Ecological-Based Mining:A Coal-Water-Thermal Collaborative Paradigm in Ecologically Fragile Areas in Western China

A substantial reduction in groundwater level,exacerbated by coal mining activities,is intensifying water scarcity in western China’s ecologically fragile coal mining areas.China’s national strategic goal of achieving a carbon peak and carbon neutrality has made eco-friendly mining that prioritizes the protection and efficient use of water resources essential.Based on the resource characteristics of mine water and heat hazards,an intensive coal-water-thermal collaborative co-mining paradigm for the duration of the mining process is proposed.An integrated system for the production,supply,and storage of mining companion resources is achieved through technologies such as roof water inrush prevention and control,hydrothermal quality improvement,and deep-injection geological storage.An active preventive and control system achieved by adjusting the mining technology and a passive system centered on multiobjective drainage and grouting treatment are suggested,in accordance with the original geological characteristics and dynamic process of water inrush.By implementing advanced multi-objective drainage,specifically designed to address the“skylight-type”water inrush mode in the Yulin mining area of Shaanxi Province,a substantial reduction of 50%in water drillings and inflow was achieved,leading to stabilized water conditions that effectively ensure subsequent safe coal mining.An integrated-energy complementary model that incorporates the clean production concept of heat utilization is also proposed.The findings indicate a potential saving of 8419 t of standard coal by using water and air heat as an alternative heating source for the Xiaojihan coalmine,resulting in an impressive energy conservation of 50.2%and a notable 24.2%reduction in carbon emissions.The ultra-deep sustained water injection of 100 m^(3)·h^(-1)in a single well would not rupture the formation or cause water leakage,and 7.87×10^(5)t of mine water could be effectively stored in the Liujiagou Formation,presenting a viable method for mine-water management in the Ordos Basin and providing insights for green and low-carbon mining.

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ecological Quality in Typical Karst Ecologically Fragile Areas Based on Remote Sensing Ecological Indexes

Fast and effective remote sensing monitoring is an important means for analyzing the spatio-temporal changes in ecological quality in fragile karst regions.This study focuses on Guanling Autonomous County,a national-level demonstration county for comprehensive desertification control.Based on Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing image data from 2005,2010,2015,and 2020,remote sensing ecological indices were used to analyze the spatio-temporal changes in ecological quality in Guanling Autonomous County from 2005 to 2020.The results show that:①the variance contribution rates of the first principal component for the four periods were 66.31%,71.59%,63.18%,and 75.24%,indicating that PC1 integrated most of the characteristics of the four indices,making the RSEI suitable for evaluating ecological quality in karst mountain areas;②the remote sensing ecological index grades have been increasing year by year,with an overall trend of improving ecological quality.The area of higher-grade ecological quality has increased spatially,while fragmented patches have gradually decreased,becoming more concentrated in the low-altitude areas in the northwest and east,and there is a trend of expansion towards higher-altitude areas;③the ecological environment quality in most areas has improved,with the improvement in RSEI spatio-temporal variation becoming more noticeable with increasing slope.Areas of higher-grade quality appeared in 2010,and the range of higher-grade quality expanded with increasing slope.

Study on Rural Poverty in Ecologically Fragile Areas——A Case Study of the Tibetan Areas in Sichuan Province

This article offers an overview of natural environment, economic development, and social development in the Tibetan areas in Sichuan Province. The major manifestations of the status quo of poverty in the Tibetan areas are as follows: there is a wide range of poverty and a large poor population; the poverty degree is high and it is difficult to alleviate poverty; the natural disasters are frequent and the phenomenon of poverty arising from disasters is serious. We analyze the factors responsible for poverty of farmers and herdsmen in Sichuan Province as follows: first, the natural conditions are inclement and the ecological environment is fragile; second, the social attitudes are stale and the religious influence is deep; third, the development of education lags behind, the human capital inputs are short and the self-development capacity is weak; fourth, the state poverty alleviation and development policy is weakly directed at region; fifth, the Tibetan areas are facing the dilemma of choosing resources endowments or ecological protection. Following proposals are put forward to resolve the poverty issue in the Tibetan areas of Sichuan Province: strengthen infrastructure construction, and underpin self-development capacity of the Tibetan areas in Sichuan Province; reinforce organic connection of social security and poverty alleviation and development, and promote self-development capacity of impoverished farmers and herdsmen in the Tibetan areas; strengthen policy support, and improve self-development policy and mechanism of the Tibetan areas in Sichuan Province; drive the popularization of technology and culture in the Tibetan areas, and update the development concept of farmers and herdsmen in the Tibetan areas; accelerate the development of competitive industries in Tibetan areas, and promote economic development capacity of the Tibetan areas.

Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Northwestern Ecologically Fragile Desert Oasis——A case study of Guazhou County of Gansu Province

Guazhou County of Gansu Province is a typical ecological fragile area lying in the transition area of desert and oasis.The development of its agricultural economy is highly dependent on natural resources and environment.Contradiction of resources characterized agriculture and the fragile ecological environment has become one of the main barriers to log the impact of local agriculture to achieve sustainable development.Aiming at fragile ecological environment and limiting factors of agricultural sustainable development,thoughts and countermeasures of realizing agricultural sustainable development have been proposed.

Influence of Reservoir on Groundwater Environment in the Ecologically Fragile Area, Northwest of China

As the research proposed reservoirs after impact on the surrounding ecological fragile areas of groundwater level and scope, through the proposed reservoir area and its surrounding data collecting, hydrogeology survey and related test, for Modflow system simulation platform, through to the boundary conditions, initial conditions and source sink term and related hydrogeological parameters, the model identification and verification, The model of hydrogeological parameters in the study area is constructed. The simulation results show that the groundwater depth near the reservoir area will be higher than the critical value (1.8 m) of secondary salinization of soil. At the same time, according to the investigation and experiment, if the reservoir does not do seepage treatment, the water infiltration in the reservoir will aggravate the environmental hydrogeological problems in the ecologically fragile area.

Changes in Vegetation and Assessment of Meteorological Conditions in Ecologically Fragile Karst Areas

Meteorological conditions have an important impact on changes of vegetation in ecologically fragile karst areas.This study aims to explore a method for quantitative evaluation of these meteorological conditions. We analyzed the changing trend of vegetation during 2000–2018 and the correlations between vegetation changes and various meteorological factors in karst rocky areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Key meteorological factors in vegetation areas with varying degrees of improvement were selected and evaluated at seasonal timescale. A quantitative evaluation model of comprehensive influences of meteorological factors on vegetation was built by using the partial least-square regression(PLS). About 91.45% of the vegetation tended to be improved, while only the rest 8.55% showed a trend of degradation from 2000 to 2018. Areas with evident vegetation improvement were mainly distributed in the middle and northeast, and those with obvious vegetation degradation were scattered. Meteorological factors affecting vegetation were significantly different among the four seasons. Overall, high air humidity, small temperature difference in spring and autumn, and low daily minimum temperature and air pressure were favorable conditions. Low temperature in winter as well as high temperature in summer and autumn were unfavorable conditions. The Climate Vegetation Index(CVI) model was established by PLS using the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures;vapor pressure;rainfall;and air pressure as key meteorological factors. The Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI) was well fitted by the CVI model, with the average coefficient of determination(r2) and root mean square error(RMSE) of 0.856 and 0.042, respectively. Finally, an assessment model of comprehensive meteorological conditions was built based on the interannual differences in CVI. The meteorological conditions in the study area in 2014 were successfully evaluated by combining the model and selected seasonal key meteorological factors.

A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests

A protective forest,including shelterbelt,windbreak,and shelter forest as its synonyms,is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearby the objects that need to be protected using the ecological effects of forests.Ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests is one of the disciplinary orientations in forest ecology and management.Most protective forest studies are dependent on forestry eco-engineering,such as the Great Plains Shelterbelt Project in the United States,the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in the Soviet Union,and the Three-North Afforestation Program in China.The development of sustainable management of protective forests has been given increasing attention by governments,scientists,and media due to their impacts on environment conservation and global change.We introduce forestry ecoengineering and provide a review of their main ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests.Ecological mechanisms for management systems currently applied are emphasized,i.e.,the theory of protection maturity and phase-directional management;the relationship between structure and protective functions and structural optimization measures;and,the decline mechanism and ecological restoration strategies.In addition,several unresolved problems in management practices of protective forests are discussed as well as the prospects for ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests in the future,which include:(1)theories and technologies for management practices of protective forests at the landscape or regional scale;(2)the decline mechanisms and corresponding ecological restoration approaches across multiple scales;and,(3)the comprehensive assessment of forestry eco-engineering at large-scales based on ecosystem principles.

Ecological Restoration Strategies in Fragile Subtropical Mountain Ecosystems in China Based on Long-term Research in Changting County

Changting County is located in western Fujian province. Natural, social and economic aspects of ecolog- ical restoration were studied in this area from 2000 to 2011, and the results are widely representative of subtropical mountain ecosystem fragility across China. Great attention should be paid to the application of system theory and the harmony of human-nature relationships. This paper aims to provide the scientific theory to support strategies known as ＇harmony of man with nature＇, which means exerting natural regenesis potential by following natural law, transferring runoff from harm to benefit by operating on the ground and making material and economic virtuous cir- cles in land utilization by arousing human initiatives. It is necessary to transform ideas, tactics and technology and break technological bottlenecks, space limitations and systemic obstacles.

面向生态脆弱区的县域国土空间规划技术体系框架

本研究针对当前多规衔接技术难点,基于生态脆弱区的独特性和县域国土空间规划的复杂性,引入系统学原理方法,提出“视角、目标、方法”三衔接技术体系构建逻辑,从“空间子系统+规划分系统”两个方面构建国土空间规划系统分析框架,通过“体系的创新+技术的创新”阐明技术体系的创新之处,提出涵盖县域国土空间的发展格局与机制分析技术、资源人口产业耦合模拟技术、规划基本单元区划技术、单元内部人地调控技术、生态修复与土地整治规划设计技术等5项关键技术环节的地域适宜性规划模式与技术体系。

生态脆弱区县域生态系统服务综合管控分区模拟与优化——以陕西陇县为例

[目的]明晰生态脆弱区县域单元内多元生态系统服务时空分异特征与综合管控路径,对维护区域生态安全,践行生态文明战略有重要意义。[方法]以陕西陇县为例,评估县域空间2000年、2010年、2020年5项关键生态系统服务物质量值,识别服务供给高值区及权衡关系、权衡协同变化趋势;结合OWA方法,筛选出综合最优的管控情景并给出优化建议。[结果](1) 2000—2020年,县域多项服务整体呈现出上升趋势;(2)生境质量的高值聚集区分布与自然保护地位置一致;土壤保持和水源涵养热点区主要分布于南北部林草高覆盖区域;食物供给的热点区沿千河主河道分布。(3)生态休闲与食物供给服务在东南镇、温水镇、天成镇权衡空间扩张较为明显。水源涵养和生境质量的协同空间在西南部呈扩大趋势。(4)选取能够响应“供给高值区、权衡协同变化区”管控需求的模拟情景9作为最优管控模式,其中管控优先级最高的“关键保护与修复区”占县域面积的13.9%。[结论]生态脆弱区县域生态系统服务管控不仅应注重对服务供给高值地区的保护,还应关注局部服务权衡加剧、协同减弱的现象,适时调控地域发展导向,探索综合可持续管控模式。

生态脆弱区农户返贫脆弱性评估及其影响因素--以陇南山区为例

生态脆弱区既是生态环境最敏感区域,也是返贫问题较为集中的区域,返贫脆弱性作为评价农户返贫状况的重要指标,可为生态脆弱区农户的防返贫提供有效借鉴。以地处西秦岭的陇南山区为例,构建农户的返贫脆弱性评价指标体系,并利用微观调查数据,测度农户的返贫脆弱性水平,并利用分位数回归模型揭示其影响因素。结果发现:(1)陇南山区农户返贫脆弱性指数均值为0.103,整体处于中度脆弱水平,等级分布呈“两头小中间大”的橄榄形态势。(2)不同类型农户的返贫脆弱性水平存在分化特征,高山区、农业收入占比高、抚养比高的农户返贫脆弱性较高,且农业收入占比高、抚养比高农户的高脆弱群体占比也高。(3)不同抚养比农户的暴露度与适应能力差异最为显著,敏感性水平则在不同生计方式和抚养比农户中差异最大。(4)家庭规模的扩大可显著增强农户的返贫脆弱性,而交通便利度、网络覆盖率、未来生活预期、帮扶措施多样化和政策帮扶强度的提高可有效减缓农户的返贫脆弱性;政策帮扶强度削弱了高度脆弱农户因交通便利度低所致的返贫脆弱性,帮扶措施多样化则减弱了户主受教育水平高所发挥的降脆效果。

生态脆弱区公路选线优化及生态敏感性研究——以贵州省黔东南州玉屏至镇远公路为例

大规模交通基础设施的快速发展加剧了生态风险,尤其是生态脆弱区的公路建设,易对沿线生物多样性及生态系统构成重大威胁,如何填补这一空白,更好地优化公路选线仍缺乏普遍研究。本研究以贵州省黔东南州玉屏至镇远公路选线为例,采取客观、定量的评价方法分析公路沿线生态稳定性,通过构建公路生态敏感性评价体系,运用层次分析法(AHP)及ArcGIS空间加权叠加分析,指导其在生态脆弱区的选线优化,有效防止生态系统的进一步破碎和丧失。结果表明:1)从高程(B1)、坡度(B2)、坡向(B3)、水源保护(B4)、土地利用现状(B5)、风景名胜资源保护(B6)、植被覆盖度(B7)、景观破碎度(B8)、地质灾害(B9)9个指标进行评价,权重值由大到小为B7>B1>B4>B8>B5>B2>B9>B6>B3,表明植被覆盖度对公路生态敏感性影响最大,坡向影响最小。2)玉屏至镇远公路生态敏感性分值为1.60~5.62,高敏感区和中敏感区分别占10.72%和25.84%。3)对传统公路选线(B线)与基于生态敏感性选线(K线)指标对比,K线生态敏感性(4.34)低于B线(4.58),提出了不同路段工程建设适宜性与生态恢复策略。本研究为生态脆弱区公路选线提供了科学依据,并可推广至其他领域绿色基础设施的规划与实践。

典型生态脆弱区生态空间规划与治理研究——以云南省迪庆藏族自治州为例

生态脆弱区是生态环境易遭受破坏的主要区域,承担着水源涵养、物种多样性保护和生态碳汇等重要职责,已成为生态空间规划与治理的重点关注区域。云南省迪庆藏族自治州处于西南山地农牧交错脆弱区,是我国修复青藏高原南缘滇西北高山峡谷生态屏障的关键治理区域。基于生态脆弱区异质性、不稳定性与时空波动性特征,剖析迪庆藏族自治州生态空间治理面临的重难点与挑战,系统划定“深绿空间”、精细化划分“浅绿空间”,构建全域全要素生态空间治理体系,提出系统实施生态修复、多维度探索生态价值转化增值、提升生态文化韧性的生态空间治理路径,引领典型性生态脆弱区规划治理与绿色转型发展。

生态脆弱地区林业全要素生产率变动及其影响因素——基于甘肃省10年500个农户的跟踪调查

【目的】在生态文明建设背景下,研究欠发达生态脆弱地区林业全要素生产率变动及其影响因素,从林业投入资源配置、生产经营规模调整等方面探讨提高林业全要素生产率的可行路径,为生态脆弱与经济贫困叠加的同类高山集体林区加快转变林业发展方式、制定促进林业高质量发展相关政策提供科学依据和理论支撑。【方法】基于甘肃省2009—2018年500个农户跟踪调查数据,以资金、土地和劳动为投入要素,经济、生态和社会效益为产出要素构建DEA-Malmquist模型,从户主特征、家庭特征、林地特征、区位特征、林业政策和林业服务6个维度选取13个变量构建面板Tobit模型,测算甘肃省林业全要素生产率并分析其影响因素。【结果】1)从整体变动上看,林业全要素生产率增长不足,原因在于各分量未形成合力,具体为林业全要素生产率增长受技术进步驱动,而技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率促进作用有限。2)从时间特征上看,林业全要素生产率处于不稳定状态(2010—2018年呈上下交替波动特征),未能实现林业生产力的持续发展。3)从区域特征上看,因各地区自然历史条件和经济社会发展差异,林业全要素生产率地区差异明显。分区域来看,陇东地区林业全要素生产率增长不足,陇南地区增长有限,陇中地区增长较快;分县域来看,陇南地区各县域差异较大,陇中地区次之,陇东地区最小。4)从影响因素上看,林业全要素生产率受年龄、担任干部、外出务工人数、林业收入与总收入占比、林道满足需要、地理区位、采伐指标申请难易、获得林业补贴、参与森林保险、林权抵押贷款难易以及参与林业合作社影响。【结论】1)重视林业理论基础研究并不断应用转化林业科技成果,依靠科技进步保障林业持续发展;2)强化林业培训措施,提高林业技术效率,注重林业技术效应,转变林业发展方式;3)加大林业融资供给,引导林地规范流转,健全林业社会化服务体系,提高林业规模效率,实现林业规模经济;4)持续改进技术进步,逐步提升技术效率,充分挖掘规模潜力,使生产率各分量形成合力,合理有效配置林业生产要素;5)各地林业发展应全面考虑自身林业资源禀赋特殊性、生态安全必要性和艰巨性,提供精准扶持政策,因地制宜发展林业,加强区域交流合作,促进区域共同发展。

云南干热河谷光伏遮阴对花生产量和品质的影响

【目的】探讨光伏遮阴对花生产量和品质的影响。【方法】以云南干热河谷光伏电站为试验区,检测全光照对照区、光伏阵列行间、光伏组件下方光合有效辐射、土壤温度、土壤湿度等微生境指标,并测定花生单株结荚数、分枝数、根瘤数、主茎粗度、荚果长度、荚果宽度、荚果厚度、荚果质量、百仁质量等农艺性状和花生粗蛋白、直链淀粉、粗脂肪含量等品质指标,分析光伏遮阴对花生产量和品质的影响。【结果】与全光照对照区相比,光伏阵列行间光合有效辐射降低了28.67%,土壤温度降低了2.12℃,土壤湿度增加了6.40个百分点;光伏组件下方光合有效辐射降低了95.22%,土壤温度降低了4.21℃,土壤湿度增加了21.01个百分点。与全光照对照区相比,光伏组件下方花生分枝数、根瘤数、单株结荚数、荚果质量、百仁质量、荚果长度、荚果宽度、荚果厚度显著或极显著降低,其中单株结荚数降低了61.09%,百仁质量降低了46.23%;直链淀粉含量显著增加了27.02%。光伏阵列行间花生分枝数、根瘤数、单株结荚数、荚果质量、百仁质量和粗蛋白含量等均显著或极显著高于全光照对照区,其中单株结荚数增加了68.33%,百仁质量增加了34.32%,粗蛋白含量增加了19.82%;直链淀粉含量极显著降低了20.64%。【结论】光伏阵列行间花生产量、品质、食味品质均得到显著提升,光伏组件下方花生产量和品质均降低。据此,进一步筛选适宜光伏组件下方生境的典型耐阴或喜阴作物,与光伏阵列行间适生作物间作,有效利用光资源、改善下垫面环境、提高土地产出率。

耦合NSGA-Ⅲ和FLUS模型的生态脆弱农区土地利用多目标协同优化配置

依托数学模型和情景模拟,形成弹性的土地利用优化配置方案,对促进生态脆弱农区生态、农业和经济用地协调发展具有重要意义。以河套灌区乌兰布和灌域为例,采用MSPA(morphological spatial pattern analysis)和斑块重要性指数识别和提取生态源地,耦合NSGA-Ⅲ(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithmⅢ)和FLUS(future land use simulation)模型,基于4种情景模拟形成具有弹性的生态脆弱农区土地利用优化配置方案。结果表明:基于NSGA-Ⅲ可以快速形成研究区多目标下的Pareto解集,且解集内的各目标效益均优于2020年土地利用效益值。生态安全优先发展、粮食生产优先发展和经济优先发展情景存在其他两项目标效益提升不明显的情况。相对来说,最小土地利用变化条件下的均衡效益发展情景可在土地利用变化幅度最小的情况下,达到更高、更均衡的综合效益。制订土地利用优化配置方案时,在参考各情景土地利用优化配置布局的基础上识别土地利用协调冲突区,有助于形成弹性的土地利用优化配置方案,以适应区域可能发生的内外部经济政策环境变化。

高寒生态脆弱区农牧民生活垃圾集中处理激励机制与政策模拟——以藏北牧区为例

高寒生态脆弱区环境本底敏感而脆弱,生活垃圾不当处理极易加剧生态系统退化风险,揭示区内农牧民生活垃圾集中处理的多主体互动机制及政策激励效果对落实生活垃圾治理、降低生态风险和提升人居品质具有重要意义。基于藏北牧区的案例,考虑高寒生态脆弱区的气候高寒、牧民定居点分散等现实约束,构建村镇基层政府和农牧民的演化博弈模型,探究区内农牧民生活垃圾处理的激励机制。结果显示:①农牧民参与是提高高寒生态脆弱区生活垃圾集中处理效率的关键,村镇基层政府的奖惩措施能够显著激励农牧民参与生活垃圾集中处理,奖惩机制中惩罚的约束作用更为显著。②村镇基层政府的宣传和设施建设措施能够显著促进农牧民参与生活垃圾集中处理,设施配置对农牧民参与行为影响的敏感度明显大于宣传教育,完善设施建设是促进生活垃圾集中处理的关键措施。③优化高寒生态脆弱区农牧民生活垃圾集中处理制度的政策导向:立足高寒生态脆弱区气候高寒、牧民定居点分散及产污特性,优化生活垃圾集中处理设施的规划建设和运行管理、加强村镇基层政府参与治理的检查评估和行政管理、完善农牧民参与治理的激励约束机制。

低碳循环视角下生态脆弱地区碳汇产品价值实现路径——以南疆四地州户用沼气CERs项目为例

低碳循环发展的大背景下,三农碳汇生态产品的价值实现可助推三农低碳化发展并利农惠农。以生态脆弱区南疆四地州的户用沼气项目为研究对象,基于低碳循环的视角,利用小规模方法学AMS-Ⅲ.R和AMS-Ⅰ.C,综合测算温室气体的双重碳减排效益,估算其参与CERs项目后的经济效益,并进行项目碳减排成本的核算,最后就地区实际给出建议。结果表明:2020年南疆四地州户用沼气工程的总碳减排量为32.46×10^(4) t/a,其中第一重碳减排量为0.96×10^(4) t/a,第二重碳减排量为31.50×10^(4) t/a,平均每户碳减排量为1.12 t/a;建池农牧民参与CERs项目的碳减排经济总收益可达3 385万元,参与CERs项目十年后的每户净现值为2 229.6元,内部收益率可达30%,动态投资回收期为3.16年;单位碳减排增量成本(ICER)为9.01元/t CO_(2)当量,即1.42美元/t CO_(2)当量。因此,其户用沼气CERs项目开发具有可行性,且开发潜力较大,加入碳交易市场实现其作为三农碳汇产品的价值对于地区生态恢复、减碳增收、巩固脱贫攻坚成果也有推动作用。

区域内生态脆弱性分析

生态脆弱性是生态系统在特定时空尺度相对于外界干扰所具有的敏感反应和自我恢复能力,是生态系统的固有属性。对现有生态脆弱性的研究区域、研究方法(包括模型模拟法、综合指数评价法、地理信息系统和空间分析技术)及研究内容等进行归纳总结,为厘清典型区域内生态脆弱性动态演变的研究现状、研究趋势提供参考。在当前生态脆弱性的研究中,暂存在理论基础、评价指标和研究方法待进一步完善,研究区域有待进一步扩展等情况。加强对生态脆弱性研究的探讨,进一步拓展研究方向和内容,提高研究质量和水平,对于保护生态环境,实现可持续发展具有重要意义。