We conducted a transient experimental investigation of steam–water direct contact condensation in the absence of noncondensible gas in a laboratory-scale column with the inner diameter of 325 mm and the height of 104...We conducted a transient experimental investigation of steam–water direct contact condensation in the absence of noncondensible gas in a laboratory-scale column with the inner diameter of 325 mm and the height of 1045 mm. We applied a new analysis method for the steam state equation to analyze the molar quantity change in steam over the course of the experiment and determined the transient steam variation. We also investigated the influence of flow rates and temperatures ofcooling water on the efficiency ofsteam condensation. Our experimental results show that appropriate increasing of the cooling water flow rate can significantly accelerate the steam condensation. We achieved a rapid increase in the total volumetric heat transfer coefficient by increasing the flow rate of cooling water, which indicated a higher thermal convection between the steam and the cooling water with higher flow rates. We found that the temperature ofcooling water did not play an important role on steam condensation. This method was confirmed to be effective for rapid recovering ofsteam.展开更多
A cell model to describe and optimize heat and mass transfer in contact heat exchangers for utilization of exhaust gases heat is proposed. The model is based on the theory of Markov chains and allows calculating heat ...A cell model to describe and optimize heat and mass transfer in contact heat exchangers for utilization of exhaust gases heat is proposed. The model is based on the theory of Markov chains and allows calculating heat and mass transfer at local moving force of the processes in each cell. The total process is presented as two parallel chains of cells (one for water flow and one for gas flow). The corresponding cells of the chains can exchange heat and mass, and water and gas can travel along their chains according to their transition ma-trices. The results of numerical experiments showed that the most part of heat transfer occurs due to moisture condensation from gas and the most intense heat transfer goes near the inlet of gas. Experimental validation of the model showed a good correlation between calculated and experimental data for an industrial contact heat exchanger if appropriate empirical equations were used to calculate heat and mass transfer coefficient. It was also shown that there exists the optimum height of heat exchanger that gave the maximum gain in heat energy utilization.展开更多
By placing a sample between a heated and a cooled rod, a thermal conductivity of the sample can be evaluated easily with the assumption of a one-dimensional heat flow. However, a three-dimensional constriction/spreadi...By placing a sample between a heated and a cooled rod, a thermal conductivity of the sample can be evaluated easily with the assumption of a one-dimensional heat flow. However, a three-dimensional constriction/spreading heat flow may occur inside the rods when the sample is a composite having different thermal conductivities. In order to investigate the thermal resistance due to the constriction/spreading heat flow, the three-dimensional numerical analyses were conducted on the heat transfer characteristics of the rods. In the present analyses, a polymer-based composite board having thermal vias was sandwiched between the rods. From the numerical results, it was confirmed that the constriction/spreading resistance of the rods was strongly affected by the thermal conductivity of the rods as well as the number and size of the thermal vias. A simple equation was also proposed to evaluate the constriction/spreading resistance of the rods. Fairly good agreements were obtained between the numerical results and the calculated ones by the simple equation. Moreover, the discussion was also made on an effective thermal conductivity of the composite board evaluated with the heated and the cooled rod.展开更多
The new 1 kW power module for ADS project needs the optimization of cooling design including water flow and tunnel layout, and the water flow of three tons per hour was chosen to be a goal for a 20 kW power source.Acc...The new 1 kW power module for ADS project needs the optimization of cooling design including water flow and tunnel layout, and the water flow of three tons per hour was chosen to be a goal for a 20 kW power source.According to analysis from the insertion and integrated loss, about 24 modules were integrated into the rated power. Thus, every module has a cooling flow of 2.1 L/min for RF heat load and power supply loss, which is very hard to achieve if no special consideration and techniques. A new thermal simulation method was introduced for thermal analysis of cooling plate through CST multi-physics suite,especially for temperature of power LDMOS transistor.Some specific measures carried out for the higher heat transfer were also presented in this paper.展开更多
In this paper, a numerical study of natural convection in a square enclosure with non-uniform temperature distribution maintained at the bottom wall and filled with nanofluids is carried out using different types of n...In this paper, a numerical study of natural convection in a square enclosure with non-uniform temperature distribution maintained at the bottom wall and filled with nanofluids is carried out using different types of nanoparticles. The remaining walls of the enclosure are kept at a lower temperature. Calculations are performed for Rayleigh numbers in the range 5 × 103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106 and different solid volume fraction of nanoparticles 0 ≤ χ ≤ 0.2. An enhancement in heat transfer rate is observed with the increase of nanoparticles volume fraction for the whole range of Rayleigh numbers. It is also observed that the heat transfer enhancement strongly depends on the type of nanofluids. For Ra = 106, the pure water flow becomes unsteady. It is observed that the increase of the volume fraction of nanoparticles makes the flow return to steady state.展开更多
Nonlinear nonstationary heat conduction problem for infinite circular cylinder under a complex heat transfer taking into account the temperature dependence of thermophysical characteristics of materials is solved nume...Nonlinear nonstationary heat conduction problem for infinite circular cylinder under a complex heat transfer taking into account the temperature dependence of thermophysical characteristics of materials is solved numerically by the method of lines. Directing it to the Cauchy’s problem for systems of ordinary differential equations studied feature which takes place on the cylinder axis. Taken into account the dependence on the temperature coefficient of heat transfer that the different interpretation of its physical content makes it possible to consider both convective and convective-ray or heat ray. Using the perturbation method, the corresponding thermoelasticity problem taking into account the temperature dependence of mechanical properties of the material is construed. The influence of the temperature dependence of the material on the distribution of temperature field and thermoelastic state of infinite circular cylinder made of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V by radiant heat transfer through the outer surface has been analyzed.展开更多
A novel heat transfer coefficient sensor is introduced and the design,manufacture,and calibration are described.The intended application of this instrument was on a high rotational speed test disc.In the experiments,t...A novel heat transfer coefficient sensor is introduced and the design,manufacture,and calibration are described.The intended application of this instrument was on a high rotational speed test disc.In the experiments,the heat transfer coefficient sensor was calibrated under static state and rotational state respectively.The calibration under the static state was accomplished in a pipe: the inside diameter(ID) was 0.048m and the total length was 4m,the distance between the sensor and the inlet of the pipe was 3.5m;the standard value was measured using a self-made calibrator.The calibration under the rotational state was accomplished using a rotating disc: the diameter and thickness of the stainless disc were 800mm and 25mm,respectively;the sensor was installed at the location of r=250mm;the rotating disc driven by a 30kW direct current motor can supply the maximum rotational speed of 3000r/min.The standard value under rotational state was provided by an approximate empirical formula.The results show that the designed sensor can measure heat transfer coefficient directly under rotational state and static state with good accuracy and stability;the correlation factor of K are constant under static state and rotational state.展开更多
文摘We conducted a transient experimental investigation of steam–water direct contact condensation in the absence of noncondensible gas in a laboratory-scale column with the inner diameter of 325 mm and the height of 1045 mm. We applied a new analysis method for the steam state equation to analyze the molar quantity change in steam over the course of the experiment and determined the transient steam variation. We also investigated the influence of flow rates and temperatures ofcooling water on the efficiency ofsteam condensation. Our experimental results show that appropriate increasing of the cooling water flow rate can significantly accelerate the steam condensation. We achieved a rapid increase in the total volumetric heat transfer coefficient by increasing the flow rate of cooling water, which indicated a higher thermal convection between the steam and the cooling water with higher flow rates. We found that the temperature ofcooling water did not play an important role on steam condensation. This method was confirmed to be effective for rapid recovering ofsteam.
文摘A cell model to describe and optimize heat and mass transfer in contact heat exchangers for utilization of exhaust gases heat is proposed. The model is based on the theory of Markov chains and allows calculating heat and mass transfer at local moving force of the processes in each cell. The total process is presented as two parallel chains of cells (one for water flow and one for gas flow). The corresponding cells of the chains can exchange heat and mass, and water and gas can travel along their chains according to their transition ma-trices. The results of numerical experiments showed that the most part of heat transfer occurs due to moisture condensation from gas and the most intense heat transfer goes near the inlet of gas. Experimental validation of the model showed a good correlation between calculated and experimental data for an industrial contact heat exchanger if appropriate empirical equations were used to calculate heat and mass transfer coefficient. It was also shown that there exists the optimum height of heat exchanger that gave the maximum gain in heat energy utilization.
文摘By placing a sample between a heated and a cooled rod, a thermal conductivity of the sample can be evaluated easily with the assumption of a one-dimensional heat flow. However, a three-dimensional constriction/spreading heat flow may occur inside the rods when the sample is a composite having different thermal conductivities. In order to investigate the thermal resistance due to the constriction/spreading heat flow, the three-dimensional numerical analyses were conducted on the heat transfer characteristics of the rods. In the present analyses, a polymer-based composite board having thermal vias was sandwiched between the rods. From the numerical results, it was confirmed that the constriction/spreading resistance of the rods was strongly affected by the thermal conductivity of the rods as well as the number and size of the thermal vias. A simple equation was also proposed to evaluate the constriction/spreading resistance of the rods. Fairly good agreements were obtained between the numerical results and the calculated ones by the simple equation. Moreover, the discussion was also made on an effective thermal conductivity of the composite board evaluated with the heated and the cooled rod.
基金supported by the ‘‘strategic priority research program’’ of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA030205)
文摘The new 1 kW power module for ADS project needs the optimization of cooling design including water flow and tunnel layout, and the water flow of three tons per hour was chosen to be a goal for a 20 kW power source.According to analysis from the insertion and integrated loss, about 24 modules were integrated into the rated power. Thus, every module has a cooling flow of 2.1 L/min for RF heat load and power supply loss, which is very hard to achieve if no special consideration and techniques. A new thermal simulation method was introduced for thermal analysis of cooling plate through CST multi-physics suite,especially for temperature of power LDMOS transistor.Some specific measures carried out for the higher heat transfer were also presented in this paper.
文摘In this paper, a numerical study of natural convection in a square enclosure with non-uniform temperature distribution maintained at the bottom wall and filled with nanofluids is carried out using different types of nanoparticles. The remaining walls of the enclosure are kept at a lower temperature. Calculations are performed for Rayleigh numbers in the range 5 × 103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106 and different solid volume fraction of nanoparticles 0 ≤ χ ≤ 0.2. An enhancement in heat transfer rate is observed with the increase of nanoparticles volume fraction for the whole range of Rayleigh numbers. It is also observed that the heat transfer enhancement strongly depends on the type of nanofluids. For Ra = 106, the pure water flow becomes unsteady. It is observed that the increase of the volume fraction of nanoparticles makes the flow return to steady state.
文摘Nonlinear nonstationary heat conduction problem for infinite circular cylinder under a complex heat transfer taking into account the temperature dependence of thermophysical characteristics of materials is solved numerically by the method of lines. Directing it to the Cauchy’s problem for systems of ordinary differential equations studied feature which takes place on the cylinder axis. Taken into account the dependence on the temperature coefficient of heat transfer that the different interpretation of its physical content makes it possible to consider both convective and convective-ray or heat ray. Using the perturbation method, the corresponding thermoelasticity problem taking into account the temperature dependence of mechanical properties of the material is construed. The influence of the temperature dependence of the material on the distribution of temperature field and thermoelastic state of infinite circular cylinder made of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V by radiant heat transfer through the outer surface has been analyzed.
文摘A novel heat transfer coefficient sensor is introduced and the design,manufacture,and calibration are described.The intended application of this instrument was on a high rotational speed test disc.In the experiments,the heat transfer coefficient sensor was calibrated under static state and rotational state respectively.The calibration under the static state was accomplished in a pipe: the inside diameter(ID) was 0.048m and the total length was 4m,the distance between the sensor and the inlet of the pipe was 3.5m;the standard value was measured using a self-made calibrator.The calibration under the rotational state was accomplished using a rotating disc: the diameter and thickness of the stainless disc were 800mm and 25mm,respectively;the sensor was installed at the location of r=250mm;the rotating disc driven by a 30kW direct current motor can supply the maximum rotational speed of 3000r/min.The standard value under rotational state was provided by an approximate empirical formula.The results show that the designed sensor can measure heat transfer coefficient directly under rotational state and static state with good accuracy and stability;the correlation factor of K are constant under static state and rotational state.
