A review on evaluation of crack resistance of asphalt mixture by semi-circular bending test

Although there are many kinds of fracture tests to choose from in evaluating the crack resistance of asphalt mixture,the semi-circular bending(SCB)test has attracted a lot of attention in the academic road engineering community because of its simplicity,stability,and flexibility in testing and evaluation.The SCB test has become a common method to study the cracking resistance of asphalt mixture in recent years.This paper mainly summarizes the overview of the SCB test,summarizes some research results and common characterization parameters of the SCB test method in monotone test and fatigue test in recent years,and predicts and suggests the research direction of the SCB test in the future.It is found that the research on the monotonic SCB test is more comprehensive,and the research on the SCB fatigue test needs to be further improved in the aspects of loading mode,characterization parameter selection,and so on.Researchers can flexibly adjust the geometric dimensions and the test parameters of semi-cylindrical specimens,and conduct comprehensive analysis combined with the results of numerical simulation.The crack resistance of asphalt mixture can be comprehensively evaluated by fracture energy,fracture toughness,stiffness,flexibility index and other fracture indicators,combined with the crack propagation of the specimen.The analysis of numerical simulation can confirm the test results.In order to standardize the setting of fatigue parameters for future application,it is necessary to standardize the setting of bending performance.

Extending application of asymmetric semi-circular bend specimen to investigate mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture behavior of granite

The asymmetric semi-circular bend(ASCB)specimen has been proposed to investigate the cracking behavior in different geo and construction materials and attracted the attention of researchers due to its advantages.However,there are few studies on the fracture toughness determination of rock materials.In this work,a series of fracture tests were performed with the ASCB specimens made of granite.The onset of fracture,crack initiation angle and crack propagating trajectory was analyzed in detail combined with several mixed mode fracture criteria.The influence of the crack length on the mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture toughness was studied.A comparison between the fracture toughness ratios predicted by varying criteria and experimental results was conducted.The relationship between experimentally determined crack initiation angles and curves of the generalized maximum tangential stress(GMTS)criterion was obtained.The fracture process of the specimen was recorded with the high-speed camera.The shortcomings of the ASCB specimens for the fracture toughness determination of rock materials were discussed.The results may provide a reference for analysis of mixed mode I and II fracture behavior of brittle materials.

Determination of dynamic modeⅠfracture toughness of rock at ambient high temperatures using notched semi-circular bend method

To investigate the influence of loading rate and high temperature on the dynamic fracture toughness of rock,dynamic fracture tests were carried out on notched semi-circular bend specimens under four temperature conditions based on the split Hopkinson pressure bar system.Experimental and analytical methods were applied to investigating the effect of temperature gradient on the stress waves.A high-speed camera was used to check the fracture characteristics of the specimens.The results demonstrate that the temperature gradient on the bars will not significantly distort the shape of the stress wave.The dynamic force balance is achieved even when the specimens are at a temperature of 400°C.The dynamic fracture toughness linearly develops with the increase of loading rate within the temperature range of 25-400°C,and high temperature has a strengthening effect on the dynamic fracture toughness.

Bamboo Taper Effect on Center Point Bending Test

Bamboo became the best material choice for sustainable construction because it is fully renewable materials. Indonesian people traditionally choose bamboo for their housing since a long time ago. Bamboo stems usually have unique shape. Its geometrical shape assumed as tapered hollow pipe. This study aims to find the effect of bamboo taper to its strength properties on center point bending test. The ratio between the Modulus of Rupture （S~） calculated in the center point, and the maximum bending stress along the beam is called strength ratio of taper （Ct）. The theoretical calculation results Ct value is 1 if the taper lower than 0.023, while Ct value become lower if the taper is higher than 0.023. The survey on Ampel （Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.）, Tali （Gigantochloa apus （BI. Ex Schult. f） Kurz）, Gombong （Gigantochloa verticillata （Willd.） Munro）, and Mayan （Gigantochloa robusta Kurz.） found that the overall taper range is -0.0047-0.0088 and 0-0.0127 for inner and outer taper respectively. On that overall range the Ct value is always 1, so it is reasonable to ignore the taper effect on one point bending test.

Evaluation of Contact Pressure in Bending under Tension Test by a Pressure Sensitive Film

The contact pressure acting on the sheet/tools interface has been studied because of growing the concern about the wear of tools. Recent studies make use of numerical simulation software to evaluate and correlate this pressure with the friction and wear generated. Since there are many studies that determine the coefficient of friction in sheet metal forming by bending under tension (BUT) test, the contact pressure between the pin and the sheet was measured using a film that has the ability to record the applied pressure. The vertical force applied to pin was also measured. The results indicate that the vertical force is more accurate to set the contact pressure that using equations predetermined. It was also observed that the contact area between the sheet and the pin is always smaller than the area calculated geometrically. The friction coefficient was determined for the BUT test through several equations proposed by various authors in order to check if there is much variation between the results. It was observed that the friction coefficient showed little variation for each equation, and each one can be used. The material used was the commercially pure aluminum, alloy Al1100.

Numerical analysis of bending property of bi-modulus materials and a new method for measurement of tensile elastic modulus

In nature,there are widely distributed bi-modulus materials with different deformation characteristics under compressive and tensile stress states,such as concrete,rock and ceramics.Due to the lack of constitutive model that could reasonably consider the bi-modulus property of materials,and the lack of simple and reliable measurement methods for the tensile elastic parameters of materials,scientists and engineers always neglect the effect of the bi-modulus property of materials in engineering design and numerical simulation.To solve this problem,this study utilizes the uncoupled strain-driven constitutive model proposed by Latorre and Montáns(2020)to systematically study the distributions and magnitudes of stresses and strains of bi-modulus materials in the three-point bending test through the numerical method.Furthermore,a new method to synchronously measure the tensile and compressive elastic moduli of materials through the four-point bending test is proposed.The numerical results show that the bi-modulus property of materials has a significant effect on the stress,strain and displacement in the specimen utilized in the three-point and four-point bending tests.Meanwhile,the results from the numerical tests,in which the elastic constitutive model proposed by Latorre and Montáns(2020)is utilized,also indicate that the newly proposed measurement method has a good reliability.Although the new measurement method proposed in this study can synchronously and effectively measure the tensile and compressive elastic moduli,it cannot measure the tensile and compressive Poisson’s ratios.

An Experimental Investigation of Glass Transition Temperature of Composite Materials Using Bending Test

In this study, the bending test is used to investigate the glass transition temperature for epoxy reinforced with three types ot fibers, fiberglass, Kevlar and synthetic wool, these materials have a wide used in many application which they are used composite materials. The glass transition temperature can be measured at the point of inflection for ＂the curve of variation of the deflection and temperature. The results show that, the glass transition temperature is affected by the type of the reinforcement of the composites. On the other hand, the glass transition temperature of the wool composite is higher than the other.

轻钢龙骨混凝土复合外挂墙板力学性能试验研究

复合墙板性能关系着结构的安全,在新设计建造的轻钢龙骨复合墙板投入使用前应进行力学性能试验,以评估其安全性能。为研究墙板的受力变形过程及破坏形态,对两片不同的轻钢龙骨混凝土复合外挂墙板分别进行四点弯曲试验和低周反复荷载试验。弯曲试验结果表明,弯曲过程中墙板出现裂缝时的计算等效均布荷载大于建筑风荷载标准值,抗弯性能满足受力要求。墙板经历了弹性阶段、弹塑性变形阶段和屈服破坏阶段,主要通过钢材屈服后的弹塑性变形和材料的破坏来实现耗能,屈服前耗能占总耗能的6.19%,屈服后累计耗能呈现二次抛物线增长,这一结果体现了墙板良好的抗震能力。研究结果可为实际应用提供依据。

大掺量橡胶粉对沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料低温性能的影响

为提高废旧轮胎的回收利用率,将轮胎粉碎加工成橡胶粉,采用等体积法替换石灰石集料,优化橡胶粉级配设计,制备聚酯纤维掺量0.4%和不同橡胶粉替代率(0、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%、3.5%、4.0%)的沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料(stone mastic asphalt, SMA)。基于马歇尔稳定度试验和半圆弯曲(semi-circular bending, SCB)试验,采用SCB试件的极限拉应力、断裂能、断裂韧性和断裂劲度综合分析了不同低温环境下橡胶粉对SMA-13沥青混合料抗裂性能的影响。结果表明:SMA-13沥青混合料的最佳沥青用量与橡胶粉掺量成正比,橡胶粉掺量的增加会提高混合料的弹性性能。与石灰岩沥青混合料相比,橡胶粉沥青混合料抗裂能力更加稳定和优异。当橡胶粉替换率为3%时,SMA-13沥青混合料抵抗变形能力最强,可显著提升其低温性能,为沥青路面材料组成设计提供了理论依据。

型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面板及其抗弯性能研究

正交异性钢桥面是目前800m以上国内外特大跨径钢桥的唯一选择,主因是自重轻、强度高、架设方便。但其存在疲劳开裂风险大、运维成本高的缺点。随着高性能材料UHPC的研发和应用,为构建自重轻、病害少、经济性好的桥面新结构提供了可能性。经过多年研究,作者提出一种新型桥面板结构——型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构,将型钢、钢板条与UHPC组合,桥面板的形成无任何板件焊接,因而具有高抗疲劳性,且与传统钢桥面相比,自重持平、造价减半,可作为除“正交异性钢桥面”外的“第二种”大跨径钢桥的桥面结构方案。该文研究这种轻型组合桥面板预制板及横向接缝的抗弯性能,制作4个条带模型(包括2个预制板试件和2个接缝试件),开展三点弯曲的横向接缝负弯矩试验和预制板正弯矩试验,并对试验结果进行分析;基于“条带法”建立预制板试件极限承载力计算模型,提出接缝试件的UHPC开裂名义拉应力计算方法;基于某斜拉桥应用实例,进行整体计算和局部计算,验证新型组合桥面结构在实桥上应用的可行性。研究结果表明:(1)型钢与UHPC间在极限状态前相对滑移非常小,具有良好的协同受力性能;(2)预制板试件的正弯矩极限承载力以型钢屈服控制,而接缝试件负弯矩极限承载力以UHPC开裂和加密钢筋断裂控制;(3)接缝试件的“T形”接缝、加密钢筋、燕尾形的企口、交错式切割型钢钢条等构造设计对接缝整体抗弯拉性能有很好的提高效果;(4)预制板试件极限承载力计算模型所得计算值与试验值吻合良好,该模型搭配名义拉应力计算方法,可帮助工程实际问题的设计与应用;(5)试验结果与实桥的有限元计算值相比,新型桥面结构均有1.3倍以上的安全系数,新型组合桥面应用于实桥具有可行性。

窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁负弯矩下抗弯性能试验研究

为改善钢-混凝土组合梁负弯矩下的受力性能,提出一种新型窄幅钢箱-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)组合梁。通过6根试验梁的反向静力加载试验,得到试验梁受力全过程跨中荷载-挠度、荷载-应变、荷载-最大裂缝宽度关系曲线、裂缝发生发展及破坏形态等,基于简化塑性理论推导出了组合梁极限抗弯承载力计算公式。结果表明:窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁在负弯矩下具有良好的受力性能;提高配筋率、钢纤维掺量和UHPC相对板厚都可在一定程度上改善组合梁延性,提高其极限抗弯承载力;翼板配筋率对承载力影响较大,配筋率由1%增加至2%时,其极限抗弯承载力提高了15%;钢纤维掺量和UHPC相对板厚对初始开裂荷载影响较大,钢纤维掺量从1%增加到2%时,初始开裂荷载提高32%,UHPC相对板厚由0增加到0.5时,初始开裂荷载提高56%;增加钢纤维掺量和UHPC相对板厚可有效控制裂缝宽度,减少结构主裂缝数量,改善组合梁耐久性;组合梁极限抗弯承载力计算公式计算值与试验值吻合较好,表明塑性理论适用于窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁的承载力计算。

预应力CFRP布加固混凝土梁受弯试验

目的 研究不同加固方法下预应力碳纤维布加固混凝土梁的受弯性能,解决桥梁加固缺陷的问题。方法 制作了5根试验梁,其中一根为对比梁,不做任何加固处理,其余4根分别采用不同的锚固方式、不同的初始张拉力及不同的加固位置进行加固,通过控制变量,进行加载试验,分析其受弯性能的差异。结果 经加固后的试验梁承载能力与刚度明显增加,与对比梁相比,极限荷载分别提升了25%、22.06%、30.78%及36.76%;各试验梁达到屈服荷载时,经加固的试验梁挠度均小于对比梁产生的挠度,且模腔自锁式锚具锚固的试验梁挠度小于穿孔式自锁锚具锚固的试验梁挠度,相同锚固方法下初始张拉力较大的试验梁挠度要小于初始张拉力较小的试验梁挠度。结论 使用预应力碳纤维布加固混凝土梁能够有效提高混凝土梁的抗弯性能,提升效果与加固位置、锚固方式及初始张拉力大小有关。

GB/T 2653—2008标准的修改建议

弯曲试验是测定焊接接头塑性变形能力的试验方法。简要介绍了金属材料焊缝弯曲试验的相关国内外标准,对比分析了现行标准GB/T 2653—2008与ISO 5173:2023的差异,建议尽量结合我国实际情况,增强不同标准间的协调性,使新修订的标准更清晰且更易操作。

基于数字图像相关的地聚物混凝土轨枕的力学性能分析

随着混凝土轨枕在我国的广泛应用,混凝土的生产带来大量的能源消耗和碳排放。地聚物作为一种新型低碳材料,能在节能减碳的同时消耗矿渣和粉煤灰等固废。目前,针对地聚物应用于铁路轨枕的相关研究,如混合使用水泥与粉煤灰、矿渣的地聚物混凝土轨枕及其裂缝扩展特性的研究还比较有限。本文设计2种配合比的地聚物混凝土并制造成轨枕,使用数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation)技术,在轨下截面的三点弯曲实验下分析2种配合比下轨枕挠度、裂缝扩展特性及裂缝宽度发展规律。研究结果表明,2种配合比地聚物混凝土轨枕的抗弯承载力均高于普通混凝土轨枕。相比于普通混凝土轨枕,地聚物混凝土轨枕在较低的静荷载作用下挠度较大,但随着荷载的增加轨枕挠度的增长速度较慢,刚度损失较小,弹性阶段延续的荷载区间更长,这种特征在配合比为Geo50的地聚物混凝土轨枕上更为显著。2种配合比的轨枕微裂纹萌生的荷载相近,分别为130 kN和120 kN。在较低荷载下2种轨枕裂缝扩展相差不大,在较高荷载下配合比为Geo100的地聚物轨枕的裂缝发展加快,裂缝宽度值和增长速度都大于Geo50。配合比为Geo100的地聚物混凝土轨枕主要表现为受弯正截面破坏,配合比为Geo50的地聚物混凝土轨枕主要表现为受剪斜拉破坏。掺入部分水泥代替矿渣和粉煤灰的地聚物能使所制成轨枕在较高的荷载下保持更高刚度和更缓慢的裂缝扩展速度,该方案有助于推动地聚物应用于混凝土轨枕,促进铁路双碳战略贯彻与实施。

简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区UHPC-NC组合桥面板抗裂性研究

针对当前简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区钢束易堵孔、运营中桥面开裂病害等问题,提出一种无负弯矩钢束的UHPC-NC组合桥面板结构。以一座3×30 m简支变结构连续小箱梁桥为研究对象,以正常使用极限状态梁体不开裂为控制准则确定UHPC合理构造尺寸,对所提出的负弯矩组合桥面板结构进行1∶2的缩尺模型试验。试验显示:裂缝首先出现于UHPC-NC交界面处的普通混凝土部分,随后逐渐向UHPC层沿伸,且C50混凝土开裂、梁体破坏对应的截面弯矩分别为3 520,9 152 kN·m(考虑1∶8弯矩缩尺比),大于正常使用极限状态、承载能力极限状态梁体截面弯矩3 300,5 838 kN·m,即该组合桥面板结构满足小箱梁的抗裂与承载能力要求。基于试验结果建立精细化有限元模型,采用参数分析法研究UHPC厚度对梁体开裂荷载、极限承载力等方面的影响。结果表明:梁体开裂弯矩主要由UHPC上覆层厚度决定,相较于普通钢筋混凝土梁,5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高28.9%,7.5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高41.6%;在配筋率不变的情况下,增大UHPC层厚度对梁体承载力无显著提升。综合考虑梁体受力性能以及施工便利性,建议背景工程UHPC厚度取10 cm。

平钢板-UHPC组合桥面板纵向抗负弯性能试验研究

某大桥次边跨及中跨主梁为钢-UHPC组合梁,钢-UHPC组合梁的桥面板首次采用一种通过PBL剪力键将8 mm平钢板与15 cm的UHPC层连接起来的新型组合桥面体系。为了探究该桥新型钢-UHPC组合桥面板抗负弯矩性能与安全性,完成了2块足尺模型的静力性能试验,进行了桥梁整体受力和桥面板局部受力计算,以及桥面板抗负弯矩极限承载力构成分析。结果表明:UHPC名义开裂强度达8.90 MPa以上,其值远大于实桥荷载作用下UHPC层上缘的纵桥向最大拉应力,组合桥面板负弯矩抗裂性能良好,能满足工程需求;组合桥面板抗负弯承载力的计算,UHPC受拉本构宜采用三折线模型,抗负弯承载力简化计算的UHPC受拉区等效均布应力折减系数可取0.76,抗负弯承载力状态的受压钢板受力仍处于线弹性阶段,抗负弯破坏模式与抗正弯明显不同,为受拉钢筋拉断;PBL剪力键能保证了钢板与UHPC板整体共同受力;组合桥面板在负弯矩作用下的延性良好,裂宽增长缓慢,UHPC的名义极限强度达名义开裂强度的4.1倍以上,到达极限荷载后,组合板承载力没有明显下降。

沥青混合料弯曲疲劳损伤强度的多尺度研究

目的为了验证多尺度数值试验模拟方法在预测沥青混合料半圆弯曲试验疲劳损伤过程中弯拉强度参数变化规律的有效性问题。方法基于多尺度算法思想和半圆弯曲试验,通过对沥青混合料试件进行细观结构分析,得到内部集料颗粒的几何特征分布规律;在此基础上,对沥青混合料划分5个微观区域尺度,并构建相应尺度下半圆弯曲试件的有限元(FEM)数值模型,结合多尺度迭代运算来预测各级沥青混合料计算在0%Nf,20%Nf,50%Nf,65%Nf,80%Nf(Nf为疲劳寿命)不同半圆弯拉疲劳损伤程度下的弯拉强度。将室内半圆弯曲试验获得不同粒径的沥青混合料的弯拉强度参数作为宏观验证试验,与通过多尺度算法数值模拟试验所得的弯拉强度进行对比分析研究。结果结果表明:在沥青混合料的疲劳损伤过程中,前期材料的抗弯拉强度衰减速率较为缓慢,当在中后期时,抗弯拉强度进入了急剧衰减阶段,多尺度数值模拟试验与室内试验得到的衰减规律相吻合,且弯拉强度相对误差的绝对值控制在8%以内。结论多尺度数值模拟用于预测疲劳过程中沥青混合料的抗弯拉强度参数是有效的,该算法可以为类似的实际工程提供一定的参考意义。

B/CFRP筋海水海砂活性粉末混凝土梁抗弯性能研究

为研究B/CFRP-SSRPC结构的抗弯性能,以配筋率及梁截面高度为研究因素,对5根B/CFRP-SSRPC梁开展四点弯曲试验研究,探究研究因素对B/CFRP-SSRPC梁极限承载力、跨中挠度及破坏模式等的影响规律.试验结果表明:增大配筋率仅对试验梁开裂后抗弯性能有明显提升,增大梁截面高度对试验梁开裂前及开裂后抗弯性能均有提升,且对试验梁开裂前抗弯性能的提升更明显;所有试验梁均为脆性破坏,破坏模式与配筋率密切相关;现行中国、美国两国FRP筋普通混凝土结构设计规范均低估了B/CFRP-SSRPC梁的抗弯承载力及抗剪承载力,计算误差分别受试验梁的破坏模式及剪跨比影响.

蜂窝板几何参数对芯子剪切模量测量值的影响

为了通过三点弯曲试验获得蜂窝芯子较准确的剪切模量,基于商用铝蜂窝夹层板几何参数与典型剪切模量值,对三点弯曲试验有限元仿真模型进行校验,研究了蜂窝夹层板几何参数对测得芯子剪切模量值的影响规律。利用Sobol法对各影响因素进行灵敏度分析,拟合得到简化代理模型。基于简化代理模型,给出了三点弯曲试验中蜂窝夹层板几何参数适用可行域。研究结果表明,蜂窝夹层板几何参数对芯子剪切模量测量值的影响程度由大到小的顺序为芯子密度、面芯厚度比和面板厚度。在给定的可行域内,通过三点弯曲方法测得的蜂窝芯剪切模量精度良好,可为实际工程提供参考。

压弯扭作用下新型承插装配式桥墩的抗震性能

为明确并提升承插式拼装桥墩抵抗压弯扭等复合荷载的能力,提出了一种结合灌浆套筒和承插口组合连接的新型承插装配式墩,通过复合荷载作用下的拟静力试验对比了现浇(reinforced concrete,RC)、灌浆套筒(grouting and sleeve,GS)、承插口(socket with ultra-high performance concrete,SU)和结合套筒连接钢筋的新型承插(grouting sleeve and socket with ultra-high performance concrete,GSU)连接拼装桥墩的损伤机理和滞回性能,结合有限元模型重点讨论了承插口深度对滞回性能的影响。结果表明:4个构件的破坏模式都是以受弯破坏为主的弯扭破坏,其中SU构件出现了轻微拔起的现象,而对应的GSU构件并未出现该现象,与RC构件接近;各构件的剪力-墩顶位移骨架发展趋势比较一致,由于GSU构件纵向钢筋连续,具有更好的整体性能,其抗弯承载力与RC构件接近,且明显大于SU和GS构件,4个构件弯曲滞回耗能较为接近;承插口深度为1.0倍截面宽度的GSU构件抗扭承载力略高于RC构件,且明显大于其余装配式墩,GSU构件的扭转刚度、延性系数和耗能能力均大于其他3个墩;当承插口深度采用0.5倍构件截面宽度时,新型承插GSU构件的抗弯和抗扭承载力均略高于整体现浇构件,具有良好的抵抗压弯扭荷载的能力,可以实现浅承插口连接。研究结果可为压弯扭复合作用下装配式墩的应用提供试验依据。