The Friction and Wear Properties of the Spherical Plain Bearings with Self-lubricating Composite Liner in Oscillatory Movement

A test method based on the condition simulation and a friction and wear test machine featuring in oscillatory movement were set up for self-lubricating spherical plain bearings (SPB). In the machine the condition parameters such as load, angle and frequency of oscillation and number of test cycles can be properly controlled. The data relating to the tribological properties of the bearing, in terms of friction coefficient, linear wear amount, temperature near friction surface and applied load, can be monitored and recorded simultaneously during test process by a computerized measuring system of the machine. Efforts were made to improve the measurement technology of the friction coefficient in oscillating motion. In result, a well-designed bearing torque mechanism was developed, which could reveal the relation between the friction coefficient and the displacement of oscillating angle in any defined cycle while the curve of friction coefficient vs number of testing cycles was continuously plotted. The tribological properties and service life of four kinds of the bearings, i.e, the sampleⅠ-Ⅳ with different self-lubricating composite liners, including three kinds of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fiber weave/epoxy resin composite liners and a PTFE plastic/copper grid composite liner, were evaluated by testing, and the wear mechanisms of the liner materials were analyzed.

Investigation on MoS_2 and Graphite Coatings and Their Effects on the Tribological Properties of the Radial Spherical Plain Bearings

With constant enlargement of the application areas of the spherical plain bearings,higher quality lubrication of the bearings is required.To solve the lubricating problems of spherical plain bearings under high temperature,high vacuum,high speed,heavy loads and strong oxidation conditions,it is urgent for us to develop more excellent self-lubricating technologies.In this paper,the bonded solid lubricant coatings,which use inorganic phosphate as the binder,the mixture of MoS2 and graphite with two different weight proportions as the solid lubricant,are prepared by spraying under three different spray gun pressures.The bonding strength tests on the coatings show that the best spraying pressure is 0.2 MPa and the better mixing proportion of MoS2 to Graphite is 3：1.Then for the radial spherical plain bearings with steel/steel friction pair,after the coatings are made on the inner ring outer surfaces,the friction coefficient,the wear loss and the friction temperature of the bearings under four oscillating frequencies are investigated by a self-made tribo-tester.The test results,SEM of the worn morphologies and EDS of worn areas show that tribological properties of the bearing are obviously improved by the bonded solid lubricant coatings.When sprayed under the spray gun pressure of 0.2 MPa,the bearings have better anti-friction and anti-wear properties than those sprayed under 0.1 MPa and 0.3 MPa.Further as proved from the XPS analysis,between the coating with 3：1 mixing ratio of MoS2 to Graphite and the coating with 1：1 ratio,the former has less oxidation occurred on the surface and therefore has better tribological characteristics than the latter.This paper provides a reference to developing a new product of the radial spherical plain bearings with high bonding strength,oxidation resistance and abrasion resistance.

Modeling and verification of comprehensive errors of real-time wear-depth detecting for spherical plain bearing tester

Because of various error factors,the detecting errors in the real-time experimental data of the wear depth affect the accuracy of the detecting data.The self-made spherical plain bearing tester was studied,and its testing principle of the wear depth of the spherical plain bearing was introduced.Meanwhile,the error factors affecting the wear-depth detecting precision were analyzed.Then,the comprehensive error model of the wear-depth detecting system of the spherical plain bearing was built by the multi-body system theory(MBS).In addition,the thermal deformation of the wear-depth detecting system caused by varying the environmental temperature was detected.Finally,according to the above experimental parameters,the thermal errors of the related parts of the comprehensive error model were calculated by FEM.The results show that the difference between the simulation value and the experimental value is less than 0.005 mm,and the two values are close.The correctness of the comprehensive error model is verified under the thermal error experimental conditions.

Thermal Error Compensation of the Wear-Depth Real-Time Detecting of Self-Lubricating Spherical Plain Bearings

The spherical plain bearing test bench is a necessary detecting equipment in the research process of self?lubricating spherical plain bearings. The varying environmental temperatures cause the thermal deformation of the wear?depth detecting system of bearing test benches and then a ect the accuracy of the wear?depth detecting data. However, few researches about the spherical plain bearing test benches can be found with the implementation of the detect?ing error compensation. Based on the self?made modular spherical plain bearing test bench, two main causes of ther?mal errors, the friction heat of bearings and the environmental temperature variation, are analysed. The thermal errors caused by the friction heat of bearings are calculated, and the thermal deformation of the wear?depth detecting sys?tem caused by the varying environmental temperatures is detected. In view of the above results, the environmental temperature variation is the main cause of the two error factors. When the environmental temperatures rise is 10.3 °C, the thermal deformation is approximately 0.01 mm. In addition, the comprehensive compensating model of the thermal error of the wear?depth detecting system is built by multiple linear regression(MLR) and time series analysis. Compared with the detecting data of the thermal errors, the comprehensive compensating model has higher fitting precision, and the maximum residual is only 1 μm. A comprehensive compensating model of the thermal error of the wear?depth detecting system is proposed, which provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of the real?time wear?depth detecting precision of the spherical plain bearing test bench.

NONFERROUS METALS AND PLAIN BEARINGS

The definition of a plain bearing is given.The requirements for bearing materials are pro-posed.The historical perspective and recent development of the bearing materials are intro-duced,and the performances of current bearing materials are

Bayesian inference-based wear prediction method for plain bearings under stationary mixed-friction conditions

This study introduces a method to predict the remaining useful life(RUL)of plain bearings operating under stationary,wear-critical conditions.In this method,the transient wear data of a coupled elastohydrodynamic lubrication(mixed-EHL)and wear simulation approach is used to parametrize a statistical,linear degradation model.The method incorporates Bayesian inference to update the linear degradation model throughout the runtime and thereby consider the transient,system-dependent wear progression within the RUL prediction.A case study is used to show the suitability of the proposed method.The results show that the method can be applied to three distinct types of post-wearing-in behavior:wearing-in with subsequent hydrodynamic,stationary wear,and progressive wear operation.While hydrodynamic operation leads to an infinite lifetime,the method is successfully applied to predict RUL in cases with stationary and progressive wear.

磁力轴承——过去、现在和未来

磁力轴承是集电磁学、转子动力学、传感技术、控制工程等学科知识为一体的典型机电一体化产品,在高速、洁净、低功耗、低振动等应用场景具有机械轴承无法比拟的优势,但同样存在诸多技术难点。基于磁力轴承的发展历程,重点对磁力轴承的类型、工作原理、控制算法、控制硬件进行了综述和分析;介绍了磁力轴承功率放大器技术、控制技术、监测技术,以及设计、制造、系统集成等方面的关键技术;对磁力轴承目前在高速电动机、透平机械、人工心脏、储能飞轮、磁悬浮推进器、磁悬浮高速电主轴等方面的应用情况进行了梳理;提出了磁力轴承承载力、精度及可靠性、跌落保护、环境适应性、标准化、成本等面临的问题,并预测了磁力轴承的未来发展趋势。

基于ICPSO优化的PMa-BSynRM神经网络逆系统解耦控制

针对永磁辅助式无轴承同步磁阻电动机(PMa-BSynRM)存在的强耦合和非线性问题,以及神经网络逆系统解耦控制收敛速度慢和易陷入局部极值的问题,提出了一种将BP神经网络与改进混沌粒子群优化(ICPSO)算法相结合的PMa-BSynRM解耦控制方法。基于PMa-BSynRM的结构和工作原理建立转矩和悬浮力的数学模型并进行可逆性分析,再建立BP神经网络作为逆系统,利用ICPSO算法优化其初始连接权值,通过仿真验证优化效果,经过充分训练后,将BP神经网络与原系统串联形成伪线性系统,从而实现PMa-BSynRM的解耦控制。仿真及试验结果表明,采用ICPSO算法优化的BP神经网络逆系统收敛速度和解耦性能均优于传统神经网络逆系统,改善了PMa-BSynRM的动态与静态性能。

基于等价输入干扰滑模观测器的磁悬浮轴承控制

针对磁悬浮轴承受到未知干扰而使转子偏离理想位置导致控制性能下降的问题,建立了存在未知干扰的磁悬浮轴承模型,基于模型设计了等价输入干扰系统,利用积分滑模观测器对系统状态量进行观测并结合等价输入干扰估计器协同实现对未知干扰的实时精准估计,通过控制端对等价输入干扰估计值进行前馈补偿,设计转子位置环的滑模控制器,通过复合控制提高系统的鲁棒性。与其他方法的仿真对比结果表明,所提方法能够提高轴承系统的抗扰性能,实现对转子位置的高精度控制。

顶置磁力搅拌器磁悬浮支承结构设计与仿真分析

针对顶置磁力搅拌器陶瓷轴承内部结构复杂,存在接触摩擦和润滑,且不利于在位清洗和在位灭菌的问题,对磁力搅拌器的载荷组成及搅拌轴支承布局进行分析,采用磁悬浮支承技术,增大主动磁轴承转子的轴向长度,确保转子在产生轴向位移时能被稳定支承;不考虑被动磁轴承与磁力联轴器因不对中产生的径向力,建立搅拌器转子的四自由度支承刚性转子模型,研究不同外部载荷对搅拌器转子的动态响应和线圈控制电流的影响,结果表明:外部载荷越大,外部载荷在长悬臂结构上的力矩作用效果越明显,主动磁轴承需提供的电磁力越大,对磁轴承功率放大器的要求越高。

基于μ分析的鲁棒控制器在磁悬浮轴承中的应用

针对磁悬浮轴承电磁力线性化和位移传感器温漂现象等不确定性,建立了考虑参数不确定性的磁悬浮轴承-转子系统的摄动模型,基于该模型设计了一种基于结构奇异值μ分析的鲁棒控制器并进行仿真分析,结果表明控制器降阶前后转子能稳定悬浮在平衡位置,且对正弦干扰有一定抑制作用。在转子试验台上进行了悬浮和激振试验,结果表明:与传统PID控制方法相比,μ综合控制下转子起浮调节时间缩短了95%,稳定时抵抗内部激振扰动的能力均有较大改善,且在0.5 mm,40 Hz和0.5 mm,60 Hz正弦干扰下,μ综合控制下转子位移幅值分别降低了36.4%和40%,说明考虑模型参数不确定性情况下设计的μ综合控制器使系统具有良好的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力。

轴向磁力轴承结构综述

按照悬浮力的产生方式将轴向磁力轴承分为主动型、被动型和混合型,主动型的优点是能够产生可控电磁力,被动型的优点是结构简单,混合型兼顾了主动型和被动型的特点。在研究同心单环结构的基础上,分析了具备冗余性的同心多环冗余结构及叠片式冗余结构,从电磁力角度看,整体式同心双环结构优于同心三环结构,叠片式六环结构优于叠片式四环结构和叠片式八环结构。最后,对轴向磁力轴承在结构、控制及工业应用方面的发展前景进行了展望,轴向磁力轴承的结构应当朝着更具备冗余性和重构能力的方向优化。

考虑空化作用的液氢润滑人字形螺旋槽止推轴承动态特性数值研究

轴承内部的动压效应和高速旋转引起的温升会导致润滑介质产生空化,影响轴承的承载性能;转子轴向受力不平衡将导致止推轴承的间隙高度出现周期性变化,影响轴承的运行稳定性。为消除空化和轴承间隙变化对其性能的影响,使用商业软件FLUENT 2020R1,应用铺层动网格方法和修正后的Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,针对在正弦振动间隙高度和润滑剂空化共同作用下液氢润滑的高速人字形螺旋槽止推轴承(HSGTB)的动态特性开展数值研究。结果表明:HSGTB的承载力、摩擦力矩、温度平均值随间隙高度振幅的增大而增大,随平衡间隙高度的增大而减小;当间隙高度振幅大于35μm时,HSGTB的摩擦转矩数值明显上升,当平衡间隙高度等于35μm时,HSGTB的承载力最小,因此实际运行中应该避开这些工况。

基于改进模型辅助ESO的磁轴承-转子系统自抗扰控制

为降低磁轴承-转子系统运行过程中多种干扰对控制系统控制精度和稳定性的影响,进一步提高磁轴承抗扰能力,提出一种基于改进模型辅助的自抗扰控制方法。建立轴向磁轴承-转子系统数学模型,将模型信息引入扩张状态观测器(ESO)的设计中,提出一种线性/非线性切换模型辅助扩张状态观测器(SMESO),并使用等效增益法分析了SMESO的稳定性,通过仿真试验对比MESO与SMESO的自抗扰控制器在阶跃与正弦扰动下的抗扰能力,结果表明基于SMESO的自抗扰控制方法具有更快的响应速度和更强的抗扰能力。

非钢制关节轴承制造材料研究进展

随着对关节轴承性能要求的不断提高,寻找新材料替代钢材制备高性能的关节轴承已经成为一个重要研究方向。对非钢制关节轴承内外圈材料及其处理工艺、衬垫和涂层材料进行了详细介绍,针对非钢制关节轴承内外圈材料存在铝合金加工难,钛合金成本高和自润滑层存在摩擦磨损性能较低的问题,提出具有优异摩擦性能,力学性能好、耐腐蚀、易加工的内外圈材料和制备工序简单、低摩擦、高寿命的自润滑层材料是未来非钢制关节轴承材料的发展方向。

基于相位补偿的磁悬浮转子不平衡抑制

基于转子位移最小法的磁悬浮转子不平衡抑制需要求得补偿信号的幅值和相位,目前主要通过陷波滤波算法提取转子不平衡同频振动位移相位作为补偿信号相位;但在升速过程中,转子不平衡力与转子同频振动位移之间存在随转速增大的滞后相位,如果不平衡抑制过程中不对该滞后相位进行补偿会导致不平衡振动增大甚至失稳问题。现提出一种基于相位补偿的不平衡抑制方法,通过扫频法确定滞后相位,并对转子同频振动信号提取后进行相位补偿,实现磁悬浮转子在线不平衡抑制。试验结果表明:保持补偿信号幅值相同,未进行相位补偿会使非驱动端转子实际位移和同频振动位移增大,驱动端转子实际位移和同频振动位移变化不明显;相位补偿后驱动端与非驱动端转子实际位移和同频振动位移均有较大程度减小,有效抑制了磁悬浮转子的不平衡振动。

重载电磁轴承的牵引力和温升特性

针对大型立式泵轴向电磁轴承在短期运行出现的绕组温升过高问题,采用磁-热耦合数值计算方法分析了气隙、电流和冷却通道对电磁轴承牵引力和散热性能的影响,结果表明:电磁轴承牵引力的最佳电流区间为12~20 A,在此区间牵引力与电流呈正相关,牵引力与气隙呈负相关;冷却通道会降低电磁轴承的牵引力,降幅随冷却通道流量的增加而增大;铁芯上开设冷却通道能有效改善绕组的散热条件,冷却通道流量越大,绕组温度越低。

基于部分模型辅助LADRC的电磁轴承-飞轮转子系统振动抑制

针对电磁轴承支承的飞轮转子系统振动抑制问题,提出了一种部分模型辅助线性自抗扰控制方法,建立考虑陀螺效应和不平衡力的刚性飞轮转子系统径向四自由度二阶数学模型,将各自由度二阶模型中的本自由度项作为已知信息辅助线性扩张状态观测器的设计,其他自由度项和不平衡力作为外界扰动,并设计线性状态误差反馈控制律对总扰动进行实时补偿。仿真结果表明,所提方法能以更低的观测器带宽达到与线性自抗扰控制相同的控制性能,并实现飞轮转子径向4个自由度之间的有效解耦,比分散PID控制具有更好的动态性能和抗干扰能力,可实现转子全转速范围内振动的有效抑制。

基于改进变步长LMS算法的储能飞轮主动磁轴承-转子系统振动控制

针对储能飞轮主动磁轴承-转子系统的振动控制,在变步长最小均方差(LMS)算法的基础上采用一种改进的步长因子并对其可变参数和算法效果进行对比分析,改进算法在提高迭代收敛速度的同时还能保持一定的稳态误差。对基于有限铁木辛柯梁单元法建立的轴承-转子系统动力学模型的仿真结果表明,在转子的振动位移反馈信号进入控制器前,利用基于改进步长因子LMS算法的自适应滤波器可以有效识别并滤除与转子同频的信号分量,从而实现储能飞轮主动磁轴承-转子系统的不平衡振动控制。

离心制管机永磁轴承磁力计算与拼接永磁体形状分析

针对传统离心制管机托轮支承结构磨损严重问题,提出了一种半定子环径向永磁轴承替代托轮的离心制管机永磁悬浮支承系统方案,根据等效磁荷法建立悬浮力数学模型,采用蒙特卡洛法近似求解,简化了悬浮力计算的数学推导和演算,并与有限元仿真比较,给出了误差修正系数,修正后蒙特卡洛法与有限元仿真结果基本一致,满足了工程应用的需要。将转子永磁体分别设计为扇形、梯形和矩形,通过仿真分别得出永磁轴承的悬浮力及扭矩,结果表明扇形永磁体各方面性能均优异,梯形永磁体次之。