Construction of the Sense of Belonging of Place Spirit in the Renovation of Historical Blocks: A Case Study of Ancient Town Street of Ming and Qing Dynasties in Hekou, Qianshan

The renovation of historical blocks often stays at the material level of buildings, ignoring the deeper spiritual level, which can not arouse people’s sense of belonging to the city memory. Based on the protection of local Qianshan area culture, taking Hekou ancient town street of Ming and Qing Dynasty as an example, with the construction of place spirit and sense of belonging as the primary goal, and combining the history and culture of the city, the current situation of the streets and the characteristics of the buildings, this paper put forward the relevant renovation measures to provide a kind of thinking for the refined and rational renovation of the blocks in the future.

Place and Belonging: How Rural Primary School Principals can Promote Boarders’ Development by Building their Sense of Belonging to School?

Rural boarding schools in compulsory education in China have proliferated with school merger program.This paper analyzes the relationship between school belonging and student development and the factors that influence students'sense of belonging in rural boarding schools.The paper examines how principals in rural boarding schools in China can promote student development by building a sense of belonging.The paper argues that building this sense of belonging can serve as a solution to the current problems affecting rural boarding schools,improve the quality of rural primary education,and promote student development.

The impact of a sense of belonging on lethargy and career maturity

In this study, the authors treated a combination of psychological apathy and decreased motivation as a tendency to lethargy, and implemented a survey into the tendency to lethargy demonstrated by students, in order to study the impact of a sense of belonging in the four relationships between the student and the people considered most likely to be interacted with during university life—those with family, friends at university, friends outside university and boyfriend/girlfriend. In addition, the authors implemented a survey and study that included additional categories relating to career maturity. The study was performed on 250 university students, using an anonymous questionnaire that graded responses using criteria to measure a sense of belonging, psychological apathy characteristics, areas of decreased motivation, and career maturity. The subjects were classified by the school year to which they belonged, their gender, and whether or not they had a boyfriend/girlfriend, and consideration was given to the relationship between psychological apathy, decreased motivation, career maturity and a sense of belonging. In terms of gender difference in regard to each of the criteria, partially, the study indicated that male students score significantly higher than female students in terms of a sense of belonging, females score significantly higher than males for decreased motivation in regard to classes, and males score significantly higher than females in relation to career maturity. No significant difference in scores was noted between males and females in relation to psychological apathy. The impact of a sense of belonging on psychological apathy, decreased motivation and career motivation was seen in the fact that across all categories, those students with a good relationship with friends at university had a suppressed level of decreased motivation in regard to university by the portions given in this document.

Monitoring the Changing Pattern of Land Use in the Rangpur City Corporation Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Rangpur is one of the fastest growing cities of Bangladesh with a dense population. Being the headquarter of a division in Bangladesh, it is experiencing multi-dimensional problems such as over urbanization, traffic congestion, water logging, and solid waste disposal. Rangpur is a sheer example of having poor legislative actions, inefficient management and lack of public awareness, which leads the urbanization to an unplanned and resource consuming development. This study presents an integrated study of land use pattern in Rangpur City, Bangladesh, by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). The data sources used in this study were Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images taken in 1989, 2000 and 2014, respectively. All images were geometrically and radiometrically corrected and the change detection methods were performed. Then, supervised maximum likelihood classification was used as a cross classification to detect change. The study area was classified into six categories on the basis of field study, geographical conditions, and remote sensing data. The remotely detected land use change from 1989 to 2014 shows that Rangpur is gradually changing, as planted trees, open spaces, low land and Permanent water sources have been transformed into built-up areas.

Remote sensing of the urban heat island and its changes in Xiamen City of SE China

World-wide urbanization has significantly modified the landscape, which has important climatic implications across all scales due to the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and introduction of urban materials. This resulted in a phenomenon known as an urban heat island(UHI). A study on the UHI in Xiamen of China was carried out using remote sensing technology. Satellite thermal infrared images were used to determine surface radiant temperatures. Thermal remote sensing data were obtained from band 6 of two Landsat TM/ETM\++ images of 1989 and 2000 to observe the UHI changes over 11-year period. The thermal infrared bands were processed through several image enhancement technologies. This generated two 3-dimension-perspective images of Xiamen's urban heat island in 1989 and 2000, respectively, and revealed heat characteristics and spatial distribution features of the UHI. To find out the change of the UHI between 1989 and 2000, the two thermal images were first normalized and scaled to seven grades to reduce seasonal difference and then overlaid to produce a difference image by subtracting corresponding pixels. The difference image showed an evident development of the urban heat island in the 11 years. This change was due largely to the urban expansion with a consequent alteration in the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux. To quantitatively compare UHI, an index called Urban-Heat-Island Ratio Index(URI) was created. It can reveal the intensity of the UHI within the urban area. The calculation of the index was based on the ratio of UHI area to urban area. The greater the index, the more intense the UHI was. The calculation of the index for the Xiamen City indicated that the ratio of UHI area to urban area in 2000 was less than that in 1989. High temperatures in several areas in 1989 were reduced or just disappeared, such as those in old downtown area and Gulangyu Island. For the potential mitigation of the UHI in Xiamen, a long-term heat island reduction strategy of planting shade trees and using light-colored, highly reflective roof and paving materials should be included in the plans of the city planers, environmental managers and other decision-makers to improve the overall urban environment in the future.

Valuation of ecosystem services for Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province from 2001 to 2003 by Remote Sensing data

The land covers of Huzhou City （119°14′-120°29′E, 30°22′-31°11′N） that includes five regionalisms of Anji County, Changxing County, Deqing County. Wuxing District and Nanxun District were classified into eight types by using Remote Sensing data, which were forest, grassland, shrub, paddy field, dry land, bare land, water and wetland. The indexes of ecosystem services of each type of land cover were divided six items, such as the producing organic matter, assimilating CO2, releasing O2, recycling nutrient matter, holding water, and conserving soil and water. The results showed that the value of ecosystem services for Huzhou City in 2001, 2002, and 2003 was 194.82×10^8 yuan, 207.68×10^8 yuan, 173.56×10^8 yuan, respectively. Anji County of five regionalisms had the best environment conditions among all the districts, which played the most important role in ameliorating the ecological environment for Huzhou City. Environment conditions of Deqing County were at the worst level. The GDP per capita and per unit area of each county （district） was in inverse proportion to the value of ecosystem services per capita and per unit area, which implied that the higher GDP was, the more severe contamination of environment was.

Carbon Sequestration Service of a Ramsar Site: A Conservation-Role Model for Defying Developmental Pressure in the Middle of a Rapidly Expanding City

Mangroves in coastal cities are under threat due to development pressures. However, mangrove ecosystems can serve as a potential carbon sink for mitigating the impacts of climate change. The main objective of this study was to estimate the carbon sequestration potential of mangroves in the Al-Qurm natural reserve, Muscat, Oman. The reserve was classified into three distinct zones and was estimated through field measurement and remote sensing techniques. The study found that each zone sequesters varying levels of carbon. The highest mean carbon stock was measured in the landward zone (20.2 ± 0.3 kg∙C/m2), followed by the middle zone (8.7 ± 0.4 kg∙C/m2) and seaward zone (5.8 ± 0.8 kg∙C/m2), respectively. The carbon sequestration rate of the sediment range was between 5.0 g C/m2∙year - 12.5 g C/m2∙year. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from above-ground biomass showed a positive relationship (r = 0.73) with biomass measured in the field. However, the average above-ground carbon was underestimated (6.3 kg∙C/m2) than the above-ground field measurement (7.0 kg∙C/m2). This 0.82 km2 of the natural reserve was estimated to sequester approximately 9512 tonnes of carbon equivalent to 0.035 Mt of CO2e. This highlights the importance of conserving this natural reserve, despite a growing demand for land use in and around the reserve for development needs.

Pattern Dynamics of Thermal-environment Effect During Urbanization:A Case Study in Shenzhen City,China

The thermal-environment effect exists in the field of rapid urbanization.It has adverse effects on the urban atmosphere,regional climate,energy consumption,and public health.Shenzhen,a representative of rapidly urbanizing cities in China,was selected as a case for pattern dynamics analysis of the thermal environment.The surface temperature was acquired from the thermal infrared data of Landsat TM and ETM+ images in 1986,1995,and 2005 by Jiménez-Mu?oz and Sobrino's generalized single-channel method,which was used in assessing the distribution and spatial patterns of the thermal environment.The relative thermal environment curve(RTC) was combined with Moran's I analysis to assess the pattern dynamics of the thermal environment in different urbanization periods.Moran's I index and the RTC represent a process of aggregation-fragmentation-aggregation,which shows the aggregation pattern of a decrease during the rapid urbanization period and then an increase during the steady urbanization period.High-temperature areas gradually expanded to a uniform and scattered distribution in the rapid urbanization period;while the high thermal-environment effect was gradually transformed into a steady spatial pattern in the stable urbanization period.To characterize the increasing development in this multiple-center city,we chose profiles along an urban-development axis.The results suggest that heat islands have expanded from internal urban to external urban areas.Four profiles were obtained showing differences in shape due to spatial differences in the process of development.

Integration of Point and Remote Sensing Data for Monitoring Surface Runoff around Madinah City, Saudi Arabia

In response to sporadic rainy storms, the fluvial catchments in the northern, eastern and southern regimes of Medina City produce surface runoff that varies in the frequency and magnitude. The determination of the most frequently flowing catchment(s) through each precipitation event and the spatial characteristics of surface runoff still represent gaps in understanding the hydrological processes associated with flash floods in arid environments. The lack of data in particular precipitation records at reliable temporal and spatial scales is considered one of the essential constraints in understanding these issues. The integration of point precipitation records and the multi-temporal satellite imagery such as LandSat TM and the Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission (TRMM) helped retrieve significant surface runoff events through two decades of the last century around Madinah City. The spectral signatures of surface runoff have been clearly identified from the optical remote sensing images acquired after each precipitation event. Investigating the spectral signatures of surface runoff along with its corresponding precipitation records from both Madinah climatic station and the TRMM monthly precipitation indicated that 1) there is no specific threshold of the amount of precipitation required for developing surface runoff;2) while Madinah climatic station provided records of precipitation on the majority of surface runoff, it did not provide records on some monitored surface runoff events;3) the spatial distribution and magnitude of the monthly precipitation of the TRMM images of 1998 have been conformed with all surface runoff events developed in W. Al-Aqeeq;and 4) W. Al-Aqeeq is considered the most frequently flowing valley around Madinah City because it developed surface runoff in response to all the precipitation events. These results emphasize the necessity of establishing a number of climatic and gauge stations in selective locations within the drainage basins around Madinah City. This proposition can facilitate studying the various rainfall and runoff characteristics for designing proper surface water harvesting strategy.

Change of Land Cover Category and Landscape Pattern in a Valley City From 2000 to 2015

The landscape pattern is affected by human activities and the natural environment.China’s urbanization has been a great achievement in the past 30 years,but also it has caused a variety of environmental problems.The landscape of the mountain valley area is particularly affected by human activities and the natural environment.The rise of remote sensing technologies has promoted a better understanding of ecological process,and the quantitative study on landscape dynamics has received more and more considerable attention.In this paper,four years from 2000,2005,2010,and 2015 were selected as the research time.Using Landsat TM/ETM remote sensing image,DEM,and socioeconomic data,we calculated the landscape pattern indices in four districts(Lishi,Fangshan,Liulin,and Zhongyang)of Luliang City on patch scale,land cover scale and landscape scale respectively.Thus,the change of landscape pattern in four districts from 2000 to 2015 were obtained.The results showed that:①the landscape in the mountain valley area has become more and more fragmented in the past 15 years(2000–2015);②the landscape dynamics of the main and tributary catchment areas of the Sanchuan River were different from that of urban development,which is closely related to the development stages of urban and rural areas;③there were differences in landscape changes between different topographic and landform units,and the landscape at higher altitudes was more vulnerable to disturbance.This study can provide some reference for the ecological restoration and management on landscape scale in the mountain and valley areas of the north and northwest China.

ANALYSIS OF THE EXPANSION OF THE BUILT-UP AREA OF DALIAN CITY

With the astounding development and gradual improvement of remote sensing technology,as an advanced science technology,it is used to pro vide multi-temporal,large scope re al-time information for land-use dynamic change,and also is one of the best efficient m ethods for studying the earth resour ces and environment.Remote sensing image has its characteristics of ample inform ation and reflecting the objective r ealities.The paper uses multi-temp oral TM images in1986,1996and 2000,and relevant sta tistic data to analyze land-use chan ges of Dalian City in Liaoning Provin ce of Chi-na over ten years by means of the corre lation analysis method.The results have shown that two methods could con-formably reflect the present land-u se change.Urbanization is closely c orrelative to natural factors and ec onomic develop-ment.Especially in recent 20years,under the influence of the reform and open-up policy,Dalian,as a specifi c coast city,is becoming an international m etropolis.

Sense of Belonging

Africans living in Beijing find spiritual upliftment in their own unique style of worship via church services ancl community outreach initiatives

Characterizing urban expansion of Korla City and its spatial-temporal patterns using remote sensing and GIS methods

Cities provide spatial contexts for populations and economic activities. Determining the spatial-temporal patterns of urban expansion is of particular significance for regional sustainable development. To achieve a better understanding of the spatial-temporal patterns of urban expansion of Korla City, we explore the urban expansion characteristics of Korla City over the period 1995-2015 by employing Landsat TM/ETM＋ images of 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Urban land use types were classified using the supervised classification method in ENVI 4.5. Urban expansion indices, such as expansion area, expansion proportion, expansion speed, expansion intensity, compactness, and fractal dimension, were calculated. The spatial-temporal patterns and evolution process of the urban expansion （e.g., urban gravity center and its direction of movement） were then quantitatively analyzed. The results indicated that, over the past 25 years, the area and proportion of urban land increased substantially with an average annual growth rate of 15.18%. Farmland and unused land were lost greatly due to the urban expansion. This result might be attributable to the rapid population growth and the dramatic economic development in this area. The city extended to the southeast, and the urban gravity center shifted to the southeast as well by about 2118 m. The degree of urban compactness tended to decrease and the fractal dimension index tended to increase, indicating that the spatial pattern of Korla City was becoming loose, complex, and unstable. This study could provide a scientific reference for the studies on urban expansion of oasis cities in arid land.

Remote Sensing &GIS Based Spatio-Temporal Change Analysis of Wetland in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Landscape of Dhaka city—one of the fastest growing mega cities in the world, is continuously changing due to un-planned urbanization. For example, the wetlands of the city have been shrinking. This study evaluates wetland changes in Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA), Bangladesh, between 1978 and 2009. Spatial and temporal dynamics of wetland changes were quantified using four Landsat images, a supervised classi?cation algorithm and the post-classi?cation change detection technique in GIS environment. Accuracy of the Landsat-derived wetland maps ranged from 87% to 92.5%. The analysis revealed that area of wetland and Rivers & Khals in Dhaka city decreased significantly over the last 30 years by 76.67% and 18.72% respectively. This changing trend of wetlands makes the drainage system of Dhaka City vulnerable, creating water logging problems and their consequences. Land filling and encroachment were recognized to be the main reasons for shrinking of the wetlands in the city. Development and alteration of the existing water bodies should consider the natural hydrological conditions.

Dynamic Change Analysis of Urban Green Land in Jinan City Based RS and Geo-information Tupu

The three-period (1995, 1998 and 2003) remote sensing images in Jinan City, China are selected. And the information of green land, construction land, woodland and water body is extracted by using the image processing module of remote-sensing software and computerized interpretation module. Both the change table and transfer matrix table of land use area are analyzed by modeling module of remote-sensing software. Then, the Geo-information Tupu is obtained; and the temporal and spatial variation of land use in Jinan City is monitored and analyzed by Geo-information Tupu and transfer matrix. Result shows that land use structure change of Jinan City in the years 1995-1998 shows a transformation from green land to construction land. Area of green land circulating into construction land reaches 62.27 square kilometers, accounting for 25.84% of the initial green land. In the year 1998, areas of woodland and green land are reduced due to the urban expansion of Jinan City. However, with the enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, areas of woodland and green land gradually increase in the year 2003, which are still less than those in the year 1995.

Analysis of Land Use Change and Driving Force of Bole City Based on Remote Sensing Image

[Objectives] The land use change and its influence has been the frontier and hotspot in the research of the surface process of change. The aim of this study was to provide a reasonable scientific basis for the more reasonable use of regional land resources of Bole City by study of land use change and driving force of Bole City.[Methods] Through geometric correction, image mosaic and image registration processing and classification of the remote sensing images of Bole City in 2006, 2011 and 2016, the three images of land use change in land use types （land use change range, dynamic degree and variation degree） were studied, and the natural and social economy in terms of the driving forces of land use change were analyzed.[Results] In the 2006 to 2016 period, cultivated land of Bole City had the land use dynamic growth state, and the average growth rate was 0.26%; and forest land, construction land, water, grassland and unused land showed a decreasing trend, decreased by 0.23%, 0.22%, 0.75%, 3.85% and 1.52%, respectively. In the entire study period, the change of grassland was the biggest, the changes of unused land and water were the second, and the changes of cultivated land, construction land and forest land were lesser.[Conclusions] The main driving factors that effected on land use change of the study area were climate, industrialization, urbanization, social and economic activities, adjustment of agricultural structure and population expansion.

Monitoring of Temporal and Spatial Changes of Land Use and Land Cover in Metropolitan Regions through Remote Sensing and GIS

The use of remote sensing techniques and subsequent analysis by means of geographical information system (GIS) offers an effective method for monitoring temporal and spatial changes of landscapes. This work studies the urbanization processes and associated threats to natural ecosystems and resources in the metropolitan areas of Berlin and Erlangen-Fürth-Nürnber?Schwabach (EFNS). To compute the land use/cover (LULC) of the study areas, a supervised classification of “maximum likelihood” using Landsat data for the years of 1972, 1985, 1998, 2003, and 2015 is used. Results show that the built-up area is the dominant land use in both regions throughout the study period. This land use has increased at the expense of green and open areas in EFNS and at the expense of agricultural land in Berlin. Likewise, 5% of forest in EFNS is replaced with urban infrastructure. However, the amount of forest in Berlin increased by 3%. While EFNS experienced relatively big changes in its water bodies from 1972 to 1985, changes in water bodies in Berlin were rather slight during the last 40 years. The overall accuracy of our remotely sensed LULC maps was between 88% and 94% in Berlin and between 85.87% and 87.4% for EFNS. The combination of remote sensing and GIS appears to be an indispensable tool for monitoring changes in LULC in urban areas and help improving LU planning to avoid environmental and ecological problems.

Spatial Differences of Coastal Urban Expansion in China from 1970s to 2013

As the ′economic engines′ of China,coastal cities have developed and expanded considerably since the 1970 s.In this study,information on the urban expansion process of Chinese coastal cities from the 1970 s to 2013 was retrieved.Through the analysis of stage characteristics,spatial expansion modes,influences on land use,centroid shifts,and spatial morphological evolutions,the spatial differences of coastal urban expansion were revealed.Results indicate that 1) the expansion stages of southern coastal cities are more complex than those of northern coastal cities,and the expansion ranges and speeds of the former are far higher than those of the latter;2) the spatial expansion of southern coastal cities mostly adopt a single mode,whereas northern coastal cities mostly adopt a mixed mode;3) significant spatial differences in the occupations of different land sources exist between the south and the north along the coastline;4) the centroid of coastal cities tends to migrate toward the coastline,and the centroid shift distances of southern coastal cities are clearly higher than those of northern coastal cities;and 5) the spatial morphology of southern coastal cities tends to be compact,whereas that of northern coastal cities tends to be loose.Policies have a powerful significance in terms of guiding urban expansion and its spatial differences in coastal cities.Urban expansion in coastal cities will encounter new opportunities and challenges under the guidance of new types of urbanization strategies.

Analysis of Urban Expansion and Driving Forces in Xuzhou City Based on Remote Sensing

Based on satellite remote sensing TM/ETM+ images of Xuzhou city,land use forms of the city in 1987,1994 and 2000 were extracted by using a neural network classification method. The expansion contribution rate and annual expansion intensity index of each administrative district have been calculated and the contribution rate matrices and spatial distribution maps of land use changes were obtained. Based on the above analysis,the characteristics of urban expansion from 1987 to 2000 have been explored. From 1987 to 1994,the expansion contribution rate of Quanshan dis-trict reached 46.80%,the highest in all administrative districts of Xuzhou city; Tongshan town was in a high-speed ex-pansion period; both Quanshan and Yunlong districts were experiencing fast-speed expansion periods while the entire city was expanding at a medium-speed with an annual expansion intensity index of 0.98; the city spread eastwards and southwards. From 1994 to 2000,the expansion contribution rate of Quanshan district reached 43.67%,the highest in Xuzhou; the entire city was in a medium-speed expansion period with an annual expansion intensity index of 1.04; the city has rapidly been extended towards the southeast. According to the contribution rate matrices of land use changes,urban expansion mainly usurps cropland and woodland. A quantitative analysis found that population growth,indus-trialization and economic development are the primary driving forces behind urban expansion.