Review on the fully mulched ridge–furrow system for sustainable maize production on the semi-arid Loess Plateau

The fully mulched ridge–furrow(FMRF) system has been widely used on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China due to its high maize(Zea mays L.) productivity and rainfall use efficiency. However, high outputs under this system led to a depletion of soil moisture and soil nutrients, which reduces its sustainability in the long run. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the system for the sustainable development of agriculture. The development, yield-increasing mechanisms,negative impacts, optimization, and their relations in the FMRF system are reviewed in this paper. We suggest using grain and forage maize varieties instead of regular maize;mulching plastic film in autumn or leaving the mulch after maize harvesting until the next spring, and then removing the old film and mulching new film;combining reduced/notillage with straw return;utilizing crop rotation or intercropping with winter canola(Brassica campestris L.), millet(Setaria italica), or oilseed flax(Linum usitatissimum L.);reducing nitrogen fertilizer and partially replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer;using biodegradable or weather-resistant film;and implementing mechanized production. These integrations help to establish an environmentally friendly, high quality, and sustainable agricultural system, promote highquality development of dryland farming, and create new opportunities for agricultural development in the semi-arid Loess Plateau.

Migration and speciation transformation mechanisms of mercury in undercurrent zones of the Tongguan gold mining area, Shaanxi Loess Plateau and impact on the environment

In order to study the migration and transformation mechanism of Hg content and occurrence form in subsurface flow zone of gold mining area in Loess Plateau and its influence on water environment,the field in-situ infiltration test and laboratory test were carried out in three typical sections of river-side loess,alluvial and proluvial strata in Tongguan gold mining area of Shaanxi Province,and the following results were obtained:(1)The source of Hg in subsurface flow zone is mainly caused by mineral processing activities;(2)the subsurface flow zone in the study area is in alkaline environment,and the residual state,iron and manganese oxidation state,strong organic state and humic acid state of mercury in loess are equally divided in dry and oxidizing environment;mercury in river alluvial or diluvial strata is mainly concentrated in silt,tailings and clayey silt soil layer,and mercury has certain stability,and the form of mercury in loess is easier to transform than the other two media;(3)under the flooding condition,most of mercury is trapped in the silt layer in the undercurrent zone where the sand and silt layers alternate with each other and the river water and groundwater are disjointed,and the migration capacity of mercury is far less than that of loess layer and alluvial layer with close hydraulic connection;(4)infiltration at the flood level accelerates the migration of pollutants to the ground;(5)the soil in the undercurrent zone is overloaded and has seriously exceeded the standard.Although the groundwater monitoring results are safe this time,relevant enterprises or departments should continue to pay attention to improving the gold extraction process,especially vigorously rectify the small workshops for illegal gold extraction and the substandard discharge of the three wastes,and intensify efforts to solve the geological environmental problems of mines left over from history.At present,the occurrence form of mercury in the undercurrent zone is relatively stable,but the water and soil layers have been polluted.The risk of disjointed groundwater pollution can not be ignored while giving priority to the treatment of loess and river alluvial landform areas with close hydraulic links.The research results will provide a scientific basis for water conservancy departments to groundwater prevention and control in water-deficient areas of the Loess Plateau.

An Overview of the Semi-arid Climate and Environment Research Observatory over the Loess Plateau

Arid and semi-arid areas comprise about 30% of the earth＇s surface. Changes in climate and climate variability will likely have a significant impact on these regions. The Loess Plateau over Northwest China is a special semi-arid land surface and part of a dust aerosol source. To improve understanding and capture the direct evidence of the impact of human activity on the semi-arid climate over the Loess Plateau, the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University （SACOL） was established in 2005. SACOL consists of a large set of instruments and focuses on： （1） monitoring of long term tendencies in semiarid climate changes; （2） monitoring of the aerosol effect on the water cycle; （3） studies of interaction between land surface and the atmosphere; （4） improving the land surface and climate models; and （5） validation of space-borne observations. This paper presents a description of SACOL objectives, measurements, and sampling strategies. Preliminary observation results are also reviewed in this paper.

Soil water response to precipitation in different microtopographies on the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil water is an important factor restricting afforestation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.The microtopography of the loess slope has changed the distribution pattern of soil water on the slope.To improve water utilization efficiency and optimize afforestation configuration patterns,the relationship between soil water and precipitation at micro-topographic scale must be studied.We used time series analysis to study the temporal variation of soil water and its response to precipitation in four kinds of micro-topographies and undisturbed slope on loess slopes.Micro-topographies significantly influenced soil water distribution and dynamics on the slopes.Soil water stored in the platform,sinkhole,and ephemeral gully influenced subsequent soil water for 4 weeks,whereas soil water stored in the scarp and undisturbed slope could influence soil water for 2 weeks.It took 12 weeks,10 weeks,18 weeks,6 weeks,and 12 weeks for precipitation to reach the deeper soil layer in the platform,sinkhole,scarp,ephemeral gully,and undisturbed slope,respectively.These soil water characteristics in different micro-topographies are vital factors that should be taken into consideration when undertaking afforestation on the Loess Plateau.

Afforestation using micro-catchment water harvesting system with microphytic crust treatment on semi-arid Loess Plateau： A preliminary result

Water harvesting is one of main measures to solve water shortage resulting from less precipitation and erratically seasonal dis- tribution in arid and semi-arid areas. Different types of anti-infiltration treatments including mechanical and chemical to micro-catchment and their runoff efficiencies had been reported. This paper, through 5 years experiment from 1992 to 1996, is aimed at studying the im- pacts of microcatchment water-harvesting system (MCWHS) with microphytic crust treatment on afforestation on semi-arid Loess Plateau. The results showed that after 3 years of crust inoculation, crust had covered majority of MCWHS and the function of water harvesting had also been demonstrated partially, there were significant difference in soil moisture of shallow soil layer in three typical spring stages be- tween crust cover and control treatments (0.05 level), and about 0.9%-6.04% increase of monthly mean soil moisture within 1m soil layer in spring of late 3 years. The impact of severe spring drought can be alleviated effectively. In the meanwhile, as crust developed on the treated surface, there are significant differences (0.05 level) for tree height (H), diameter at breast height (DBH) and diameter at ground level (DGL) at the end of the study period (1996) with the increases by 22.38%, 17.34%, and 20.49% respectively compared with the con- trol treatment. Microphytic crust, as one of biological infiltration-proof materials, may become the optimized option for revegetation in Chinese Great West Development Strategy due to its self-propagation, non-pollution to water qualities, long use duration and relatively cost effective. Further work should be focused on the selection of endemic crust species and their batch-culture in arid environment.

Changes in aggregate-associated organic carbon and nitrogen after 27 years of fertilization in a dryland alfalfa grassland on the Loess Plateau of China

Changes in the distribution of soil aggregate sizes and concentrations of aggregate-associated organic carbon （OC） and nitrogen （N） in response to the fertilization of grasslands are not well understood. Understanding these changes is essential to the sustainable development of artificial grasslands. For understanding these changes, we collected soil samples at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths from a semi-arid artificial alfalfa grassland after 27 years of applications of phosphorus （P） and nitrogen＋phosphorus＋manure （NPM） fertilizers on the Loess Pla- teau of China. The distribution of aggregate sizes and the concentrations and stocks of OC and N in total soils were determined. The results showed that NPM treatment significantly increased the proportions of 〉2.0 mm and 2.0-0.25 mm size fractions, the mean geometric diameter （MGD） and the mean weight diameter （MWD） in the 0-20 cm layer. Phosphorous fertilizer significantly increased the proportion of 〉2.0 mm size fractions, the MGD and the MWD in the 0-20 cm layer. Long-term application of fertilization （P and NPM） resulted in the accumulation of OC and N in soil aggregates. The largest changes in aggregate-associated OC and N in the 0-20 cm layer were found at the NPM treatment, whereas the largest changes in the 20-40 cm layer were found at the P treatment. The results suggest that long-term fertilization in the grassland leads to the accumulation of OC and N in the coarse size fractions and the redistribution of OC and N from fine size fractions to coarse size fractions.

Vegetation and environmental changes in western Chinese Loess Plateau since 13.0 ka BP

Pollen records from the Chinese Loess Plateau revealed a detailed history of vegetation variation and associated climate changes during the last 13.0 ka BP. Before 12.1 ka BP, steppe or desert-steppe vegetation dominated landscape then was replaced by a coniferous forest under a generally wet climate （12.1-11.0 ka BP）. The vegetation was deteriorated into steppe landscape and further into a desert-steppe landscape between 11.0 and 9.8 ka BP. After a brief episode of a cool and wet climate （9.8-9.6 ka BP）, a relatively mild and dry condition prevailed during the early Holocene （9.6-7.6 ka BP）. The most favourable climate of warm and humid period occurred during mid-Holocene （7.6-4.0 ka BP） marked by forest-steppe landscape and vegetation alternatively changed between steppe and desert-steppe from -4.0 to -1.0 ka BP.

Effects of vegetation near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment reduction in typical grasslands on the Loess Plateau,China

Vegetation near-soil-surface factors can protect topsoil from erosion,however,their contributions to the reduction of soil erosion,especially under natural rainfall events,have not been systematically recognized.This study was performed to quantify the effects of near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment under natural rainfall events on grasslands dominated by Bothriochloa ischaemum(Linn.)Keng(BI grassland)and Artemisia gmelinii Thunb.(AG grassland)in two typical watersheds on the Loess Plateau,China in 2018.By successive removal of the plant canopy,litter,biological soil crusts(BSCs)and plant roots,we established five treatments including plant roots,plant roots+BSCs,plant roots+BSCs+litter,intact grassland and bare land in each grassland type.In total,twenty runoff plots(5 m×3 m)with similar slopes and aspects were constructed in the two types of grasslands.Results showed that plant canopy,litter and roots reduced runoff,while BSCs,which swelled in the presence of water,increased runoff.In contrast,all of these factors reduced sediment yield.In addition,the reductions in runoff and sediment yield increased with I30(maximum 30-min rainfall intensity)for each vegetation near-soil-surface factor except for BSCs.Among these factors,plant canopy had the largest contribution to runoff reduction,accounting for 48.8% and 39.9% in the BI and AG grasslands,respectively.The contributions of these vegetation near-soil-surface factors to sediment yield reduction were similar(21.3%-29.9%)in the two types of grasslands except for BSCs in the AG grassland(10.3%).The total reduction in runoff in the BI grassland(70.8%)was greater than that in the AG grassland(53.1%),while the reduction in sediment yield was almost the same in both grasslands(97.4%and 96.7%).In conclusion,according to the effects of different vegetation near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment production,our results may provide more complete insight and scientific basis into the effects of various vegetation related factors in controlling soil erosion.

黄土塬区果园-农田交界带土壤水分分布及农田对果园的供水特征

[目的]为探明黄土高原南部塬区果园-农田镶嵌格局下土壤水分空间分布与协同利用特征。[方法]选取长武塬区10龄、21龄和25龄苹果园(AO10、AO21和AO25)及其邻近农田,通过测定2021年雨季后果园-农田交界带有关位点的土壤含水量,定量计算农田土壤储水对果园耗水的贡献。[结果]2021年降水量756 mm,为典型的丰水年份,农田和AO21、AO25果园降雨入渗深度在11月底分别达8.4,7.0,5.0 m。AO10果园-农田交界带以4 m深度为界,其下部土壤含水量较上部大,4-10 m土层平均含水量为25.5%;AO21果园0-7 m土层平均含水量为22.1%,7-10 m为15.0%;AO25果园0-5 m土层平均含水量为20.9%,5-10 m土层平均含水量为13.6%,AO21和AO25果园分别在7.0,5.0 m以下仍存在土壤干层。水平方向上,AO21、AO25果园利用邻近农田土壤水分的距离分别达到5,8 m,农果交界面上农田向果园的供水量,当以干层上界划分土壤剖面,其上为表观供水量,2个果园分别为0.08,0.25 m^(3)/m^(2);其下为实际供水量,分别为0.45,0.81 m^(3)/m^(2)。[结论]黄土塬区果园和农田镶嵌布局是一种较为合理的利用结构,在其规划管理中应考虑果树年限及其相邻农田宽度等因素,研究结果有助于推进区域土壤水资源的可持续利用及其空间优化。

黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究进展与展望

地球关键带是21世纪地球科学的前沿和重点领域之一。黄土约占全球陆地面积的10%,中国的黄土高原是典型的地球关键带之一。土壤水文过程驱动着黄土高原关键带不同尺度的系列生物地球化学循环过程,决定土壤−植被−大气连续体的演化方向与可持续性。基于地球关键带“4M”研究框架,综述了黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究的热点与前沿,梳理了不同尺度土壤水文过程的观测方法与技术、模型模拟与填图、深层土壤干化管理等研究进展;在此基础上,围绕黄土高原关键带土壤水资源优化利用与生态系统服务功能提升,提出了全球气候变化和大规模人类活动共同影响下黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程的优化管理对策和建议,展望了黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究的未来趋势。以期深化黄土高原关键带研究的科学认知,促进地球关键带科学的发展,为黄土高原自然资源优化管理、山水林田湖草系统治理提供科学参考。

不同气候区生态系统服务权衡空间异质性及其驱动因素——以川滇-黄土高原生态屏障带为例

厘清生态系统服务权衡关系的驱动因素对实现生态系统高效管理至关重要。然而,在不同气候区生态系统服务权衡关系在空间上如何变化及其驱动机制是否一致,尚不清楚。以川滇-黄土高原生态屏障带为例,基于InVEST模型、CASA模型评估生态系统服务空间分布特征,采用RMSE量化生态系统服务权衡关系,利用地理探测器探究不同气候区生态系统服务权衡的驱动机制,以期为生态系统管理提供参考依据。结果如下:(1)不同生态系统服务在不同气候区存在明显差异,WY整体由东北向西南呈递减趋势,NPP和SC呈现由北向南递减的趋势。(2)WY∩NPP的权衡最高值在中温带为0.317,最低值在高原气候区为0.181。WY∩SC在不同气候区RMSE变化幅度较小,由南向北呈现递减趋势;中亚热带气候区WY∩SC的权衡程度最高,为0.295,南温带的权衡程度最低,为0.229。NPP∩SC的RMSE差值最小,仅有0.064,高原气候区权衡程度略低于温带和亚热带。(3)在不同气候区自然因素对权衡关系作用显著高于社会因素,但在人口密集区,人为活动可以部分突破自然因素的约束,使其对权衡的影响有所提升。因此,在制定不同气候区生态系统服务管理的针对性措施时,应考虑生态系统服务权衡的空间特征和驱动因素的差异性。

人水共生理念下传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧研究——以陕北地区为例

中国传统聚落景观营建素有将人水共生作为古人聚居选址及农耕生产的理念和举措。因此,在聚落选址之初,古人对自然山水环境的寻找、观察及借用的用心程度甚至超过聚落后期的建设过程。为了更好地保护和传承半干旱区传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧,避免本土理水营建技术的消失与断代,以陕北黄土高原区传统窑洞聚落为研究对象,从人水共生哲学思想出发,结合DIKW层次结构模型,构建传统聚落理水智慧解析路径与方法。从聚落选址布局理水智慧、人居营建理水智慧、农耕生产理水智慧和自然生态理水智慧4个方面,开展陕北传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧的提取与体系构建。以期为当前我国半干旱地区乡村聚落生态人居景观营建和水基础设施建设提供理论与经验借鉴。

基于特征分区的陕北黄土高原植被覆盖变化及其驱动因素

陕北黄土高原是退耕还林(草)工程的重要实施区域,深入分析退耕以来不同时段的植被覆盖变化和驱动因素特征,对推进区域生态环境建设具有重要指导意义。基于2000—2019年中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,在地理分区的基础上,根据气候和植被覆盖类型等自然地理要素对陕北黄土高原进行特征区域划分,采用趋势分析、相关分析和残差分析等方法,研究全域及各分区在两轮退耕还林(草)工程实施期间(2000—2013年、2014—2019年)植被覆盖的时空变化及其驱动因素,探究不同时期植被变化及驱动因素的差异性。结果表明:(1)2000—2019年,各分区年均NDVI值为土石丘陵林区(Ⅵ区)>黄土塬区(Ⅶ区)>黄土梁状丘陵区(Ⅴ区)>黄土峁状丘陵区(Ⅳ区)>盖沙黄土丘陵区(Ⅱ区)>黄土宽谷丘陵区(Ⅲ区)>风沙丘陵区(Ⅰ区),均呈增加趋势。(2)20年间,研究区植被显著改善面积占比约为93.6%。在第二轮工程实施期间,研究区植被改善速度较第一轮降低(0.0136/a、0.0125/a),Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ区部分植被发生退化。(3)陕北地区植被变化是气候和人类活动共同作用的结果。人类活动是引起研究区植被变化的主导因素,但气候因素在植被变化中的影响程度逐渐加深。气候因素在第二轮工程实施期间对各分区植被变化的贡献率较第一轮增大。(4)在长时间尺度上,植被的生长和分布受水分等自然条件的制约。因此,在进行植被恢复时,要充分考虑自然环境条件,以达到区域生态恢复的可持续性。

基于DPSIR模型的黄土高原生态敏感性演变格局及驱动力分析

摸清生态系统敏感性时空演变格局,对其驱动因素及未来发展趋势进行探测是修复和提高生态系统稳定性的重要内容。黄土高原是世界上水土流失最严重和生态环境最脆弱的地区之一,探究该地区生态敏感性时空演变特征及驱动因素,科学划分生态敏感性治理分区对于促进国家生态文明建设具有重要意义。基于“驱动-压力-状态-影响-响应”(driving-pressure-state-impact-response,DPSIR)框架,耦合空间距离指数和全排列多边形图示指标法构建生态敏感性指标体系,使用地理信息演变图谱和地理探测器研究黄土高原2000—2020年5个时间点生态敏感性时空格局和驱动力,最终划分生态敏感性治理分区。结果表明:(1)研究期内黄土高原生态敏感性表现为西北高、东南低的分布特征,时间上先增加后下降。(2)研究期内黄土高原生态敏感性转移类型以波动稳定型为主,生态改善区面积占比最大(35.17%),变化0次和1次的面积占比62.06%,生态环境演变稳定向好。(3)生态敏感性的各驱动因素中,NDVI和降水量以及两者与其他因子的交互作用对于黄土高原生态敏感性具有明显的驱动作用。(4)2030年低度敏感将成为黄土高原的主要敏感类型;沙地和农灌区以及黄土高塬沟壑区的中西部是生态敏感性治理的重点地区。整体来看,黄土高原生态环境有所好转,生态治理措施取得了积极成效,该研究可为黄土高原生态治理及高质量发展提供参考。

基于PCA与改进AHP-CRITIC法的地质灾害风险评价研究——以神木市为例

神木市是西部地区重要的能源城市,对能源的过度开发利用引发了大量地质灾害,严重阻碍着居民生产生活和城市发展建设,因此开展地质灾害风险评价研究是该地区可持续发展的必由之路。为解决多因子综合作用对评价精度的影响,根据神木市地质环境及社会经济情况选取合适的评价因子分别建立危险性和易损性评价体系,利用主成分分析(PCA)法判断、提取主成分来避免因子间相关性的干扰,计算各因子综合分值得到危险性区划图;首次将改进层次分析(AHP)-CRITIC主客观组合赋权法应用于承灾体易损性评价当中,通过该方法计算因子综合权重得到各乡镇易损指数。叠加危险区划图和易损指数图完成神木市地质灾害风险性分区,将风险区划为高、较高、中、较低和低五个等级,分别占全市面积的5.31%、7.72%、14.17%、17.08%和55.72%,表明研究区风险等级中等偏低。可为同类型地区地质灾害风险评价工作提供参考依据。

基于生态功能区划的黄土高原生境质量演变及模拟

黄土高原是中国“两屏三带”生态安全格局的重要组成部分。基于1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年、-2020年土地利用数据,运用InVEST模型、CA Markov模型分析黄土高原生境质量时空演变特征,并探讨自然因素、人类活动及多因素景观格局对生境质量的影响。结果表明:黄土高原生境质量指数整体较好,生境质量指数均值为0.6051~0.6117,生境质量在空间上呈现高高聚集、低低聚集的两极集聚特征;生态保护情景下2030年黄土高原生境质量将明显上升,城市发展情景下2030年生境将退化严重,按生态保护情景发展,黄土高原农业与草原生态区、太行山山地落叶阔叶林生态区、秦巴山地北部边缘落叶与常绿阔叶林生态区生境质量将提升;从不同影响因素看,人口密度是各生态区生境破碎化的主要驱动因子。

浅层黄土滑坡易发性评价:以晋西黄土区蔡家川农地小流域为例

黄土高原中部地区极端暴雨事件频发,引发大面积浅层滑坡和泥流灾害。随着全球变暖,降雨增加,中国西北黄土高原植被覆盖发生显著变化,不考虑植被因素的黄土滑坡易发性分区的评价方法需要改进。本文以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域农地小流域为研究对象,基于暴雨前后流域高分辨率图像、数字高程模型,野外滑坡调查和室内岩土测试,利用半定量的信息量模型、信息量-逻辑回归耦合模型和定量的物理模型,按有植被和无植被两种工况开展了浅层黄土滑坡易发性分区,并评估模型精度。结果表明:考虑植被时,半定量模型获取的易发性指数均下降,物理模型计算的稳定区面积显著增大,说明植被对浅层滑坡有抑制作用;考虑植被时,各个模型的评价精度都有所提高,信息量-逻辑回归耦合模型的精度高于信息量模型,物理模型的精度整体高于两个半定量模型。研究结果可为以暴雨滑坡为主要类型的小流域水土流失预测预报提供参考。

黄土高原刺槐人工林立地指数变化及评价

【目的】在黄土高原研究刺槐人工林优势木平均高及立地指数(基准林龄15年时优势木平均高)对气候和立地因子的响应,建立模型评价立地质量。【方法】对样地调查及文献搜集数据,用外包线法确定优势木平均高的单因子响应规律和适宜函数形式,然后建立多因子耦合模型并用实测数据率定,籍此评价立地指数空间差异。【结果】地形部位对优势木平均高的影响差异较大,相对得分表现为沟底1.000>塬面0.906>梁坡下部0.837>梁坡中部0.438>沟坡0.210>梁坡上部0.176>梁峁顶0.000。当年均降水量小于550 mm时,优势木平均高随年均降水量升高快速增加,之后渐趋平缓;优势木平均高随年均气温升高呈先增后减,最适范围是7.5~11.0℃。建立了耦合气候和立地因子影响的优势木平均高模型,拟合度较好(R^(2)=0.72)。依据对优势木平均高的影响,将年均气温和降水量都分为4级(<6.0℃,太冷,不能生长;6.0~7.5℃,冷,不宜或较宜生长;7.5~11.0℃,温,最宜生长;>11.0℃,暖,较宜或不宜生长。<400 mm,太旱,不能生长;400~450 mm,旱,不宜生长;450~550 mm,润,较宜生长;>550 mm,湿,最宜生长),据此确定了黄土高原不能刺槐造林的区域,提出了可刺槐造林区域的气候分区,其中温湿区、温润区、暖湿区和温旱区的平均立地指数均为中等或以上(>7.5 m),宜于刺槐生长;但冷旱/润区和暖润区立地较差,整体不宜刺槐生长。对各气候分区,计算了各立地类型(地形部位与坡向的组合)的立地指数,评价了立地质量。【结论】黄土高原刺槐人工林的立地指数同时受气候和立地因子影响。综合考虑这些影响的气候分区和立地评价可以指导精细的刺槐造林立地选择和林分科学经营。

基于MODIS的陕西黄土高原植被覆盖度变化特征及其驱动分析

基于MODIS数据,采用混合像元分解模型提取陕西黄土高原2000—2009年的植被覆盖度数据,研究其整体变化趋势,并根据植被覆盖类型、地形、气候和土壤因子进行特征分区,研究不同区域植被覆盖变化及其驱动因子。结果表明,整体而言,10 a间研究区植被覆盖度呈增长趋势,2000—2009年共增长约10百分点。植被覆盖度为0～10%、>10%～20%、>20%～30%、>30%～40%和>40%～50%的区域面积年平均减少-1.05%、-8.63%、-7.04%、-7.20%和-3.49%,而植被覆盖度为>50%～60%、>60%～70%、>70%～80%、>80%～90%和>90%～100%的区域面积年平均增长6.92%、10.53%、4.05%、0.87%和7.06%。地形和水热状况从宏观上决定植被覆盖类型,并且影响植被疏密程度,土壤侵蚀影响植被受破坏程度,植被覆盖度持续增长的主要原因是退耕还林(草)工程的实施。

青海高原东部农业区土地利用遥感分类制图

为有效地监测复杂区域生态环境治理成效,该文以青藏高原与黄土高原过渡地带的青海高原东部农业区为例,研究大范围复杂地区土地利用遥感自动、快速提取方法。首先构建适于研究区土地利用变化分析的分类系统;其次,采用地理分区综合遥感分类法对青海高原东部农业区进行土地利用遥感分类制图。研究结果表明,上述方法适宜大范围复杂地区土地利用信息的有效提取,Kappa系数0.71,较未分区的分类结果高0.12。分类制图结果表明,研究区土地利用结构以农用地为主,其中>6°～25°的坡耕地占耕地总量的63.33%,应加大这部分坡耕地水土流失的防治。该研究为大范围复杂地区土地利用遥感信息提取提供了有效的方法,为青海高原东部农业区土地资源的科学管理与规划提供了参考。