Frequency Domain Fatigue Evaluation on SCR Girth-Weld Based on Structural Stress

The Steel Catenary Riser(SCR)is a vital component for transporting oil and gas from the seabed to the floating platform.The harsh environmental conditions and complex platform motion make the SCR’s girth-weld prone to fatigue failure.The structural stress fatigue theory and Master S-N curve method provide accurate predictions for the fatigue damage on the welded joints,which demonstrate significant potential and compatibility in multi-axial and random fatigue evaluation.Here,we propose a new frequency fatigue model subjected to welded joints of SCR under multiaxial stress,which fully integrates the mesh-insensitive structural stress and frequency domain random process and transforms the conventional welding fatigue technique of SCR into a spectrum analysis technique utilizing structural stress.Besides,a full-scale FE model of SCR with welds is established to obtain the modal structural stress of the girth weld and the frequency response function(FRF)of modal coordinate,and a biaxial fatigue evaluation about the girth weld of the SCR can be achieved by taking the effects of multi-load correlation and pipe-soil interaction into account.The research results indicate that the frequency-domain fatigue results are aligned with the time-domain results,meeting the fatigue evaluation requirements of the SCR.

Girth weldability and welding process of Baosteel X80 UOE linepipes

An analysis of the girth weldability of Baosteel X80 UOE （U-ing-O-ing-Expanding） linepipes was conducted using manual shielded metal arc welding （SMAW） and semiautomatic self-shielded flux cored wire arc welding （FCAW）. A technical specification for the optimum quality of a girth welding joint was obtained through a large amount of testing. According to the requirements of America Petroleum Institute（API） standard 1104 and the standards of the 2nd West-East natural gas transmission pipeline project,the mechanical properties of a girth welding joint were estimated. In addition,the effect of the girth welding procedure specifications and the consumable＇ s suitability on the impact toughness of the girth welding joint was discussed.

Investigation of the impact toughness of self- shielded flux- cored wire girth welds for X80 pipelines

Self-shielded flux-cored wire is a convenient and efficient consumable for pipeline field girth welding because of its self-protection characteristic and high deposition rate, especially for remote construction sites in rugged terrain. From the perspective of pipeline safety, the impact toughness of the girth welds is an important factor in pipeline integrity ,which determines the crack arrest behavior in the girth welds. Therefore, improving the girth weld impact toughness is of primary importance in the field of pipeline girth welding. Three self-shielded flux-cored wires comprising different chemical composition systems have been applied to large diameter X80 UOE （U-ing-O- ing-Expanding） pipeline semi-automatic girth welding,and the impact toughness of the welds has been evaluated by girth weld chemical composition analysis and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive spectrometry （EDS） to investigate pipeline girth weld impact toughness and find ways to improve it. This helps in determining the main factors that influence girth weld impact toughness. Pipeline girth weld impact toughness is mainly determined by the final microstructure produced in the solid-state phase transition. In the as-weld state,acicular ferrite （AF） and fine bainite （FB） are a benefit to the impact toughness. For multilayer semiautomatic self-shielded flux-cored wire welding, the normalizing and tempering function of the latter beads to the initial beads plays an important role in the transition of girth weld microstructure, which affects the impact toughness. The original AF and FB and the corresponding heat treatment microstructure of the fine and uniform block ferrite and pearlite result in very good impact toughness. The following two mechanisms are found to promote the production of AF and FB in the girth weld. First, elements promoting the broadening of the austenitic region, such as Ni, C, Cu, and Mn, induce low temperature phase transitions and restrain the opposing function of Al, which is a benefit to the production of AF and FB. Second, dispersed high-melting-point inclusions, especially Al2O3 ,induce the nucleated production of AF. The advantageous function of inclusions is determined by their shape, distribution, and dimension. Dispersed spherical inclusions of small dimension are a benefit to the production of AF, and result in good impact toughness.

Girth weldability evaluation for submarine pipeline laying

Based on the offshore standard DNV-OS-F101-2010,girth welding tests and girth weldability evaluations were carried out for the X65 and X70 UOE submarine pipelines of 3 wall thickness gauges,in which semi-automatic gas metal arc welding （GMAW） was adopted matched with metal powder flux cored wire. The girth welding procedure specification （WPS） was optimized to obtain good quality and cold-crack-free girth weld joint without preheating and post-weld heat treatment. At the same time, porosities, inclusions and incomplete fusion defects were avoided. Girth weld joints were evaluated for tensile strength, bending, Vickers hardness, charpy impact toughness and crack tip opening displacement （CTOD） fracture toughness. Results show that all the girth weld joints have good mechanical performances,indicating that the irth weldabilitv of Baosteel＇ s UOE submarine pipelines is excellent in the case of semi-automatic GMAW.

Girth welding system for vortex type refrigeration compressor of air conditioner

According to the requirements of welding process for vortex type compressor of air conditioner manufactured in product line, a special girth welding machine with PLC as control core was developed, which had both upright and 45 ° incline service positions. And some key technologies were researched, such as structural design of machine body, reliable conduction of rotary weldments and quality control of welding process and so on. The experimental results showed that this machine could satisfy the requirements of welding quality and girth welding technology, results also proved the machine was a high-effwiency and low-cost automatic welding device.

Fatigue life evaluation of girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints based on the extrapolation notch stress method

The fatigue life evaluation of the girth butt weld within the welded cast steel joint was studied based on the extrapolation notch stress method.Firstly,the mesh sensitivity of the finite element model of the welded cast steel joint was analyzed to determine the optimal mesh size.Based on the stress field analysis of the finite element model of the welded cast steel joint at the weld toe and weld root,the sharp model of the extrapolation notch stress method was applied to derive the effective notch stress of the rounded model belonging to the effective notch stress method,in which the key problem is to calculate the extrapolation point C,and the extrapolation point C has an exponential function relationship with the geometric parameters of the welded cast steel joint.By setting different values of geometric parameters,the corresponding value of parameter C is calculated,and then the functional relationship between the extrapolation point C and the geometric parameters can be obtained by the multiple linear regression analysis.Meanwhile,the fatigue life evaluation of the girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints based on the effective notch stress was performed according to the guideline recommended by the IIW(International Institute of Welding).The results indicate that the extrapolation notch stress method can effectively simplify the process of calculating the effective notch stress and accurately evaluate the fatigue life of the girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints.

Girth welding procedure and weldability evaluation of coal seam gas transmission UOE pipeline

According to the requirements of Queensland Gas Company Ltd. （QGC）, the operator of the Queensland Curtis LNG （QCLNG） pipeline project in Australia, girth welding experiments and weldability evaluations have been carded out for three X70 UOE pipes from Baosteel based on API 1104 standards. Shielded metal arc welding （SMAW） and gas- shielded flux-cored wire arc welding （FCAW-G） have been applied, and the girth weld joint quality and mechanical performance were evaluated. It was found that the field girth weldability of Baosteel＇ s XT0 UOE pipes was excellent under the conditions used here and satisfied the requirements of the QCLNG project for field girth welding construction. Furthermore,Baosteel has offered a solution to the QCLNG project for pipeline girth welding in which the girth welding joint design, selection of welding processes and consumables, welding procedures, techniques and joint inspections are included. Such research provides important guidance for the difficult tie-in welding applications for the construction of the QCLNG pipelines in the field.

An experimental study of the fracture propertiesof oil pipeline girth welds

The application of fracture mechanics to the “Fitness For Purpose” assessment of the fracture properties of pipeline girth welds is generally essential for the safe operation of oil pipeline systems. Based on the analysis of the fracture toughness requirements of the oil pipeline girth weld, a systematic study has been conducted on the fracture behavior of the API 5L X65 steel pipeline girth weld made by two welding materials. The critical COD values of the pipeline girth weld under the different temperatures are tested. In the paper other influential factors on fracture behavior are also discussed, such as the welding materials, the welding positions (flat welding, vertical welding, overhead welding), the welded joint area (weld, heat affected zone, fusion line and base metal) and the experiment temperature. The result shows that the welding material, the welded joint area and the experiment temperature have considerable influence on the fracture behavior of pipeline girth welds. It is also concluded that the effect of the welding position is related to the welding process. The study provides a scientific basis for the welding of oil pipelines.

Dynamic characteristics of the pipeline inspection gauge under girth weld excitation in submarine pipeline

Pipeline inner inspection technology based on Pipeline Inspection Gauge(PIG),is the primary means for ensuring the safety of submarine pipelines.The dynamic characteristics of a PIG can change abruptly with the excitation of obstacles such as girth welds inside the pipeline,which would result in failure or inaccuracy of the inspection results.This study establishes a dynamic model of the PIG sealing disc based on Kelvin spring damping in the circumferentially confined space.The axial vibration differential equations of the PIG is examined in detail.MSC/ADAMS is used to conduct the dynamic simulation of the PIG at different motion velocities and center of mass positions while passing through the girth weld process.Results indicate that the axial vibration caused by the girth weld intensifies substantially as the speed of the PIG increases,while the pitch and vertical vibrations exhibit a significant decline with an increase in the motion velocity.The change in the PIG’s center of mass positions has little effect on its axial vibration,while the pitch and vertical vibration conditions are significantly different in the same circumstances.

Evaluation of automatic girth weldability of pipeline in special conditions

To meet the requirements of pipeline consumers abroad,in this study,an automatic gas metal arc welding type of girth welding was performed with a heat input of no more than 0.25 kJ/mm and high-strength solid-wire matching for an X70M large-diameter UOE pipeline.An integral evaluation of the X70M pipeline girth weldability was performed with respect to the girth-weld cold-cracking sensitivity during the welding process and the strengthening,hardening,and embrittlement of the girth weld joint after girth welding in especially rigorous welding conditions with accelerated failure characteristics.The performance of the above girth weld joint with joints welded using the main construction-field girth welding procedure was compared to ensure the good girth weldability of the X70M pipeline.The results of this study have important supervisory significance for field-construction girth welding.Finally,the girth weldability of the X70M pipeline was found to satisfy the field construction requirements even when the welding conditions are especially rigorous.

Inspection of pipeline girth welds with ultrasonic phased array technique

A novel automatic ultrasonic system used for the inspection of pipeline girth welds is developed, in which a linear phased array transducer using electronic scan is adopted. Optimal array parameters are determined based on a mathematical model of acoustic field for linear phased army derived from Huygens＇ principle. The testing method and the system structure are introduced. The experimental results show that the phased array transducer system has the same detectability as that of conventional ultrasonic transducer system, but the system architecture can be simplified greatly, and the testing flexibility and the testing speed can be improved greatly.

20号钢环焊缝中夹杂物对氢扩散行为影响

氢气大规模输送是实现中国“双碳”战略目标的重要环节,但将氢气掺入现有天然气管网可能引发管道氢脆,焊缝处存在严重的应力集中,更易导致氢富集进而可能导致管道失效。采用ABAQUS软件建立含夹杂的20号钢环焊缝二维模型,利用热力耦合方法分析焊接温度场及残余应力场;在考虑接头组织不均匀性和焊缝处存在残余应力的基础上进行氢扩散仿真模拟,分析夹杂分布、取向和形状对焊缝中氢扩散特性的影响规律。结果表明:当夹杂平行于氢扩散方向时,夹杂边界周围应力集中的区域易产生氢偏聚;填充层中夹杂-焊缝金属界面局部氢浓度最高,约为根焊层的2.45倍;当夹杂垂直于氢扩散方向时,残余压应力不利于堆叠夹杂的氢捕获;与平行于氢扩散方向夹杂相比,填充层夹杂内最高氢浓度降幅达到了48%;当填充层存在球状夹杂时,氢并没有在夹杂-焊缝金属界面聚集,而是扩散到了接头附近的母材区域,增大了管材失效风险。

不同药芯焊丝工艺条件下X80管线钢焊缝组织与性能对比

为保障管线安全、平稳运行,提高管线环焊缝的可靠性,对已经投用的2条X80管线环焊缝进行对比分析。2条X80管线的环焊缝的焊接方法为药芯焊丝自保护焊(FCAW-S)和药芯焊丝气保护焊(FCAW-G),对比分析了焊缝的化学成分、金相组织、硬度、拉伸强度和冲击韧性等方面。分析发现,2种焊接方法获得焊缝均比母材Ni含量高,Cr、Mo含量低;FCAW-S焊缝的Al、N含量远高于FCAW-G焊缝及母材。FCAW-S焊缝晶粒内,亚结构尺寸大、取向的多样性低。与FCAW-G焊缝相比,FCAW-S焊缝的硬度高,屈服强度低、抗拉强度较为接近。由系列冲击试验可见,FCAW-S焊缝的韧脆转变温度为12.2℃,比FCAW-G焊缝高55.6℃。据此推断相同条件下,采用FCAW-S焊接的环焊缝发生脆性断裂的概率大。

X80管道环焊缝拉伸应变容量预测模型对比研究

针对管线钢拉伸应变容量(TSC)预测,提出了一种基于拘束修正的阻力曲线计算方法.在相同的条件下以X80管道环焊缝为例,与ExxonMobil公司提出的两类模型进行了拉伸应变容量预测的对比分析.结果表明:基于拘束修正方法的预估结果与ExxonMobil第1类模型中的水平3预估结果最为接近,与第2类模型在裂纹长度为2c/t=2时最接近,随着裂纹长度继续增加,两种方法的预测差值增加;但ExxonMobil第1类模型的水平1和水平2的评估过程将部分重要参数固定为常数,导致预测结果过于保守.

管道环焊缝拉伸应变容量模型分析及改进

为了确保石油天然气管线在复杂服役环境下的本质安全,探讨了目前国内外广泛应用的3种管道环焊缝拉伸应变容量模型(CSA Z662、PRCI-CRES、EXXON MOBIL),并对其参数选取范围性进行了汇总和对比分析。通过分析模型预测值和96组全尺寸管道及宽板拉伸试验数据的差异,对各拉伸应变容量模型在不同钢级下的预测精度进行了验证,并使用90%置信上限倒数法计算了模型安全系数。结果表明:由于CSA Z662模型断裂韧性取值上限过小,导致其对于中、高钢级管线的预测值过于保守;EXXON MOBIL和PRCI-CRES模型更为完善,二者预测结果相似,并与试验结果较为相符。针对EXXON MOBIL和PRCI-CRES模型计算所得的安全系数可以明显改善模型预测结果,可将非保守预测值最大误差控制在约30%范围内,从而有效满足较为保守的设计要求。研究结果可为管线基于应变设计提供理论指导。

浅析新版长输管道定期检验规则的修订理念及意义

近年来,随着管道技术发展和相关法规标准的不断完善,TSG D7003—2010版中部分内容已不再适用。为满足长输管道检验工作需求,市场监管总局对TSG D7003—2010版进行了修订。本文详细阐述了此次修订的背景、修订原则、修订过程、主要变化和重要意义,以期为广大管道检验检测和管理人员更好地理解长输管道定期检验规则提供帮助。

焊接方法对X90管道环焊接头断裂韧性的影响

为准确获取X90环焊接头的断裂韧性,采用改进的规则化法对X90环焊接头的低约束单边缺口拉伸试件进行断裂韧性测试,分别从手工焊、自保护药芯半自动焊和气保护药芯半自动焊焊接的X90管道环焊接头中提取测试试件,进行断裂韧性试验.结果表明,相同焊接方法下,浅裂纹试件所得阻力曲线比深裂纹试件所得阻力曲线低;热影响区的深裂纹试件具有最高的裂纹扩展阻力曲线,而热影响区的浅裂纹试件具有最低的裂纹扩展阻力曲线;焊缝区试件在试验中极易发生脆断,具有相对较差的断裂性能,并且受焊接方法影响较大,其中气保护药芯焊丝半自动焊的焊缝区试件全部发生脆断.因此,气保护药芯焊丝半自动焊在实际X90管道工程应用中作为参考方法需要优化,这对保持X90管道结构的完整性至关重要.

X80管道环焊缝可靠性及其影响因素分析

针对管道环焊缝裂纹缺陷特征建立含裂纹缺陷管道环焊缝的多重极限状态函数,结合参数统计特征,形成基于Monte Carlo的X80管道环焊缝可靠性计算方法。同时进行管道环焊缝敏感性分析,得到各个参数的灵敏度。结果表明,管道壁厚为18.4 mm,管道外径为1219 mm,焊接工艺为自保护药芯焊丝半自动焊的X80管道环焊缝的失效概率在基于应力的失效准则1,基于应力的失效准则2和基于应变的失效准则下分别为8.2×10^(-7),5.9×10^(-7)和3.5×10^(-7)。它们均处于可接受安全水平内,无需进行维修或更换。外载荷、缺陷深度、断裂韧性和屈服强度对管道环焊缝的失效概率影响较大,可以通过控制外载荷,减小管道缺陷尺寸,提高屈服强度和断裂韧性来增强管道环焊缝的可靠性,确保管道安全运行。

双金属复合管环焊缝耐蚀性能评价方法

目的建立双金属复合管环焊缝耐蚀性能评价方法,为双金属复合管在高酸性气田现场应用提供依据。方法针对双金属复合管环焊缝在高酸性环境中的主要腐蚀类型,参考标准Q/SY 06018-2016中冶金复合管直焊缝和堆焊层腐蚀评价内容,确定以晶间腐蚀、抗SCC/SSC性能、点腐蚀、模拟工况腐蚀为评价指标,并通过整管段试验验证评价结果的双金属复合管环焊缝耐蚀性能评价方法,同时以国产L360/825冶金复合管环焊缝为例对建立的评价方法进行验证。结果通过使用建立的方法对L360/825双金属复合管环焊缝耐蚀性能进行评价,验证了评价方法有效可靠,评价结果显示L360/825双金属复合管环焊缝具有良好的耐蚀性能。结论建立的评价方法可以直接应用于高酸性气田用双金属复合管的环焊缝耐蚀性能评价,为双金属复合管的现场应用提供依据。

基于神经网络的管道环焊缝失效预测及灵敏性分析

对油气管道焊缝所处风险等级进行准确的预测是保证管道安全运行必不可少的环节,本研究首先在分析影响焊缝失效主要因素的基础上,构造了适用于管道环焊缝失效预测的3层神经网络模型.其次,针对传统灵敏度分析方法难以综合考虑各因素对焊缝失效影响程度的问题,从理论层面分析了基于神经网络的失效预测灵敏度分析方法,并将其嵌入到所研发的神经网络中.最后,针对高、中和低风险的环焊缝数据量严重不平衡的现状,提出一种双嵌套整体相关度最小的训练样本选择算法,可以在训练中较好地解决这一问题.对721个焊口实际数据进行预测试验发现,本研究提出的失效预测神经网络模型可行且有效,高、中风险识别率达100%,低风险识别率达98.8%.