Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)are promising in building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs)and tandem solar cells(TSCs).One of the keys to fabricate high-performance ST-PSCs is depositing efficient trans...Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)are promising in building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs)and tandem solar cells(TSCs).One of the keys to fabricate high-performance ST-PSCs is depositing efficient transparent electrodes.Indium tin oxide(ITO)is an excellent transparent conductive oxide with good light transmittance and high conductivity.However,the high sheet resistance of ITO sputtered at room temperature leads to the low fill factor(FF)and poor power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the ST-PSCs.Here,we study the effect of the sputtering temperature on the properties of ITO and the performance of ST-PSCs.We find that when the sputtering temperature increases from the room temperature to 70℃,the crystallinity of the sputtered ITO gradually improves.Therefore,the sheet resistance decreases and the corresponding device performance improves.However,once the sputtering temperature further increases over 70℃,the underlying hole transport layer will be damaged,leading to poor device performance.Therefore,the optimized mild heating temperature of 70℃is applied and we obtain ST-PSCs with a champion PCE of 15.21%.We believe this mild heating assisted sputtering method is applicable in fabricating BIPVs and TSCs.展开更多
Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have broad applications in building integrated photovoltaics.However,the stability of ST-PSCs needs to be improved,especially in n-i-p ST-PSCs since the doped 2,2',7...Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have broad applications in building integrated photovoltaics.However,the stability of ST-PSCs needs to be improved,especially in n-i-p ST-PSCs since the doped 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene(Spiro-OMeTAD)is unstable at elevated temperatures and high humidity.In this work,aπ-conjugated polymer poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)](PBDB-T)is selected to form a polymer composite hole transport layer(HTL)with Spiro-OMeTAD.The sulfur atom of the thiophene unit and the carbonyl group of the polymer interact with the undercoordinated Pb2+at the perovskite surface,which stabilizes the perovskite/HTL interface and passivates the interfacial defects.The incorporation of the polymer also increases the glass transition temperature and the moisture resistance of Spiro-OMeTAD.As a result,we obtain ST-PSCs with a champion efficiency of 13.71%and an average visible light transmittance of 36.04%.Therefore,a high light utilization efficiency of 4.94%can be obtained.Moreover,the encapsulated device can maintain 84%of the initial efficiency after 751 h under continuous one-sun illumination(at 30%relative humidity)at the open circuit and the unencapsulated device can maintain 80%of the initial efficiency after maximum power tracking for more than 1250 h under continuous one-sun illumination.展开更多
Transparent electrodes based on copper nanowires （Cu NWs） have attracted significant attention owing to their advantages including high optical transmittance, good conductivity, and excellent mechanical flexibility....Transparent electrodes based on copper nanowires （Cu NWs） have attracted significant attention owing to their advantages including high optical transmittance, good conductivity, and excellent mechanical flexibility. However, low-cost, high-performance, and environmental friendly solar cells with all-Cu NW electrodes have not been realized until now. Herein, top and bottom transparent electrodes based on Cu NWs with low surface roughness and homogeneous conductivity are fabricated. Then, semi-transparent polymer solar cells （PSCs） with the inverted structure of polyacrylate/Cu NWs/poly（3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene）：poly（styrenesulfonate） （PEDOT：PSS） （PH1000）/Y-TiO2/ poly（3-hexylthiophene）：[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid 3,4,5-tris（octyloxy）benzyl/ PEDOT：PSS （4083）/Cu NWs/polyimide/polydimethylsiloxane are constructed; these could absorb light from both sides with a power conversion efficiency reaching 1.97% and 1.85%. Furthermore, the PSCs show an average transmittance of 42% in the visible region, which renders them suitable for some specialized applications such as power-generating windows and building-integrated photovoltaics. The indium tin oxide （ITO）- and noble metal-free PSCs could pave new pathways for fabricating cost-effective semi-transparent PSCs.展开更多
Shading in greenhouses is a simple and cheap method usually used to reduce the intensity of solar radiation and air temperature.Moreover,combining Photovoltaic(PV)panels and crops on the same cropland could alleviate ...Shading in greenhouses is a simple and cheap method usually used to reduce the intensity of solar radiation and air temperature.Moreover,combining Photovoltaic(PV)panels and crops on the same cropland could alleviate the increasing competition for the agricultural land between food and energy production.In addition,the integration of PV with greenhouses could reduce,or partially replace the energy consumption for greenhouse crop production.Therefore,the aim of this study was to investigate the shading effect of semi-transparent mono-crystalline silicon double glazing photovoltaic panels(STPV),mounted on top of an agricultural greenhouse,which occupied 20%of the roof area,on the microclimate conditions and the growth of lettuce plants inside a greenhouse.Results showed that the combination of STPV and polyethylene cover decreased the solar radiation by 35%to 40%compared to the use of polyethylene cover only for clear days which was in the acceptable range of photosynthetically active radiation for lettuce plants.Moreover,STPV shading decreases the air temperature by 1℃-3℃ and had no effect in the relative humidity under natural ventilation.Furthermore,there were no significant differences(p<0.05)in the growth of lettuce plants between the shaded greenhouse by the STPV and the unshaded.Shading insignificantly increased the fresh weight,leaf area and the chlorophyll contents(p<0.05).In conclusion,the integration of STPV modules can decrease the solar irradiation and the internal air temperatures as well as generate electric energy for environmental control systems without significant influence on the growth of lettuce plants.Meanwhile,it can decrease the water consumption by decreasing the evapotranspiration rate.展开更多
Self-powered photovoltaic windows,which integrate photovoltaic with electrochromic devices,have attracted widespread attention of scholars since they can generate electricity in situ and reduce building energy consump...Self-powered photovoltaic windows,which integrate photovoltaic with electrochromic devices,have attracted widespread attention of scholars since they can generate electricity in situ and reduce building energy consumption by modulating the transmitted solar radiation.However,previous studies mainly focused on the material development and performance characterization,lack of comfort assessment and energy saving potential of its application to buildings.To address this issue,an adjustable semi-transparent photovoltaic(ATPV)window which integrates CdTe-based photovoltaic and WO3-based electrochromic,was taken as the research object,and a novel rule-based control strategy taking the beam solar radiation luminous efficacy(CtrlEff)as decision variable was proposed for the first time.The ATPV window model was established in WINDOW software based on the measured data,and then it was exported to integrated with a medium office building model in EnergyPlus for performance evaluation including the visual comfort,thermal comfort,net energy consumption,and net-zero energy ratio.The results of a case study in Changsha(E 112°,N 28°)indicated that the ATPV window under the CtrlEff strategy can effectively reduce the southward and westward intolerable glare by 86.9%and 94.9%,respectively,and increase the thermal comfort hours by 5%and 2%,compared to the Low-E window.Furthermore,the net-zero energy consumption can be decreased by 58.7%,65.7%,64.1%,and 53.8%for south,west,east,and north orientations,and the corresponding net-zero energy ratios are 65.1%,54.6%,62.7%,and 61.6%,respectively.The findings of this study provide new strategies for the control and optimization of the adjustable window.展开更多
The electricity consumption of buildings is tremendous;moreover,a huge amount of electricity is lost during distribution.Taking away this consumption can significantly reduce energy demand and greenhouse effect gas em...The electricity consumption of buildings is tremendous;moreover,a huge amount of electricity is lost during distribution.Taking away this consumption can significantly reduce energy demand and greenhouse effect gas emission.One of the low-cost and renewable solutions to this issue is to install photovoltaic panels on the buildings themselves,namely,building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs).Using this technology,power generation roofs,windows,and facades can harvest solar radiation and convert to electricity for building power consumption.Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have attracted tremendous attention for the power generation windows,due to the excellent photoelectric properties,versatile fabrication methods,bandgap tunability,and flexibility.Here,an overview is provided on the recent progress of ST-PSCs for BIPV,which mainly focuses on the control of perovskite morphology,optical engineering for an efficient and semi-transparent ST-PSC.We also summarize recent development on various transparent electrodes and present prospects and challenges for the commercialization of ST-PSCs.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179042,U21A2078,and 51902110)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2020J06021,2019J01057,and 2020J01064)Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University,and Promotion Program for Young and Middle-Aged Teacher in Science and Technology Research of Huaqiao University(ZQN-PY607,ZQN-806).
文摘Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)are promising in building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs)and tandem solar cells(TSCs).One of the keys to fabricate high-performance ST-PSCs is depositing efficient transparent electrodes.Indium tin oxide(ITO)is an excellent transparent conductive oxide with good light transmittance and high conductivity.However,the high sheet resistance of ITO sputtered at room temperature leads to the low fill factor(FF)and poor power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the ST-PSCs.Here,we study the effect of the sputtering temperature on the properties of ITO and the performance of ST-PSCs.We find that when the sputtering temperature increases from the room temperature to 70℃,the crystallinity of the sputtered ITO gradually improves.Therefore,the sheet resistance decreases and the corresponding device performance improves.However,once the sputtering temperature further increases over 70℃,the underlying hole transport layer will be damaged,leading to poor device performance.Therefore,the optimized mild heating temperature of 70℃is applied and we obtain ST-PSCs with a champion PCE of 15.21%.We believe this mild heating assisted sputtering method is applicable in fabricating BIPVs and TSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22179042 and U21A2078)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Nos.2020J06021 and 2020J01064).
文摘Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have broad applications in building integrated photovoltaics.However,the stability of ST-PSCs needs to be improved,especially in n-i-p ST-PSCs since the doped 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene(Spiro-OMeTAD)is unstable at elevated temperatures and high humidity.In this work,aπ-conjugated polymer poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)](PBDB-T)is selected to form a polymer composite hole transport layer(HTL)with Spiro-OMeTAD.The sulfur atom of the thiophene unit and the carbonyl group of the polymer interact with the undercoordinated Pb2+at the perovskite surface,which stabilizes the perovskite/HTL interface and passivates the interfacial defects.The incorporation of the polymer also increases the glass transition temperature and the moisture resistance of Spiro-OMeTAD.As a result,we obtain ST-PSCs with a champion efficiency of 13.71%and an average visible light transmittance of 36.04%.Therefore,a high light utilization efficiency of 4.94%can be obtained.Moreover,the encapsulated device can maintain 84%of the initial efficiency after 751 h under continuous one-sun illumination(at 30%relative humidity)at the open circuit and the unencapsulated device can maintain 80%of the initial efficiency after maximum power tracking for more than 1250 h under continuous one-sun illumination.
基金This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 61301036）, Shanghai Science and Technology Rising Star Project （No. 17QA1404700）, Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS （No. 2014226）, Shanghai Key Basic Research Project （No. 16JC1402300）, and the Major State Research Development Program of China （No. 2016YFA0203000）.
文摘Transparent electrodes based on copper nanowires （Cu NWs） have attracted significant attention owing to their advantages including high optical transmittance, good conductivity, and excellent mechanical flexibility. However, low-cost, high-performance, and environmental friendly solar cells with all-Cu NW electrodes have not been realized until now. Herein, top and bottom transparent electrodes based on Cu NWs with low surface roughness and homogeneous conductivity are fabricated. Then, semi-transparent polymer solar cells （PSCs） with the inverted structure of polyacrylate/Cu NWs/poly（3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene）：poly（styrenesulfonate） （PEDOT：PSS） （PH1000）/Y-TiO2/ poly（3-hexylthiophene）：[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid 3,4,5-tris（octyloxy）benzyl/ PEDOT：PSS （4083）/Cu NWs/polyimide/polydimethylsiloxane are constructed; these could absorb light from both sides with a power conversion efficiency reaching 1.97% and 1.85%. Furthermore, the PSCs show an average transmittance of 42% in the visible region, which renders them suitable for some specialized applications such as power-generating windows and building-integrated photovoltaics. The indium tin oxide （ITO）- and noble metal-free PSCs could pave new pathways for fabricating cost-effective semi-transparent PSCs.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development of Renewable Energy in the Southwest Area in China(No.05300205020516009)the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Projects of China(No.2011DFA62380).
文摘Shading in greenhouses is a simple and cheap method usually used to reduce the intensity of solar radiation and air temperature.Moreover,combining Photovoltaic(PV)panels and crops on the same cropland could alleviate the increasing competition for the agricultural land between food and energy production.In addition,the integration of PV with greenhouses could reduce,or partially replace the energy consumption for greenhouse crop production.Therefore,the aim of this study was to investigate the shading effect of semi-transparent mono-crystalline silicon double glazing photovoltaic panels(STPV),mounted on top of an agricultural greenhouse,which occupied 20%of the roof area,on the microclimate conditions and the growth of lettuce plants inside a greenhouse.Results showed that the combination of STPV and polyethylene cover decreased the solar radiation by 35%to 40%compared to the use of polyethylene cover only for clear days which was in the acceptable range of photosynthetically active radiation for lettuce plants.Moreover,STPV shading decreases the air temperature by 1℃-3℃ and had no effect in the relative humidity under natural ventilation.Furthermore,there were no significant differences(p<0.05)in the growth of lettuce plants between the shaded greenhouse by the STPV and the unshaded.Shading insignificantly increased the fresh weight,leaf area and the chlorophyll contents(p<0.05).In conclusion,the integration of STPV modules can decrease the solar irradiation and the internal air temperatures as well as generate electric energy for environmental control systems without significant influence on the growth of lettuce plants.Meanwhile,it can decrease the water consumption by decreasing the evapotranspiration rate.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51978252)the High-tech Industry Technology Innovation Leading Plan of Hunan Province(2020GK2076)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2020RC5003)the Hunan Province Innovation Development Program(2020RC4045)the Hunan Province Key R&D Program(2021SK2045).
文摘Self-powered photovoltaic windows,which integrate photovoltaic with electrochromic devices,have attracted widespread attention of scholars since they can generate electricity in situ and reduce building energy consumption by modulating the transmitted solar radiation.However,previous studies mainly focused on the material development and performance characterization,lack of comfort assessment and energy saving potential of its application to buildings.To address this issue,an adjustable semi-transparent photovoltaic(ATPV)window which integrates CdTe-based photovoltaic and WO3-based electrochromic,was taken as the research object,and a novel rule-based control strategy taking the beam solar radiation luminous efficacy(CtrlEff)as decision variable was proposed for the first time.The ATPV window model was established in WINDOW software based on the measured data,and then it was exported to integrated with a medium office building model in EnergyPlus for performance evaluation including the visual comfort,thermal comfort,net energy consumption,and net-zero energy ratio.The results of a case study in Changsha(E 112°,N 28°)indicated that the ATPV window under the CtrlEff strategy can effectively reduce the southward and westward intolerable glare by 86.9%and 94.9%,respectively,and increase the thermal comfort hours by 5%and 2%,compared to the Low-E window.Furthermore,the net-zero energy consumption can be decreased by 58.7%,65.7%,64.1%,and 53.8%for south,west,east,and north orientations,and the corresponding net-zero energy ratios are 65.1%,54.6%,62.7%,and 61.6%,respectively.The findings of this study provide new strategies for the control and optimization of the adjustable window.
基金the Science and Technology Plan of Shenzhen,China(No.JCYJ20170818114107730)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51672231)the General Research Fund from the Hong Kong Research Grant Council,China(Nos.16309018,16214619)。
文摘The electricity consumption of buildings is tremendous;moreover,a huge amount of electricity is lost during distribution.Taking away this consumption can significantly reduce energy demand and greenhouse effect gas emission.One of the low-cost and renewable solutions to this issue is to install photovoltaic panels on the buildings themselves,namely,building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs).Using this technology,power generation roofs,windows,and facades can harvest solar radiation and convert to electricity for building power consumption.Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have attracted tremendous attention for the power generation windows,due to the excellent photoelectric properties,versatile fabrication methods,bandgap tunability,and flexibility.Here,an overview is provided on the recent progress of ST-PSCs for BIPV,which mainly focuses on the control of perovskite morphology,optical engineering for an efficient and semi-transparent ST-PSC.We also summarize recent development on various transparent electrodes and present prospects and challenges for the commercialization of ST-PSCs.
