Effects of primary phase morphology on mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg-Fe alloy in semi-solid slurry casting process

The gas induced semi-solid(GISS) process was developed to create semi-solid slurry with fine and uniform globular structure.The combination of local rapid heat extraction and vigorous agitation by the injection of fine inert gas bubbles through a graphite diffuser in molten metal held at a temperature above its liquidus temperature changes the morphology of primary α(Al) from coarse dendritic to rosette-like and finally to fine globular.The GISS process produced semi-solid slurry at low solid fractions and then formed the slurry by a squeeze casting process to produce casting parts.The effects of primary phase morphology on the mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg-Fe alloy were investigated.The results show that the ultimate tensile strength and elongation are affected by the shape factor and particle size of the primary α(Al).

Design of experiments for determination of influence of different parameters on mechanical properties of semi-solid extruded parts

Near net-shape production of complex parts with higher mechanical properties is one of the most important final goals of the recent researches on the semi-solid processing.Having the knowledge of the influence of every parameter on the properties of final parts is the key in the production of high quality complex parts.Among these parameters forming temperature and velocity,and reheating and holding times have the greatest effects on the final mechanical properties of the parts.The influence of the parameters of non-dendritic billet production,forming speed,temperature and holding time on the properties of semi-solid extruded parts were investigated.Cooling-slope method was employed in order to produce non-dendritic billets.The material used was A356 aluminum alloy.Since the number of the parameters influencing the final properties of the parts was high(these parameters include:cooling slope angle,ram velocity,temperature and holding time),the final number of the experiments required would be n4,in which n is the number of the states of the parameters(5 in our case).In order to reduce this amount,design of experiments Tachuchi method was employed(design L25).Using this method the number of required experiments was reduced to 25.For the experiments the prepared semi-solid samples were extruded under isothermal condition and with 5 different ram speeds.Standard tensile tests were conducted on the extruded parts and the mechanical properties of the parts were determined.The obtained results analyzed with MiniTab and the influence of each of the parameters and also the percentage of its influence were calculated.Finally an optimum region for the parameters was determined.The temperature,ram speed,slope angle and holding time have more important effects descendingly.

Interaction between climate and management on beta diversity components of vegetation in relation to soil properties in arid and semi-arid oak forests, Iran

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between regions with different climatic conditions(arid vs. semi-arid) and management(protected vs. unprotected) on the turnover and nestedness of vegetation in relation to physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Ilam Province of Iran. In each of the two regions, we sampled 8 sites(4 managed and 4 unmanaged sites) within each of which we established 4 circular plots(1000 m^2) that were used to investigate woody species, while two micro-plots(1 m×1 m) were established in each 1000-m^2 plot to analyze herbaceous species. In each sample unit, we also extracted three soil samples(0–20 cm depth) for measuring soil properties. The results indicated that the interaction between region and conservational management significantly affected the percent of canopy cover of Persian oak(Quercus brantii Linddl), soil respiration, substrate-induced respiration, as well as beta and gamma diversities and turnover of plant species. The percent of oak canopy cover was positively correlated with soil silt, electrical conductivity, available potassium, and alpha diversity, whereas it was negatively correlated with plant turnover. In addition, plant turnover was positively related to available phosphorus, while nestedness of species was positively related to organic carbon and total nitrogen. According to these results, we concluded that physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of limited ecological niche generally influenced plant diversity. Also, this study demonstrated the major contribution of the beta diversity on gamma diversity, especially in semi-arid region, because of the higher heterogeneity of vegetation in this area.

Semi-conductive properties of melanization of chromate zinc plates

The anodic polarization curves of chromate zinc plates were studied under the condition of with and without illumination. It is found that the chromate film of zinc plate is characterized by an n type semi conductive property. The illumination on the surface and the addition of Pb in the surface raises the anodic photocurrent and plays a part of the n type property in the film. Contrarily, Ag in the film plays a part of the p type dopant. The effects of quantitative Pb 2+ and Ag + in bath on the melanization(black patina) of zinc plate after chromate treatment also has been studied by comparing the lightness differences Δ L by means of a whiteness meter. It is found that the lightness decreasing process (the melanization rate) is consistent with the Wagner equation Δ L =kt 1/2 +C, and that Pb in the film increases k , on the other hand, Ag in the film decreases k of the melanizing rate.[

Grain boundary characteristics and tensile properties of Ti14 alloy after semi-solid deformation

The microstructure and room-temperature tensile properties of Ti14,a new α＋Ti2Cu alloy,were investigated after conventional forging at 950°C and semi-solid forging at 1000 and 1050°C,respectively.Results show that coarse grains and grain boundaries are obtained in the semi-solid alloys.The coarse grain boundaries are attributed to Ti2Cu phase precipitations occurred on the grain boundaries during the solidification.It is found that more Ti2Cu phase precipitates on the grain boundaries at a higher semi-solid forging temperature,which forms precipitated zones and coarsens the grain boundaries.Tensile tests exhibit high strength and low ductility for the semi-solid forged alloys,especially after forging at 1000°C.Fracture analysis reveals the evidence of ductile failure mechanisms for the conventional forged alloy and cleavage fracture mechanisms for the alloy after semi-solid forging at 1050°C.

MICROSTRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI-SOLID EXTRUDED IN-SITU Al-4.5Cu-0.8Mg/TiCp COMPOSITES

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RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI-SOLID Al-Si ALLOY IN SOLID-LIQUID ZONE

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Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Thermal Fatigue Property of Low Chromium Semi-Steel

The effect of rare earth elements on eutectic carbide′s morphology of low chromium semi steel in as cast state and after heat treatment was investigated, and accordingly, the thermal fatigue property of this material was studied. The results show that RE can improve the eutectic carbide′s morphology, inhibit the formation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks, therefore, promote the thermal fatigue property, which is more noticeable in case of the RE modification in combination with heat treatment. The optimal thermal fatigue property can be obtained when treated with 0.2% RE modification as well as normalization at 950 ℃ for 3 h.

Effect of Hot Extrusion on Microstructure and Properties of (ABOw+SiCp)/6061Al Composites Fabricated by Semi-solid Stirring Technique

6061Al matrix composites reinforced by 5vol.%ABOw and 15vol.%SiCp were fabricated by semi-solid stirring technique successfully at 640 ℃ for 40min with the stirring rate of 300 rpm,and the composites were extruded at a temperature of 500 ℃ using an extrusion ratio of 25:1 subsequently.Tensile tests were performed on as-casted and as-extruded(ABOw+SiCp)/6061Al composites at room temperature,and microstructures were observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM).SEM investigation showed that the as-extruded composite exhibited reduced porosity as well as a more uniform distribution of the reinforcements compared with the as-casted composite.The tensile tests results showed that the ultimate tensile strength and tensile elongation of as-extruded composite are higher than that of as-casted composite.

Mechanical Property of Low Chromium Semi-Steel Grinding Ball Prepared by Cross Rolling

The preparing method,rolling technology and mechanical properties of low chromium semi-steel grinding ball by cross rolling were studied.The results show that when the low chromium semi-steel bar is forged from55mm to50mm,cross-rolled into grinding ball at 1 000-1 050℃,air cooled and tempered at 550℃for 2h,the best mechanical properties,especially the abrasive resistance under the action of hard abrasive,can be obtained.

半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

半透明太阳能电池因其在发电窗户、建筑集成光伏、农业温室等领域的巨大潜力而受到越来越多的关注.钙钛矿因其优异的光电性能和通用的制造方法成为了半透明太阳能电池光吸收材料的理想候选.半透明太阳能电池具有高透明度、颜色可调性等优异性能.因此,为了保证光电转换效率的同时实现良好的透光性,科学界需要继续解决器件结构设计、吸光层和透明电极材料等问题.分析半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池在电极设计、有源层调控以及器件结构的最新研究进展,并探讨半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池当前所面临的问题和未来发展方向.

沥青混合料弯曲疲劳损伤强度的多尺度研究

目的为了验证多尺度数值试验模拟方法在预测沥青混合料半圆弯曲试验疲劳损伤过程中弯拉强度参数变化规律的有效性问题。方法基于多尺度算法思想和半圆弯曲试验,通过对沥青混合料试件进行细观结构分析,得到内部集料颗粒的几何特征分布规律;在此基础上,对沥青混合料划分5个微观区域尺度,并构建相应尺度下半圆弯曲试件的有限元(FEM)数值模型,结合多尺度迭代运算来预测各级沥青混合料计算在0%Nf,20%Nf,50%Nf,65%Nf,80%Nf(Nf为疲劳寿命)不同半圆弯拉疲劳损伤程度下的弯拉强度。将室内半圆弯曲试验获得不同粒径的沥青混合料的弯拉强度参数作为宏观验证试验,与通过多尺度算法数值模拟试验所得的弯拉强度进行对比分析研究。结果结果表明:在沥青混合料的疲劳损伤过程中,前期材料的抗弯拉强度衰减速率较为缓慢,当在中后期时,抗弯拉强度进入了急剧衰减阶段,多尺度数值模拟试验与室内试验得到的衰减规律相吻合,且弯拉强度相对误差的绝对值控制在8%以内。结论多尺度数值模拟用于预测疲劳过程中沥青混合料的抗弯拉强度参数是有效的,该算法可以为类似的实际工程提供一定的参考意义。

王家寨隧道第三系半成岩工程性质及涌水灾害风险分析

为探究王家寨隧道第三系富水半成岩物理力学性质,于现场取样开展颗粒筛分、XRD以及扫描电镜试验,并以现场试样的干密度为基准,制备重塑试样进行三轴压缩试验,研究其矿物组成、微观结构及力学特性,结合Mod-Flow模拟地下水位对隧道进行施工灾害分析。研究表明:1)王家寨隧道第三系半成岩级配不均,具备明显的弱胶结特征,在低含水率下具有明显的水敏性与遇水软化特性。随着含水率增长,试样的抗剪强度呈先增后减趋势,当含水率为11%时达到最大值459.03 kPa;当含水率低于12%时,黏土矿物形成胶结物填充颗粒间隙,使试样黏聚力增大;随着含水率持续增大,大量的自由水赋存于颗粒间隙,造成胶结结构破坏,试样抗剪强度明显下降。2)王家寨隧道涌水模拟结果显示,2段典型的富水段掌子面涌水量分别为2805 m^(3)/d和5025 m^(3)/d,表明在隧道富水段开挖极易发生涌水灾害,且灾害涌水量偏高。3)第三系半成岩水敏性强、遇水易软化的物理力学性质,高压富水环境以及工程扰动是王家寨隧道开挖诱发地质灾害的主要因素。

半自动吸塑包装机关键构件力学特性模拟分析

为研究吸塑包装机关键构件力学特性,以半自动吸塑包装机为例,对其刀架与转轴关键构件力学特性进行模拟分析。通过数字建模与物理建模方法构建关键构件多刚体力学模拟模型,利用ADAMS动力学自动分析软件和ANSYS有限元软件,模拟分析关键构件的动态力学性能和静态力学性能。分析结果显示:关键构件的位移变化与角速度、加速度变化符合实际运动规律,当转轴受到49.52 N垂直方向力的影响时,转轴最大位移为0.928 mm,最大应力为31.25 MPa,符合选材规定范围,具有良好的模拟性能。

西宁盆地黄土区草本植物边坡电阻率与土体物理力学性质关系研究

为研究高寒干旱-半干旱环境黄土区种植不同类型草本植物边坡土体电阻率与其物理力学性质之间的定量关系,探讨电阻率数值反映边坡土体物理力学性质及其变化特征,在西宁盆地长岭沟流域自建试验区选取未种植裸坡以及种植生长期为3年的垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)、老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn.)、细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum Linn.Gaertn.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)的边坡共5种类型边坡为研究对象。通过开展边坡土体密度、含水率、含根系与不含根系土体直剪试验,对比不同草本植物根系对边坡土体物理力学性质的影响。在此基础上,利用二维电阻率层析成像方法建立不同边坡土体物理力学性质指标与土体电阻率间的定量关系。结果表明:(1)与未种植裸坡相比较,种植老芒麦边坡上层(0~10 cm)土体含水率增幅最大为26.53%;种植高羊茅边坡上层(0~10 cm)土体平均密度降幅最大为18.30%;种植垂穂披碱草边坡上层(0~10cm)土体黏聚力附加值最大,且为未种植裸坡的2.75倍。(2)5种类型边坡的电阻率受根系分布和边坡位置因素的共同影响,电阻率随着深度增加逐渐降低。4种草本边坡坡面以下0~20cm处土体电阻率均较裸坡大,该深度为根系分布大致范围。(3)5种边坡土体物理力学性质与电阻率数据之间存在拟合方程式(相关系数R2为0.48~0.77),且通过Pearson相关性分析得到边坡土体黏聚力c与电阻率间的相关性相对最高,相关系数R2为0.765。上述研究结果反映出可通过电阻率层析成像技术反映边坡土体物理力学性质,以及边坡土体中植物根系分布特征,可为研究区及其周边地区采用植物有效防治水土流失、浅层滑坡等灾害提供理论依据和实际指导意义。

西十高铁汉江特大桥主桥设计

西十高铁汉江特大桥主桥为主跨420 m的梁桁组合结构双塔斜拉桥,采用半飘浮体系。主梁采用钢桁加劲PC箱梁,梁高3.0 m,桥面全宽17 m。PC箱梁采用C55混凝土,单箱四室等高截面,加劲桁采用渐变三角桁式,材质为Q370qE钢,桁高9.4 m。斜拉索采用标准抗拉强度1770 MPa的镀锌平行钢丝,双索面扇形布置。桥塔采用花瓶式钢筋混凝土框架结构,塔高186.5 m,基础采用∅3 m的钻孔灌注桩,按长短桩设计。结构受力分析结果表明:该桥力学性能指标均满足相关规范要求,整体刚度性能优越,具有良好的颤振稳定性,设置的风嘴能有效抑制涡激振动,采取加劲钢桁上弦杆灌注混凝土、延迟铺轨时间等措施能有效控制主梁的收缩徐变,桥面线形满足铺设无砟轨道的要求。

半干旱风沙草原区盐湖植物防护体系土壤理化性状特征

为探究植物防护措施对半干旱风沙草原区土壤的改良效应,以查干淖尔盐湖植物防护体系为研究对象,采用野外调查结合室内试验的方法,测定不同区域土壤理化性质,分析0—30 cm深度土壤含盐量、土壤酸碱度、土壤粒径组成、土壤有机质和氮磷钾含量的变化。结果表明,查干淖尔盐湖植物防护体系营造建设20年后,在防护带阻挡风蚀物质和植物改善土壤的协同作用下,原有高盐强碱土壤环境出现了显著变化。与干涸湖心相比,植物防护体系内各样地pH均有不同程度的降低,碱蓬防护带内土壤含盐量降低75.34%;碱蓬防护带内土壤粘粒和粉粒含量增幅明显,较干涸湖心分别增加51.60%和22.14%,粗砂含量较干涸湖心降低72.06%;碱蓬防护带内土壤速效钾、速效磷、有机质含量较高,分别是干涸湖心的86%、39%、55%;过渡带白刺灌丛速效氮含量较高,为干涸湖心的28%。总体上各养分含量与粘粒和粉粒呈显著相关(P<0.05)。历经20年的营建,碱蓬防护带内土壤速效钾、速效磷、有机质含量较建设初期明显增长,表明植物防护体系对土壤具有明显的改良作用。研究成果为盐湖植物防护体系防护效应评价提供数据支撑,并为半干旱风沙草原区干涸盐湖风蚀控制和区域植被恢复重建提供科学依据。

内蒙古半干旱地区不同人工林土壤因子与林下植物多样性的相关性

以内蒙古半干旱地区生态修复工程营造的人工林为研究对象,探究不同林分类型的林下植物多样性、土壤理化性质差异以及土壤因子与林下植物多样性的相关性,并通过搭建结构方程模型评估林分类型、土壤因子对林下植物多样性的影响。结果表明:不同林分类型的植物多样性、土壤理化性质存在显著差异(P<0.05),混交林的林下植物多样性指数、土壤理化性质指数均高于纯林(P<0.05)。多元回归分析结果表明:林分类型、土壤密度、最大持水量、土壤有机碳质量分数、土壤有机质质量分数、土壤全氮质量分数是影响林下植物多样性的主导因素。结构方程模型结果表明:林分类型、土壤理化性质对林下植物多样性分布均具有决定性作用(P<0.01)。其中,林分类型可通过调节土壤理化性质,间接影响林下植物多样性的分布,土壤化学性质也可通过对土壤物理性质的调节,间接影响林下植物多样性的分布。

乳酸菌半固态发酵对沙田柚果粉苦味及活性成分的影响

【目的】探究不同乳酸菌半固态发酵对沙田柚果粉苦味及活性成分的影响,建立沙田柚果粉的脱苦技术,制备富集黄酮和膳食纤维(DF)的低苦味沙田柚果粉,为沙田柚果粉在健康食品中的应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】分别对由沙田柚囊衣和果肉匀浆热风干制成的果粉及其中对应含量的主要黄酮糖苷(柚皮苷和melitidin)进行苦味评定,明确沙田柚果粉的苦味物质基础。分别采用植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum GIM 1.1516,LP1.1516)、干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei GIM 1.411,LC1.411)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GIM 1.325,LR1.325)和嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus GIM 1.731,LA1.731)发酵沙田柚匀浆,动态监测发酵过程中匀浆的还原糖含量、pH和酸度变化;采用高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)分析发酵过程中沙田柚匀浆柚皮苷和melitidin降解率的变化,结合对发酵后匀浆的苦味评定,明确沙田柚匀浆最佳发酵脱苦条件。对发酵后干制的沙田柚果粉进行苦味评定,并分别测定发酵前后果粉总酚、总黄酮、总DF(TDF)、可溶(SDF)及不溶性DF(IDF)的含量,并评价其氧自由基吸收能力(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC)、铁离子还原能力(ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)和ABTS自由基清除能力及持水力(water retention capacity,WRC)、持油力(oil adsorption capacity,OAC)和吸水膨胀力(water swelling capacity,WSC)。【结果】由沙田柚囊衣和果肉制备的果粉滋味较苦,苦味主要由其黄酮主组分柚皮苷和melitidin共同呈味引起。植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌在发酵沙田柚囊衣和果肉匀浆的前12 h,均可利用匀浆中还原糖并代谢产酸,但发酵12—24 h,只有鼠李糖乳杆菌可持续利用匀浆还原糖并代谢产酸;经鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵12 h沙田柚匀浆的柚皮苷和melitidin总降解率及感官脱苦率均最大,分别为41.1%和66.0%,此时干制成的果粉滋味由发酵前的较苦(苦度值5.64)降低至少许苦和稍苦之间(苦度值2.21),感官脱苦率可达60.8%。与发酵前相比,经鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵12 h后的沙田柚果粉总黄酮含量显著提高19.8%,IDF含量降低9.6%,SDF含量增加19.6%,但TDF含量无显著变化。此外,发酵后果粉的ORAC抗氧化活性提高24.1%,持水力和吸水膨胀力分别提高20.8%和32.0%。【结论】采用鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵沙田柚匀浆12 h可用于制备富集黄酮和DF的低苦味沙田柚果粉,该果粉可用于相关功能食品的开发。