A single-manufacturer multi-retailer sustainable reworking model for green and environmental sensitive demand under discrete ordering cost reduction

This paper develops an economic production quantity(EPQ)model for a singlemanufacturer multi-retailer(SMMR)production and reworking system with green and environmental sensitive customer demand.The minimum cost of the manufacturer has obtained under carbon emissions(CE)policies and discrete ordering cost reduction.The model is used to optimize the total number of shipments,greening investment level,environmental measure,and lot size for productions and rework.This research work determines that the manufacturer’s and retailer’s profits will be increased after considering the environmental and green dependent demand of customers.Further,the development of green and environmental demand is proposed to minimize the CE and maximize the demand for the customers.In the existing literature,no discrete investment is developed for reducing the cost of ordering for the retailer/buyer.However,in this paper,we have introduced it.We provide numerical examples to explain the models and determine the significance of model parameters.

AN OPTIMAL DYNAMIC ADVERTISING MODEL WITH INVERSE INVENTORY SENSITIVE DEMAND EFFECT FOR DETERIORATING ITEMS

This paper proposes a dynamic advertising model for deteriorating items, and the demand is influenced by goodwill and inventory level. The goodwill affected by advertising effort has a positive effect on demand while the inventory level has a negative effect on demand, which is named as inverse inventory sensitive demand effect. We assume that the deteriorating rate could be influenced by the inventory level and we determine the deteriorating rate formulation based on this assumption. The optimal advertising effort and inventory level are obtained by solving the optimization problem based on Pontryagin＇s maximum principle. Furthermore, numerical studies are provided and some managerial insights are presented.

SIMULATION OF INVENTORY POLICY FOR PRODUCT WITH PRICE AND TIME-DEPENDENT DEMAND FOR DETERIORATING ITEM

In a declining market for goods,we optimize the net profit in business when inventory management allows change in the selling prices n times over time horizon.We are computing optimal number of changes in prices,respective optimal prices,and optimal profit in each of the cycle for a deteriorating product.This paper theoretically proves that for any business setup there exists an optimal number of price settings for obtaining maximum profit.Theoretical results are supported by numerical examples for different setups(data set)and it is found that for every setup the dynamic pricing policy out-performs the static pricing policy.In our model,the deterioration factor has been taken into consideration.The deteriorated units are determined by the recurrence method.Also we studied the effect of different parameters on optimal policy with simulation.For managerial purposes,we have provided some“suggested intervals”for choosing parameters depending upon initial demand,which help to predict the best prices and arrival of customers(demand).

Pricing and ordering strategies in a two-echelon supply chain under price discount policy:a Stackelberg game approach

Supply chain management coordinates different strategies for the production system.The manufacturer requires some incentive schemes to motivate the retailer to change his policy,optimal for the whole system.This paper suggests a discount mechanism by which companies can coordinate their ordering and pricing strategies throughout a supply chain model with a single manufacturer and single retailer.Also,the demand curve is iso-elastic price sensitive.Channel members have decided their selling price and order quantity jointly and independently to maximize the supply chain profit.A coordination mechanism is proposed based on quantity discounts to correlate pricing and ordering strategies simultaneously.The decentralized case is analyzed under the manufacturer-Stackelberg game approach.The result of numerical investigation shows that the suggested discount mechanism has improved the supply chain profit as well as each channel member’s profit in comparison with the centralized and decentralized decisions without discount.

Inventory and sales decisions in a vendor–buyer system with imperfect items and learning in inspection

In this study,we propose a joint economic lot-sizing model to include learning process along with errors in inspection and full backordering system.We aim to study pricing and inventory decisions in a two-level supply chain involving a single vendor and a single buyer in which the demand is sensitive to price and company’s advertisement efforts.The mathematical inventory model is developed analytically and solved using a proposed algorithm.The objective of the model is to maximise joint total profit by simultaneously determining optimal shipment size,number of deliveries,backorder quantity and product selling price.A numerical example is provided to show the application of the model and to investigate the impact of key parameter’s changes on model behaviour.By comparing the integrated/centralised model to the independent/decentralised model,we note that the integrated/centralised model provides better profit to the system,along with lower selling price and smaller amount of backorder.