Maximum Power Point Tracking in Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using Maximum Torque Sliding Mode Control Strategy

The present study was carried out in order to track the maximum power point in a variable speed turbine by minimizing electromechanical torque changes using a sliding mode control strategy. In this strategy, first, the rotor speed is set at an optimal point for different wind speeds. As a result of which, the tip speed ratio reaches an optimal point, mechanical power coefficient is maximized, and wind turbine produces its maximum power and mechanical torque. Then, the maximum mechanical torque is tracked using electromechanical torque. In this technique, tracking error integral of maximum mechanical torque, the error, and the derivative of error are used as state variables. During changes in wind speed, sliding mode control is designed to absorb the maximum energy from the wind and minimize the response time of maximum power point tracking(MPPT). In this method, the actual control input signal is formed from a second order integral operation of the original sliding mode control input signal. The result of the second order integral in this model includes control signal integrity, full chattering attenuation, and prevention from large fluctuations in the power generator output. The simulation results, calculated by using MATLAB/m-file software, have shown the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for wind energy systems based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).

Performance analysis of 20 Pole 1.5 KW Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for low Speed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

This paper gives performance analysis of a three phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) connected to a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). Low speed wind condition (less than 5 m/s) is taken in consideration and the entire simulation is carried in Matlab/Simulink environment. The rated power for the generator is fixed at 1.5 KW and number of pole at 20. It is observed under low wind speed of6 m/s, a turbine having approximately1 mof radius and2.6 mof height develops 150 Nm mechanical torque that can generate power up to 1.5 KW. The generator is designed using modeling tool and is fabricated. The fabricated generator is tested in the laboratory with the simulation result for the error analysis. The range of error is about 5%-27% for the same output power value. The limitations and possible causes for error are presented and discussed.

Integrated Equivalent Model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Turbine for Large-scale Offshore Wind Farm Simulation

The high-speed simulation of large-scale offshore wind farms(OWFs) preserving the internal machine information has become a huge challenge due to the large wind turbine(WT) count and microsecond-range time step. Hence, it is undoable to investigate the internal node information of the OWF in the electro-magnetic transient(EMT) programs. To fill this gap,this paper presents an equivalent modeling method for largescale OWF, whose accuracy and efficiency are guaranteed by integrating the individual devices of permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG) based WT. The node-elimination algorithm is used while the internal machine information is recursively updated. Unlike the existing aggregation methods, the developed EMT model can reflect the characteristics of each WT under different wind speeds and WT parameters without modifying the codes. The access to each WT controller is preserved so that the time-varying dynamics of all the WTs could be simulated. Comparisons of the proposed model with the detailed model in PSCAD/EMTDC have shown very high precision and high efficiency. The proposed modeling procedures can be used as reference for other types of WTs once the structures and parameters are given.

PID-Type Fuzzy Controller for Grid-Supporting Inverter of Battery in Embedded Small Variable Speed Wind Turbine

Frequency and voltage of embedded variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driving a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is strongly affected by wind speed fluctuations. In practice, power imbalance between supply and demand is also common, especially when VSWT-PMSG is connected to a weak micro grid (MG). If load demand fluctuations become high, isolated MG may be unable to stabilize the frequency and voltage so that battery storage needs to be installed into the MG to adjust energy supply and demand. To allow flexible control of active and reactive power flow from/to battery storage, grid-supporting inverters are used. For a system that contains highly nonlinear components, the use of conventional linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers may cause system performance deterioration. Additionally, these controllers show slow, oscillating responses, and complex equations are required to obtain optimum responses in other controllers. To cope with these limitations, this paper proposes PID-type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) design to control grid-supporting inverter of battery. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a new controller scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). This IBP is integrated into PIDfc. Several simulation tests are performed to verify the scheme’s effectiveness. The results show that the proposed PIDfc controller exhibits improved performance and acceptable responses, and can be used instead of conventional controllers.

The Multi-Objective Optimization of AFPM Generators with Double-Sided Internal Stator Structures for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

The axial flux permanent magnet(AFPM)generator with double-sided internal stator structure is highly suitable for vertical axis wind turbines due to its high power density.The performance of the AFPM generator with double-sided internal stator structure can be improved by the reasonable design of electromagnetic parameters.To further improve the overall performance of the AFPM generator with double-sided internal stator structure,multivariable(coil widthω_(c),permanent magnet thickness h,pole arc coefficient α_(p) and working air gap l_(g))and multi-objective(generator efficiencyη,total harmonic distortion of the voltage THD and induced electromotive force amplitude EMF)functional relationships are innovatively established.Orthogonal analysis,mean analysis and variance analysis are performed on the influence parameters by combining the Taguchi method and response surface methodology to study the influence degrees of each influence parameter on the optimization objectives to determine the most appropriate electromagnetic parameters.The optimization results are verified by 3D finite element analysis.The optimized APFM generator with double-sided internal stator structure exhibits superior economy,stronger magnetic density,higher efficiency and improved power quality.

Control Strategy of Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Energy Storage for Stand-Alone Systems

This paper investigates a variable speed wind turbine based on permanent magnet synchronous generator and a full-scale power converter in a stand-alone system.An energy storage system(ESS)including battery and fuel cell-electrolyzer combination is connected to the DC link of the full-scale power converter through the power electronics interface.Wind is the primary power source of the system,the battery and FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system to provide or absorb power in the stand-alone system,respectively.In this paper,a control strategy is proposed for the operation of this variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system,where the generator-side converter and the ESS operate together to meet the demand of the loads.This control strategy is competent for supporting the variation of the loads or wind speed and limiting the DC-link voltage of the full-scale power converter in a small range.A simulation model of a variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system is developed using the simulation tool of PSCAD/EMTDC.The dynamic performance of the stand-alone wind turbine system and the proposed control strategy is assessed and emphasized with the simulation results.

基于滑模变结构的风电机组一次调频算法研究

针对并网风电场中,经典一次调频控制方法存在抗干扰能力弱、机组易脱网的问题,提出一种基于滑模变结构的风电机组一次调频控制算法。首先,在永磁同步风电机组工作原理的基础上,建立含有大电网的风电机组模型。其次,为了解决传统比例积分微分(proportional integral differential,PID)控制下抗干扰能力弱的问题、引入经典滑模变结构控制器。然后,针对经典滑模变结构控制器导致执行机构存在抖振较多的缺点,提出一种基于sigmoid函数趋近率的滑模变结构一次调频控制算法。最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink对风电机组一次调频进行建模仿真,并与经典控制算法相比,验证了所提算法的可行性,在风速波动和电网故障的环境下,滑模变结构一次调频控制算法更具有效性。

虚拟惯量控制对直驱风电机组载荷影响的分析及评估

针对虚拟惯量控制诱发风电机组机械载荷的问题,开展虚拟惯量控制对采用直驱永磁同步发电机(D-PMSG)的风电机组载荷影响的理论分析和仿真评估研究。从叶片、塔筒等机械结构低阶模态出发,建立虚拟惯量控制下D-PMSG线性化多体动力学模型,并通过线性化多体动力学模型分析虚拟惯量控制对机组载荷的影响机理。采用软件联合建模方法,构建涵盖永磁同步电机及其控制、电网、机械和气动特性等的D-PMSG非线性机电耦合模型。依据冲击载荷最大值、最大变化幅度百分比及等值疲劳载荷等指标,通过所建立的非线性机电耦合模型仿真分析并量化评估虚拟惯量控制对机组冲击载荷和动态疲劳载荷的影响。结果表明,D-PMSG附加虚拟惯量控制后,电网侧频率突变会使得传动轴和塔底侧向出现显著冲击载荷,且其随虚拟惯量时间常数增大而增大,在湍流风运行工况下机组传动轴和塔底侧向等值疲劳载荷较无附加虚拟惯量控制均有所减小。

Analysis and control of novel split-winding doubly salient permanent magnet motor for adjustable speed drive

In this paper, a novel split-winding doubly salient permanentmagnet (DSPM) motor is proposed and the theoretical and experimental studies on the magnetic field, static characteristics and control strategy of this motor are carried out. The steady-state and dynamic models are presented and the output power equation is derived. The feasibility of extending the operation range of the DSPM motor by using split-windings is proved. The finite element method is used to analyze the magnetic field, in which the leakage flux outside the stator circumference is taken into account. Based on the operation principle and the static characteristics of the motor, the control strategy and scheme are developed and implemented in a microcomputer-based controller. According to the features of the 4-phase 8/6-pole DSPM motor, a half-bridge power converter without neutral is adopted to reduce the number of power devices and to eliminate the problem of voltage unbalance in the split capacitors. The experimental results on the prototype machine not only verify the theoretical analysis, but also show that the proposed DSPM motor drive possesses good steady-state and dynamic performances, offering high efficiency over wide power range, and that the split-winding topology can effectively extend the operation range of the DSPM motor.

Multi-objective design optimization of a large-scale directdrive permanent magnet generator for wind energy conversion systems

This paper presents a simukaneous multi- objective optimization of a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator and a three-blade horizontal-axis wind turbine for a large scale wind energy conversion system. Analytical models of the generator and the turbine are used along with the cost model for optimization. Three important characteristics of the system i.e.,the total cost of the generator and blades, the annual energy output and the total mass of generator and blades are chosen as objective functions for a multi-objective optimization. Genetic algorithm （GA） is then employed to optimize the value of eight design parameters including seven generator parameters and a turbine parameter resulting in a set of Pareto optimal solutions. Four optimal solutions are then selected by applying some practical restrictions on the Pareto front. One of these optimal designs is chosen for finite element verification. A circuit-fed coupled time stepping finite element method is then performed to evaluate the no-load and the full load performance analysis of the system including the generator, a rectifier and a resistive load. The results obtained by the finite element analysis （FEA） verify the accuracy of the analytical model and the proposed method.

基于不同绕组形式双定子低速大转矩永磁直驱电机转矩脉动的分析与抑制

双定子低速大转矩永磁直驱电机(DLHPMDM)具有高转矩密度和高效率等优点,是传统低速大转矩传动系统的良好替代方案。DLHPMDM可以看作由内、外两台电机构成的整体。绕组形式选择不仅直接影响内、外电机的转矩性能,内、外电机不同绕组形式的组合还会改变内、外电机输出转矩的叠加效果,最终影响DLHPMDM的转矩脉动水平。首先,基于双定子电机的转矩叠加原理,提出一种抑制DLHPMDM转矩脉动的设计方法,采用解析法分析内、外电机反电动势谐波相位差如何影响纹波转矩的叠加效果,并对内定子采用不同绕组形式时DLHPMDM的转矩性能进行仿真分析和初步验证。其次,考虑到绕组谐波引起的谐波电流对转矩脉动的影响,采用以电压源为激励的有限元分析进一步验证了内、外电机选用合理的绕组形式组合时,内、外电机纹波转矩的叠加削减作用能够有效降低DLHPMDM的转矩脉动。最后,采用转矩脉动最低的设计方案试制了一台DLHPMDM样机并完成相关实验,实验结果验证了分析的准确性。

永磁直驱风力发电机非奇异终端滑模控制

为提高永磁直驱风力发电系统的抗扰能力和控制精度,提出了一种扰动观测器与非奇异快速终端滑模控制相结合的最大功率跟踪控制策略。利用扰动观测器得到风力发电机的转矩变化,对控制器进行前馈补偿;采用非奇异快速终端滑模面提高控制器的动态性能,实现系统快速收敛,减少因扰动引起的抖振。仿真结果表明,所提策略在随机风速的情况下可以准确估计转矩变化,提高最大功率跟踪过程中的转速跟踪精度和风能利用率。

包含串补的并网直驱风电场振荡稳定性及可行域分析

串补装置广泛存在于电力系统中,含串补的大规模直驱永磁同步发电机(PMSG)构成的风电场并网系统存在次同步振荡范畴的小干扰失稳风险。针对上述现象,该文首先构建包含PMSG网侧换流器控制模型、锁相环控制模型以及含有串补装置的线路动态模型的并网系统全阶模型及等效模型。然后在不同的时间尺度下对等效模型进行化简,运用劳斯-赫尔维茨判据求得各时间尺度场景下并网系统的稳定性判据,从机理上解释了并网系统中各运行参数和控制参数之间的联系及其对系统稳定性的影响。进一步通过一个包含15台PMSG风电机组的并网风电场验证了该文推导的稳定判据的正确性。最后基于可行域的分析,直观地讨论了串补线路和其他参数对系统稳定性的影响。

并联永磁同步风电机组小干扰稳定性分析

采用平均磁链定向控制多台永磁同步风电机组进而构造分频发电系统是未来陆上尤其是海上风电的汇集方案之一,但对该模式下多台风电机组间稳定性的研究鲜有文献涉及。针对此问题,基于特征值分析法,研究了平均磁链定向控制的永磁同步风电机组之间的小干扰稳定性。首先,基于高压大容量直驱式永磁同步风电机组的分频集电系统拓扑结构,建立了适用于小干扰稳定分析的风电系统的数学模型;其次,通过辨识振荡模态并分析模态参与因子确定了影响系统振荡的主控因素,通过绘制根轨迹分析了主控因素参数变化对系统振荡的影响,并发现系统振荡受发电机电感、电阻和直流电容参数的影响最大;最后,通过时域仿真验证了研究结论的正确性。

基于VSG的永磁风力发电机高/低电压穿越研究

为解决永磁风力发电机在高/低电压穿越期间并网点电压和频率波动问题,提出采用虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制网侧变流器,提高永磁风力发电系统惯性和阻尼,使其在电压穿越期间支撑并网点电压和频率的恢复。通过VSG的有功-频率调节作用,根据系统频率变化量,调节网侧变流器有功功率输出能力,在转动惯量和阻尼系数的作用下实现对频率波动的抑制;调节VSG的无功功率指令实现对虚拟电动势的调节,使其在电压穿越期间为电网提供动态无功支撑,对并网点电压进行调节。并有效抑制连续高/低电压穿越期间系统功率、频率持续性波动,提高系统在连续高/低电压穿越期间的并网稳定性。最后,通过系统仿真验证所提控制策略的有效性。

海上半直驱永磁风力发电机电磁设计与温度场分析

以海上16 MW半直驱永磁风力发电机作为研究对象,基于有限元分析方法针对不等气隙条件下电磁特性、冷却结构设计及温度场仿真展开研究,结果表明优化后的电机能够合理地降低电机损耗,提高电磁性能,水套冷却和空水冷却相结合的冷却方式散热效果良好。通过型式试验,验证了电机设计的合理性。该电机的设计对海上永磁风力发电机大型化的发展发挥了重要作用。

面向海上风电仿真的永磁同步发电机电磁暂态等效建模方法

海上风电的建模与仿真是构建新能源为主体的新型电力系统的关键支撑技术。永磁同步发电机(PMSG)作为直驱或半直驱机型的核心元件,现有模型存在一定的局限性:商业软件提供的灰箱模型无法得知建模原理,开放程度不够,限制了风电机组应用高效电磁暂态建模算法与并行加速算法;目前常用的PMSG建模方法无法生成接口与外电路连接;PMSG是同步发电机的一种,而同步发电机有不同阶数的数学模型,现有模型不便更改。针对上述问题,该文提出阶数可选的PMSG电磁暂态等效建模方法。首先对发电机电压、磁链方程进行离散化;然后通过单步长延时消除代数环,重构PMSG模型,推导得到其诺顿等效电路并构建模型整体仿真框架;最后,在RTDS仿真平台中进行仿真分析。结果表明四阶、二阶模型在场站级仿真具有适用性,而六阶模型实现了对基准模型的多工况高度拟合,平均相对误差小于4%,能够同时满足场站级与机组内部各仿真需求。

齿轮箱油对发电机影响研究及应用

中速永磁风力发电机组的发电机与齿轮箱高度集成,共用高速轴和端盖。若端盖密封失效会导致油液、油雾进入发电机内部。由于端盖密封的寿命未经过长期老化验证,因此亟需研究油液、油雾对发电机绕组绝缘和防腐等功能的影响。然而,齿轮箱漏油程度等环境工况无法量化,故在研究过程中通过常规试验项目提高试验严苛等级,提出了“高温长时油膜+高温长时浸油”的发电机绝缘及防腐耐油测试方法,完成了发电机绝缘的系统级防腐体系的油雾耐受性试验,为发电机的可靠性设计提供了重要依据。