SEMI-FRAGILE WATERMARKING ALGORITHM FOR IMAGE TAMPERS LOCALIZATION AND RECOVERY

Two watermarks are embedded into the original image. One is the authentication watermark generated by secret key, which is embedded into the sub-LSB （Least Significant Bit） of the original image for tamper localization; the other is the recovery watermark for tamper recovering. The original image is divided into 8 x 8 blocks and each block is transformed by Discrete Cosine Transform （DCT）. For each block, some lower frequency DCT coefficients are chosen to be quantized and binary encoded so as to gain the recovery watermark of each block, and the recovery watermark is embedded into the LSB of another block by chaos encryption and authentication chain technology. After the two watermarks being detected, the location of any minute changes in image can be detected, and the tampered image data can be recovered effectively. In the paper, the number of coefficients and their bit lengths are carefully chosen in order to satisfy with the payload of each block and gain the capability of self-recovering. The proposed algorithm can well resist against possible forged attacks. Experimental results show that the watermark generated by the proposed algorithm is sensitive to tiny changes in images, and it has higher accuracy of tamper localization and good capability of the tamper recovery.

A new semi-fragile watermarking algorithm for image authentication

This paper presents a new semi-fragile watermarking algorithm for image authentication which extracts image features from the low frequency domain to generate two watermarks: one for classifying of the intentional content modification and the other for indicating the modified location. The algorithm provides an effective mechanism for image authentication. The watermark generation and watermark embedment are disposed in the image itself, and the received image authentication needs no information about the original image or watermark. The algorithm increases watermark security and prevents forged watermark. Experimental results show that the algorithm can identify intentional content modification and incidental tampering, and also indicate the location where a modification takes place.

Semi-Fragile Watermarking for Copyright Protection and Image Authentication

In this paper, we propose a semi-fragile wattr-marking technology forcopyright protection and image authentication We transform the image into wavelet domain and groupthe four adjacent wavelet coefficients Utilizing the characteristics of the humanvisual system, weembed a digital signal into the average of the four adjacent wavelet coefficients since the mean hasbetter stability than single wavelet coefficient. This method neednt original image when extractsthe watermark. Experimental results show the effectiveness of this method which is robust to commonimage process and fragile to malicious attack.

An Intelligent Sensor Data Preprocessing Method for OCT Fundus Image Watermarking Using an RCNN

Watermarks can provide reliable and secure copyright protection for optical coherence tomography(OCT)fundus images.The effective image segmentation is helpful for promoting OCT image watermarking.However,OCT images have a large amount of low-quality data,which seriously affects the performance of segmentationmethods.Therefore,this paper proposes an effective segmentation method for OCT fundus image watermarking using a rough convolutional neural network(RCNN).First,the rough-set-based feature discretization module is designed to preprocess the input data.Second,a dual attention mechanism for feature channels and spatial regions in the CNN is added to enable the model to adaptively select important information for fusion.Finally,the refinement module for enhancing the extraction power of multi-scale information is added to improve the edge accuracy in segmentation.RCNN is compared with CE-Net and MultiResUNet on 83 gold standard 3D retinal OCT data samples.The average dice similarly coefficient(DSC)obtained by RCNN is 6%higher than that of CE-Net.The average 95 percent Hausdorff distance(95HD)and average symmetric surface distance(ASD)obtained by RCNN are 32.4%and 33.3%lower than those of MultiResUNet,respectively.We also evaluate the effect of feature discretization,as well as analyze the initial learning rate of RCNN and conduct ablation experiments with the four different models.The experimental results indicate that our method can improve the segmentation accuracy of OCT fundus images,providing strong support for its application in medical image watermarking.

Novel self-embedding holographic watermarking image encryption protection scheme

For digital image transmission security and information copyright,a new holographic image self-embedding watermarking encryption scheme is proposed.Firstly,the plaintext is converted to the RGB three-color channel,the corresponding phase hologram is obtained by holographic technology and the watermark is self-embedded in the frequency domain.Secondly,by applying the Hilbert transform principle and genetic center law,a complete set of image encryption algorithms is constructed to realize the encryption of image information.Finally,simulation results and security analysis indicate that the scheme can effectively encrypt and decrypt image information and realize the copyright protection of information.The introduced scheme can provide some support for relevant theoretical research,and has practical significance.

Fractional-order heterogeneous memristive Rulkov neuronal network and its medical image watermarking application

This article proposes a novel fractional heterogeneous neural network by coupling a Rulkov neuron with a Hopfield neural network(FRHNN),utilizing memristors for emulating neural synapses.The study firstly demonstrates the coexistence of multiple firing patterns through phase diagrams,Lyapunov exponents(LEs),and bifurcation diagrams.Secondly,the parameter related firing behaviors are described through two-parameter bifurcation diagrams.Subsequently,local attraction basins reveal multi-stability phenomena related to initial values.Moreover,the proposed model is implemented on a microcomputer-based ARM platform,and the experimental results correspond to the numerical simulations.Finally,the article explores the application of digital watermarking for medical images,illustrating its features of excellent imperceptibility,extensive key space,and robustness against attacks including noise and cropping.

Secure Transmission of Compressed Medical Image Sequences on Communication Networks Using Motion Vector Watermarking

Medical imaging plays a key role within modern hospital management systems for diagnostic purposes.Compression methodologies are extensively employed to mitigate storage demands and enhance transmission speed,all while upholding image quality.Moreover,an increasing number of hospitals are embracing cloud computing for patient data storage,necessitating meticulous scrutiny of server security and privacy protocols.Nevertheless,considering the widespread availability of multimedia tools,the preservation of digital data integrity surpasses the significance of compression alone.In response to this concern,we propose a secure storage and transmission solution for compressed medical image sequences,such as ultrasound images,utilizing a motion vector watermarking scheme.The watermark is generated employing an error-correcting code known as Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem(BCH)and is subsequently embedded into the compressed sequence via block-based motion vectors.In the process of watermark embedding,motion vectors are selected based on their magnitude and phase angle.When embedding watermarks,no specific spatial area,such as a region of interest(ROI),is used in the images.The embedding of watermark bits is dependent on motion vectors.Although reversible watermarking allows the restoration of the original image sequences,we use the irreversible watermarking method.The reason for this is that the use of reversible watermarks may impede the claims of ownership and legal rights.The restoration of original data or images may call into question ownership or other legal claims.The peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)and structural similarity index(SSIM)serve as metrics for evaluating the watermarked image quality.Across all images,the PSNR value exceeds 46 dB,and the SSIM value exceeds 0.92.Experimental results substantiate the efficacy of the proposed technique in preserving data integrity.

Robust Deep Image Watermarking:A Survey

In the era of internet proliferation,safeguarding digital media copyright and integrity,especially for images,is imperative.Digital watermarking stands out as a pivotal solution for image security.With the advent of deep learning,watermarking has seen significant advancements.Our review focuses on the innovative deep watermarking approaches that employ neural networks to identify robust embedding spaces,resilient to various attacks.These methods,characterized by a streamlined encoder-decoder architecture,have shown enhanced performance through the incorporation of novel training modules.This article offers an in-depth analysis of deep watermarking’s core technologies,current status,and prospective trajectories,evaluating recent scholarly contributions across diverse frameworks.It concludes with an overview of the technical hurdles and prospects,providing essential insights for ongoing and future research endeavors in digital image watermarking.

Reversible Semi-Fragile Watermarking Technique for Integrity Control of Relational Database

Reversible watermarking schemes for relational database are usually classified into two groups: robust schemes and fragile schemes. The main limitation of existing reversible fragile methods is that they cannot differentiate between legal and malicious modifications. In this paper, we introduce a novel lossless semi-fragile scheme based on prediction-error expansion for content protection of relational database. In the proposed method, all attributes in a database relation are first classified according to their sensitivity to legitimate updates. Then, the watermark is embedded by expanding the prediction error of the two least significant digits of securely selected attributes. At watermark extraction, the proposed method has the ability to fully restore the original data while detecting and localizing tampering. The applicability of our method is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally.

A chaotic hierarchical encryption/watermark embedding scheme for multi-medical images based on row-column confusion and closed-loop bi-directional diffusion

Security during remote transmission has been an important concern for researchers in recent years.In this paper,a hierarchical encryption multi-image encryption scheme for people with different security levels is designed,and a multiimage encryption(MIE)algorithm with row and column confusion and closed-loop bi-directional diffusion is adopted in the paper.While ensuring secure communication of medical image information,people with different security levels have different levels of decryption keys,and differentiated visual effects can be obtained by using the strong sensitivity of chaotic keys.The highest security level can obtain decrypted images without watermarks,and at the same time,patient information and copyright attribution can be verified by obtaining watermark images.The experimental results show that the scheme is sufficiently secure as an MIE scheme with visualized differences and the encryption and decryption efficiency is significantly improved compared to other works.

Digital Watermarking Secure Scheme for Remote Sensing Image Protection

As a means of copyright protection for multimedia data, digital watermarking technology has attracted more and more attention in various research fields. Researchers have begun to explore the feasibility of applying it to remote sensing data recently. Because of the particularity of remote sensing image, higher requirements are put forward for its security and management, especially for the copyright protection, illegal use and authenticity identification of remote sensing image data. Therefore, this paper proposes to use image watermarking technology to achieve comprehensive security protection of remote sensing image data, while the use of cryptography technology increases the applicability and security of watermarking technology. The experimental results show that the scheme of remote sensing image digital watermarking technology has good performance in the imperceptibility and robustness of watermarking.

Semi-Fragile Audio Watermarking Algorithm in DWT Domain

A novel semi-fragile audio watermarking algorithm in DWT domain is proposed in this paper.This method transforms the original audio into 3-layer wavelet domain and divides approximation wavelet coefficients into many groups.Through computing mean quantization of per group,this algorithm embeds the watermark signal into the average value of the wavelet coefficients.Experimental results show that our semi-fragile audio watermarking algorithm is not only inaudible and robust against various common images processing,but also fragile to malicious modification.Especially,it can detect the tampered regions effectively.

Chaos-Based Multipurpose Image Watermarking Algorithm

To achieve the goal of image content authentication and copyright protection simultaneously, this paper presents a novel image dual watermarking method based on chaotic map. Firstly, the host image was split into many nonoverlapping small blocks, and the block-wise discrete cosine transform （DCT） is computed. Secondly, the robust watermarks, shuffled by the chaotic sequences, are embedded in the DC coefficients of blocks to achieve the goal of copyright protection. The semi-fragile watermarks, generated by chaotic map, are embedded in the AC coefficients of blocks to obtain the aim of image authentication. Both of them can be extracted without the original image. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in terms of robustness and fragility.

A Feature-based Robust Digital Image Watermarking Against Desynchronization Attacks

In this paper, a new content-based image watermarking scheme is proposed. The Harris-Laplace detector is adopted to extract feature points, which can survive a variety of attacks. The local characteristic regions （LCRs） are adaptively constructed based on scale-space theory. Then, the LCRs are mapped to geometrically invariant space by using image normalization technique. Finally, several copies of the digital watermark are embedded into the nonoverlapped LCRs by quantizing the magnitude vectors of discrete Fourier transform （DFT） coefficients. By binding a watermark with LCR, resilience against desynchronization attacks can be readily obtained. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is invisible and robust against various attacks which includes common signals processing and desynchronization attacks.

Quantization-Based Robust Image Watermarking Using the Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform

Conventional quantization index modulation (QIM) watermarking uses the fixed quantization step size for the host signal.This scheme is not robust against geometric distortions and may lead to poor fidelity in some areas of content.Thus,we proposed a quantization-based image watermarking in the dual tree complex wavelet domain.We took advantages of the dual tree complex wavelets (perfect reconstruction,approximate shift invariance,and directional selectivity).For the case of watermark detecting,the probability of false alarm and probability of false negative were exploited and verified by simulation.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is robust against JPEG compression,additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN),and some kinds of geometric attacks such as scaling,rotation,etc.

Image-Moment Based Affine Invariant Watermarking Scheme Utilizing Neural Networks

A new image watermarking scheme is proposed to resist rotation, scaling and translation （RST） attacks. Six combined low order image moments are utilized to represent image information on rotation, scaling and translation. Affine transform parameters are registered by feedforward neural networks. Watermark is adaptively embedded in discrete wavelet transform （DWT） domain while watermark extraction is carried out without original image after attacked watermarked image has been synchronized by making inverse transform through parameters learned by neural networks. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can effectively register affine transform parameters, embed watermark more robustly and resist geometric attacks as well as JPEG2000 compression.

A Binary Images Watermarking Algorithm Based on Adaptable Matrix

A watermarking algorithm of binary images using adaptable matrix is presented. An adaptable matrix is designed to evaluate the smoothness and the connectivity of binary images. The watermark is embedded according to the adaptable matrix in this algorithm. In the proposed watermarking algorithm, each image block implements a XOR operation with the binary adaptable matrix, which has the same size with the image block, and in order to embed the watermark data, a multiplication operation are also implemented with the weight matrix. The experimental results show that proposed scheme has a good performance.

Digital Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Fast Curvelet Transform

A digital image watermarking algorithm based on fast curvelet transform is proposed. Firstly, the carrier image is decomposed by fast curvelet transform, and, the watermarking image is scrambled by Arnold transform. Secondly, the binary watermarking image is embedded into the medium frequency coefficients according to the human visual characteristics and curvelet coefficients. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm has good performance in both invisibility and security and also has good robustness against the noise, cropping, filtering, JPEG compression and other attacks.

Secure Watermarking Scheme for Color DICOM Images in Telemedicine Applications

Teleradiology plays a vital role in the medical field,which permits transmitting medical and imaging data over a communication network.It ensures data reliability and provides convenient communication for clinical interpretation and diagnostic purposes.The transmission of this medical data over a network raises the problems of legal,ethical issues,privacy,and copyright authenticity.The copyright protection of medical images is a significant issue in the medical field.Watermarking schemes are used to address these issues.A gray-level or binary image is used as a watermark frequently in color image watermarking schemes.In this paper,the authors propose a novel non-blind medical image watermarking scheme based on 2-D LiftingWavelet Transform(LWT),Multiresolution Singular Value Decomposition(MSVD),and LU factorization to improve the robustness and authenticity of medical images.In this scheme,multiple color watermarks are embedded into the colored DICOM(Digital Imaging and Communications inMedicine)images obtained from Color Doppler images(DICOM format),and the average results achieved by our proposed scheme is 46.84 db for Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR),37.46 db for Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR),0.99 for Quality of Image and 0.998 for Normalized Correlation for various image processing attacks.These results make our watermarking technique an ideal candidate for medical image watermarking.

On Secure Digital Image Watermarking Techniques

Digital watermarking is used to hide the information inside a signal, which can not be easily extracted by the third party. Its widely used application is copyright protection of digital information. It is different from the encryption in the sense that it allows the user to access, view and interpret the signal but protect the ownership of the content. One of the current research areas is to protect digital watermark inside the information so that ownership of the information cannot be claimed by third party. With a lot of information available on various search engines, to protect the ownership of information is a crucial area of research. In latest years, several digital watermarking techniques are presented based on discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete wavelets transform (DWT) and discrete fourier transforms (DFT). In this paper, we propose an algorithm for digital image watermarking technique based on singular value decomposition;both of the L and U components are explored for watermarking algorithm. This technique refers to the watermark embedding algorithm and watermark extracting algorithm. The experimental results prove that the quality of the watermarked image is excellent and there is strong resistant against many geometrical attacks.