurized substrate not only improved the conductivity of NiFe LDH,but also regulated its electronic configurations and atomic composition,leading to the excellent activity.The easy-obtained and cost-effective integrated electrodes are expected to meet the large-scale application of industrial water electrolysis.

Topology Optimization of Self-Supporting Structures for Additive Manufacturing with Adaptive Explicit Continuous Constraint

The integration of topology optimization(TO)and additive manufacturing(AM)technologies can create significant synergy benefits,while the lack of AM-friendly TO algorithms is a serious bottleneck for the application of TO in AM.In this paper,a TO method is proposed to design self-supporting structures with an explicit continuous self-supporting constraint,which can be adaptively activated and tightened during the optimization procedure.The TO procedure is suitable for various critical overhang angles(COA),which is integrated with build direction assignment to reduce performance loss.Besides,a triangular directional self-supporting constraint sensitivity filter is devised to promote the downward evolution of structures and maintain stability.Two numerical examples are presented;all the test cases have successfully converged and the optimized solutions demonstrate good manufacturability.In the meanwhile,a fully self-supporting design can be obtained with a slight cost in performance through combination with build direction assignment.

Research on self-supporting T-shaped gate structure of GaN-based HEMT devices

A self-supporting T-shaped gate(SST-gate) GaN device and process method using electron beam lithography are proposed.An AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor(HEMT) device with a gate length of 100 nm is fabricated by this method.The current gain cutoff frequency(f_(T)) is 60 GHz,and the maximum oscillation frequency(f_(max)) is 104 GHz.The current collapse has improved by 13% at static bias of(V_(GSQ),V_(DSQ))=(-8 V,10 V),and gate manufacturing yield has improved by 17% compared with the traditional floating T-shaped gate(FT-gate) device.

Influence of heat treatment on microstructure,mechanical and corrosion behavior of WE43 alloy fabricated by laser-beam powder bed fusion

Magnesium(Mg)alloys are considered to be a new generation of revolutionary medical metals.Laser-beam powder bed fusion(PBF-LB)is suitable for fabricating metal implants withpersonalized and complicated structures.However,the as-built part usually exhibits undesirable microstructure and unsatisfactory performance.In this work,WE43 parts were firstly fabricated by PBF-LB and then subjected to heat treatment.Although a high densification rate of 99.91%was achieved using suitable processes,the as-built parts exhibited anisotropic and layeredmicrostructure with heterogeneously precipitated Nd-rich intermetallic.After heat treatment,fine and nano-scaled Mg24Y5particles were precipitated.Meanwhile,theα-Mg grainsunderwent recrystallization and turned coarsened slightly,which effectively weakened thetexture intensity and reduced the anisotropy.As a consequence,the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were significantly improved to(250.2±3.5)MPa and(312±3.7)MPa,respectively,while the elongation was still maintained at a high level of 15.2%.Furthermore,the homogenized microstructure reduced the tendency of localized corrosion and favoredthe development of uniform passivation film.Thus,the degradation rate of WE43 parts was decreased by an order of magnitude.Besides,in-vitro cell experiments proved their favorable biocompatibility.

Self-supporting and dual-active 3D Co-S nanosheets constructed by ligand replacement reaction from MOF for rechargeable Al battery

Metal sulfides with high theoretical capacities are expected as promising cathode materials of Al batteries(AIBs). However, powdery active materials are mainly synthesized and loaded on current collector by insulating binder without capacity. Meanwhile, S as inert element in metal sulfides can not usually provide capacity. So, powdery metal sulfides only exhibit limiting practical capacity and poor cycling stability due to weak conductivity and low mass utilization. Herein, the novel self-supporting and dual-active Co-S nanosheets on carbon cloth (i.e. Co-S/CC) with hierarchically porous structure are constructed as cathode of AIBs. Co-S nanosheets are derived from ZIF-67 nanosheets on CC by a facile ligand replacement reaction. As a result, the binder-free Co-S/CC cathode with good conductivity delivers excellent initial discharge capacity of 383.4 m Ah g^(-1)(0.211 m Ah cm^(-2)) at current density of 200 m A g^(-1)and maintain reversible capacity of 156.9 m Ah g^(-1)(0.086 m Ah cm^(-2)) with Coulombic efficiency of 95.8% after 500 cycles,which are much higher than those of the traditional slurry-coating cathodes. Both Co and S as active elements in Co-S/CC contribute to capacity, which leads to a high mass utilization. This work provides a significant strategy for the construction of self-supporting metallic cathode for advanced high-energy density Al battery.

BCCLR:A Skeleton-Based Action Recognition with Graph Convolutional Network Combining Behavior Dependence and Context Clues

In recent years,skeleton-based action recognition has made great achievements in Computer Vision.A graph convolutional network(GCN)is effective for action recognition,modelling the human skeleton as a spatio-temporal graph.Most GCNs define the graph topology by physical relations of the human joints.However,this predefined graph ignores the spatial relationship between non-adjacent joint pairs in special actions and the behavior dependence between joint pairs,resulting in a low recognition rate for specific actions with implicit correlation between joint pairs.In addition,existing methods ignore the trend correlation between adjacent frames within an action and context clues,leading to erroneous action recognition with similar poses.Therefore,this study proposes a learnable GCN based on behavior dependence,which considers implicit joint correlation by constructing a dynamic learnable graph with extraction of specific behavior dependence of joint pairs.By using the weight relationship between the joint pairs,an adaptive model is constructed.It also designs a self-attention module to obtain their inter-frame topological relationship for exploring the context of actions.Combining the shared topology and the multi-head self-attention map,the module obtains the context-based clue topology to update the dynamic graph convolution,achieving accurate recognition of different actions with similar poses.Detailed experiments on public datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better results and realizes higher quality representation of actions under various evaluation protocols compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Recent progress of self-supported air electrodes for flexible Zn-air batteries

Smart wearable devices are regarded to be the next prevailing technology product after smartphones and smart homes,and thus there has recently been rapid development in flexible electronic energy storage devices.Among them,flexible solid-state zinc-air batteries have received widespread attention because of their high energy density,good safety,and stability.Efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts are the primary consideration in the development of flexible solid-state zinc-air batteries,and self-supported air cathodes are strong candidates because of their advantages including simplified fabrication process,reduced interfacial resistance,accelerated electron transfer,and good flexibility.This review outlines the research progress in the design and construction of nanoarray bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts.Starting from the configuration and basic principles of zinc-air batteries and the strategies for the design of bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts,a detailed discussion of self-supported air cathodes on carbon and metal substrates and their uses in flexible zinc-air batteries will follow.Finally,the challenges and opportunities in the development of flexible zinc-air batteries will be discussed.

Integrated ribosome and proteome analyses reveal insights into sevoflurane-induced long-term social behavior and cognitive dysfunctions through ADNP inhibition in neonatal mice

A growing number of studies have demonstrated that repeated exposure to sevoflurane during development results in persistent social abnormalities and cognitive impairment.Davunetide,an active fragment of the activity-dependent neuroprotective protein(ADNP),has been implicated in social and cognitive protection.However,the potential of davunetide to attenuate social deficits following sevoflurane exposure and the underlying developmental mechanisms remain poorly understood.In this study,ribosome and proteome profiles were analyzed to investigate the molecular basis of sevoflurane-induced social deficits in neonatal mice.The neuropathological basis was also explored using Golgi staining,morphological analysis,western blotting,electrophysiological analysis,and behavioral analysis.Results indicated that ADNP was significantly down-regulated following developmental exposure to sevoflurane.In adulthood,anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)neurons exposed to sevoflurane exhibited a decrease in dendrite number,total dendrite length,and spine density.Furthermore,the expression levels of Homer,PSD95,synaptophysin,and vglut2 were significantly reduced in the sevoflurane group.Patch-clamp recordings indicated reductions in both the frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents(mEPSCs).Notably,davunetide significantly ameliorated the synaptic defects,social behavior deficits,and cognitive impairments induced by sevoflurane.Mechanistic analysis revealed that loss of ADNP led to dysregulation of Ca^(2+)activity via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling,resulting in decreased expression of synaptic proteins.Suppression of Wnt signaling was restored in the davunetide-treated group.Thus,ADNP was identified as a promising therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of neurodevelopmental toxicity caused by general anesthetics.This study provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying social and cognitive disturbances caused by sevoflurane exposure in neonatal mice and elucidates the regulatory pathways involved.

Synthesis of Zeolite LTN-(SOD) Self-Supporting Membranes from SiO2-Rich Industrial Waste

Synthesis of zeolite LTN (“Linde Type N”) was investigated under insertion of a SiO2-rich filtration residue (FR) from waste water cleaning of the silane production. A new synthesis procedure was therefore developed applying a flotation mechanism with the aim to grow LTN in form of thin membrane like sheets. Preparation starts with preactivation of FR by slurrying first in alkaline solution, followed by an addition of aluminate solution and citric acid. The latter was added as suitable chelating agent for the initiation of the flotation process. In the course of these experiments, we succeeded in synthesizing zeo-lite LTN with more or less zeolite SOD as byproduct in the form of a stable compact membrane-like layer at low temperature of 60℃. The crystallization was performed under isotherm static conditions in an open reaction system without addition of organic templates as structure directing agents (OSDA’s). FR was utilized as a total substitute of sodium silicate in all experiments and an expansive pre-treatment procedure like calcinations was not needed. Furthermore, membrane formation with LTN of usual synthesis needs chemically functionalized supports. In contrast self-supporting membranous LTN layers were grown for the first time in the present study.

Association of preschool children behavior and emotional problems with the parenting behavior of both parents

BACKGROUND Parental behaviors are key in shaping children’s psychological and behavioral development,crucial for early identification and prevention of mental health issues,reducing psychological trauma in childhood.AIM To investigate the relationship between parenting behaviors and behavioral and emotional issues in preschool children.METHODS From October 2017 to May 2018,7 kindergartens in Ma’anshan City were selected to conduct a parent self-filled questionnaire-Health Development Survey of Preschool Children.Children’s Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire(Parent Version)was applied to measures the children’s behavioral and emotional performance.Parenting behavior was evaluated using the Parental Behavior Inventory.Binomial logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between the detection rate of preschool children’s behavior and emotional problems and their parenting behaviors.RESULTS High level of parental support/participation was negatively correlated with conduct problems,abnormal hyperactivity,abnormal total difficulty scores and abnormal prosocial behavior problems.High level of maternal support/participation was negatively correlated with abnormal emotional symptoms and abnormal peer interaction in children.High level of parental hostility/coercion was positively correlated with abnormal emotional symptoms,abnormal conduct problems,abnormal hyperactivity,abnormal peer interaction,and abnormal total difficulty scores in children(all P<0.05).Moreover,paternal parenting behaviors had similarly effects on behavior and emotional problems of preschool children compared with maternal parenting behaviors(all P>0.05),after calculating ratio of odds ratio values.CONCLUSION Our study found that parenting behaviors are associated with behavioral and emotional issues in preschool children.Overall,the more supportive or involved the parents are,the fewer behavioral and emotional problems the children experience;conversely,the more hostile or controlling the parents are,the more behavioral and emotional problems the children face.Moreover,the impact of fathers’parenting behaviors on preschool children’s behavior and emotions is no less significant than that of mothers’parenting behaviors.

Shear behavior of single-joint bolted sandstone subjected to dryewet cycles:Experimental and analytical approaches

A series of direct shear tests under constant normal loading conditions were carried out on specimens of bolted sandstone single-joint treated with different numbers of dryewet cycles.The experimental results show that the peak shear strength and shear stiffness of bolted sandstone joints were significantly reduced after 12 dryewet cycles.The decrease in the shear strength of rough joints is more significant than that of flat joints.Due to the decrease in the strength of the surrounding rock,the deformation characteristics of the bolts are significantly affected by the number of dryewet cycles performed.With an increase in the number of dryewet cycles,the plastic hinge length of the bolt gradually increases,resulting in an increase in the corresponding shear displacement when the bolt breaks.Compared with the tensileeshear failure mode of the bolts in flat joints,the tensileebending failure mode arises for bolts in rough joints.A shear curve model describing the whole process of bolted rock joints is established based on the deterioration of rock mechanical parameters caused by dry‒wet cycles.The model proposed considers the change in the friction angle of the joint surface with the shear displacement,which is applied to the derivation of the model by introducing the dynamic evolutionary friction angle parameter.The reasonably good agreement between a predicted curve and the corresponding experimental curve indicates that this method can effectively predict the shear strength of a bolted rock joint involving rough joint under dryewet cycling conditions.

Microstructures and micromechanical behaviors of high -entropy alloys investigated by synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques: A review

High-entropy alloys(HEAs)possess outstanding features such as corrosion resistance,irradiation resistance,and good mechan-ical properties.A few HEAs have found applications in the fields of aerospace and defense.Extensive studies on the deformation mech-anisms of HEAs can guide microstructure control and toughness design,which is vital for understanding and studying state-of-the-art structural materials.Synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction are necessary techniques for materials science research,especially for in situ coupling of physical/chemical fields and for resolving macro/microcrystallographic information on materials.Recently,several re-searchers have applied synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction methods to study the deformation mechanisms,phase transformations,stress behaviors,and in situ processes of HEAs,such as variable-temperature,high-pressure,and hydrogenation processes.In this review,the principles and development of synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction are presented,and their applications in the deformation mechanisms of HEAs are discussed.The factors that influence the deformation mechanisms of HEAs are also outlined.This review fo-cuses on the microstructures and micromechanical behaviors during tension/compression or creep/fatigue deformation and the application of synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction methods to the characterization of dislocations,stacking faults,twins,phases,and intergrain/interphase stress changes.Perspectives on future developments of synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction and on research directions on the deformation mechanisms of novel metals are discussed.

PCDH17 restricts dendritic spine morphogenesis by regulating ROCK2-dependent control of the actin cytoskeleton,modulating emotional behavior

Proper regulation of synapse formation and elimination is critical for establishing mature neuronal circuits and maintaining brain function.Synaptic abnormalities,such as defects in the density and morphology of postsynaptic dendritic spines,underlie the pathology of various neuropsychiatric disorders.Protocadherin 17(PCDH17)is associated with major mood disorders,including bipolar disorder and depression.However,the molecular mechanisms by which PCDH17 regulates spine number,morphology,and behavior remain elusive.In this study,we found that PCDH17 functions at postsynaptic sites,restricting the number and size of dendritic spines in excitatory neurons.Selective overexpression of PCDH17 in the ventral hippocampal CA1 results in spine loss and anxiety-and depression-like behaviors in mice.Mechanistically,PCDH17 interacts with actin-relevant proteins and regulates actin filament(F-actin)organization.Specifically,PCDH17 binds to ROCK2,increasing its expression and subsequently enhancing the activity of downstream targets such as LIMK1 and the phosphorylation of cofilin serine-3(Ser3).Inhibition of ROCK2 activity with belumosudil(KD025)ameliorates the defective F-actin organization and spine structure induced by PCDH17 overexpression,suggesting that ROCK2 mediates the effects of PCDH17 on F-actin content and spine development.Hence,these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which PCDH17 regulates synapse development and behavior,providing pathological insights into the neurobiological basis of mood disorders.

Snap-through behaviors and nonlinear vibrations of a bistable composite laminated cantilever shell:an experimental and numerical study

The snap-through behaviors and nonlinear vibrations are investigated for a bistable composite laminated cantilever shell subjected to transversal foundation excitation based on experimental and theoretical approaches.An improved experimental specimen is designed in order to satisfy the cantilever support boundary condition,which is composed of an asymmetric region and a symmetric region.The symmetric region of the experimental specimen is entirely clamped,which is rigidly connected to an electromagnetic shaker,while the asymmetric region remains free of constraint.Different motion paths are realized for the bistable cantilever shell by changing the input signal levels of the electromagnetic shaker,and the displacement responses of the shell are collected by the laser displacement sensors.The numerical simulation is conducted based on the established theoretical model of the bistable composite laminated cantilever shell,and an off-axis three-dimensional dynamic snap-through domain is obtained.The numerical solutions are in good agreement with the experimental results.The nonlinear stiffness characteristics,dynamic snap-through domain,and chaos and bifurcation behaviors of the shell are quantitatively analyzed.Due to the asymmetry of the boundary condition and the shell,the upper stable-state of the shell exhibits an obvious soft spring stiffness characteristic,and the lower stable-state shows a linear stiffness characteristic of the shell.