Probabilistic Durability Assessment of Concrete Structures in Marine Environments:Reliability and Sensitivity Analysis

A probabilistic framework for durability assessment of concrete structures in marine environments was proposed in terms of reliability and sensitivity analysis, which takes into account the uncertainties under the environmental,material, structural and executional conditions. A time-dependent probabilistic model of chloride ingress was established first to consider the variations in various governing parameters, such as the chloride concentration,chloride diffusion coefficient, and age factor. Then the Nataf transformation was adopted to transform the nonnormal random variables from the original physical space into the independent standard Normal space. After that the durability limit state function and its gradient vector with respect to the original physical parameters were derived analytically, based on which the first-order reliability method was adopted to analyze the time-dependent reliability and parametric sensitivity of concrete structures in marine environments. The accuracy of the proposed method was verified by comparing with the second-order reliability method and the Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the influences of environmental conditions, material properties, structural parameters and execution conditions on the time-dependent reliability of concrete structures in marine environments were also investigated. The proposed probabilistic framework can be implemented in the decision-making algorithm for the maintenance and repair of deteriorating concrete structures in marine environments.

Historic Environment and Cultural Sensitivity： Ottoman Neighborhood in Macedonia

The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.

The Evaluation of Eco-environmental Sensitivity in Ordos City

This paper aims to reveal the difference of eco-environmental sensitivity and its influencing factors in the study area through carrying out the eco-environmental sensitivity evaluation based on land ecological security for 8 counties of Ordos City. Using fragstats landscape pattern analysis,GIS space method and RS analysis,based on ground investigation,this paper uses information mining and data analysis to extract index data for every village in the study area,carry out comprehensive quantitative evaluation,and finally calculate the comprehensive scores of eco-environmental sensitivity of the areas. The paper concludes that the highly sensitive areas and extremely sensitive areas are mainly concentrated in the eastern region of the eastern hilly and gully region and southern region of the Mu Us Desert in Ordos. The main reasons include severe soil erosion in hilly and gully region and serious desertification in southern Mu Us Desert area. So it is necessary to strengthen ecological environment protection in local areas.

Availability of Heat Conduction for Environmental Control Method to Improving Thermal Environment and Preventing Oversensitivity to Cold and Air-Conditioning Disease on Female Office Workers

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effect localized heating of the feet has on physiological and psychological reactions of female in an air-conditioned environment in summer. In Japan, female office workers wear less clothing than their male counterparts. In an air-conditioned office space in summer, female conducts thermoregulation by putting on cardigans, etc. but this action does not greatly contribute to improving conditions for the legs and feet, the lower extremities of the body. The improvement of sensational and physiological temperature by localized warming of the body can contribute to a healthy working environment for female office workers, their safety, and a reduction in air conditioning’s energy expenditure. We used the indoor thermal environment evaluation index ETF to investigate the effect localized heating of the feet has on human physiological and psychological response in an air-conditioned environment in summer. The result of heating by means of heat conduction via the sole of the foot was expressed more strongly as a psychological effect than as a whole-body physiological effect. Heating by means of heat conduction via the sole of the foot was a thermal environment factor that compensates for a low temperature in whole-body thermal sensation and whole-body thermal comfort. The effect of heating due to heat conduction via the sole of the foot was expressed in the change in sole-of- the-foot skin temperature. Applying slight heat conduction by means of heating via the sole of the foot demonstrated the result of improved whole-body thermal sensation and whole-body thermal comfort.

Sensitivity Assessment and Optimization Strategy of Climatic Environment in Central Urban Area of Beijing

As one of the methods of urban environmental assessment,sensitivity assessment of urban climatic environment can accurately reflect the problem areas of current urban climate and built environment through visual means,and help cities to carry out sustainable transformation and renewal in the stock era to optimize the living environment.Taking the central urban area of Beijing as the research object,the sensitivity of climatic environment was evaluated by meteorological data and built environment element data.The results showed that the distribution of sensitive units showed a centrifugal radiation pattern of"high in the center and low in the periphery".Block units with high climate sensitivity were mostly concentrated in Xicheng District and Dongcheng District,accounting for 93%of the total number of units.Further research showed that complex built environment and lack of elements to regulate climatic environment were the main reasons for the poor local climatic environment in the region with high climate sensitivity.Finally,a comprehensive evaluation of the remolding capacity,renewal potential and future development intensity of different grades of climate sensitive units was given.The results will provide scientific reference for urban renewal and reconstruction under climatic and environmental changes,so as to promote urban sustainable development and improvement of living environment.

Comprehensive Assessment of Eco-environment Vulnerability in Hebei Province Based on ArcGIS

[Objective] This study aimed to assess the vulnerability of ecological environment in Hebei Province.[Method] Based on ArcGIS,by using the dominant factor and maximum limits factor method,we established the sensitivity-reality indicator system and assessment model of the eco-environment vulnerability in Hebei Province to quantitatively evaluate its eco-environment vulnerability,and analyzed its spatial distribution.[Result] The status quo of environmental degradation was inconsistent with the sensitivity of eco-environment in Hebei Province.The area of severely vulnerable region accounted for only 4.1% of total area in Hebei Province,mainly distributed in nine counties or districts of Baxia region,Zhangjiakou,northwestern Hebei,which was covered with mountains and basins,showing bands,which resulted from the vulnerability of soil erosion and land desertification.In addition,the moderately vulnerable region made up 38.4%,having the largest proportion,and mainly distributed in the mountain and basin region in northwestern Hebei,Yanshan Mountain and the most regions of Taihang Mountain,due to the vulnerability of soil erosion.At the same time,there were also large patches of moderately vulnerable region in Bashang and Baxia of Zhangjiakou,owning to the vulnerability of land desertification.Besides,most plains were mildly vulnerable and slightly vulnerable regions,and their areas accounted for 25.1% and 32.4% respectively of total area.[Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for safeguarding the ecological security and main functional district planing of Hebei Province.

Stochastic Analysis Method of Sea Environment Simulated by Numerical Models

This paper proposes the stochastic analysis method of sea environment simulated by numerical models, such as wave height, current field, design sea levels and longshore sediment transport. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of input and output factors of numerical models, their long-term distribution and confidence intervals are described in this paper.

Analysis on Ecological Sensitivity in Jinjie Mining Area Based on RS and GIS

[Objective] The aim was to study ecological sensitivity in Jinjie mining area. [Method] Taking Jinjie mining area as study object, based on RS and GIS technology, ecological sensitivity in Jinjie mining area was assessed comprehensively from the aspects of soil erosion, desertification and geological disaster by means of multivariate weighted stack method. [Result] Most of Jinjie mining area belonged to extremely high sensitive or high sensitive area which accounted for 73.35% of total area, with little moderate sensitive (19.50%), low sensitive (0.96%) and non-sensitive area (6.19%); the unreasonable development of mineral resources would damage its ecological environment severely. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the protection of ecological environment in mining area.

Simulation Analysis of NAPLs Movement in the Subsurface Environment

Non aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) pollution are worldwide problems at present. NAPLs which enter the underground through spills or leaks may cause long lasting soil and groundwater contamination problems. Groundwater can be contaminated by non aqueous phase contaminants that are less dense (LNAPL) or denser (DNAPL) than water. The movement of both types of NAPLs will be influenced by the hydrogeological conditions, such as groundwater level, hydraulic conductivity, and porosity etc., however, LNAPL pollutants tend to concentrate at the water table while DNAPL may migrate further down. Understanding the underground migration mechanisms of NAPLs is of primary importance in pollution prediction and site remediation. Several laboratory simulations for NAPLs’ underground movements in porous media have been done in the past (A.S.Abdul et al., 1988, 1989; C.Tang et al., 1995). In this paper, we try to use STOMP (Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases) code to simulate the underground migration of NAPLs. The main purposes are: (1). to understand NAPLs’ underground migration mechanisms; (2). to analyze the sensitivities of model parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity, etc., and to know what are the most sensitive and important parameters in the model application; and (3). to study NAPLs movements in different hydrogeological conditions. The simulations include: Through the computer simulation, we have found that hydraulic conductivity and porosity are very sensitive in the model simulation, small changes of these parameters will cause big difference of the results, therefore, it is essential to accurately determine these parameters for high quality model simulation; The movements of NAPLs in different geological formation are quite different, two different geological media ( clayey sand and sand ) have been chosen in this paper to simulate NAPLs movement with different combinations ( i.e., moving from clayey sand to sand, and from sand to clayey sand ), the results have been analyzed and discussed; Finally, the influence of groundwater level variation to NAPLs (LNAPL and DNAPL) movement has been simulated by using pumping and injecting wells in the model. The results are compared with laboratory simulations conducted by C.Tang et al.. These results may helpful to understand the behavior of NAPLs during the remediation, such as pumping and treat, and air sparging. It is also important to the design of the remediation plans.

Route evaluation indexes of Changsha-Jishou freeway for protecting cultural heritages and natural environment

The highway construction inevitably may cause certain influence to the cultural heritage and the natural environment along the route, particularly in design stage; if the route selection is unreasonable, it will certainly impact the natural resource seriously along the route. On the contrary, good design can reasonably develop, use, protect and promote the value of cultural heritage and natural environment. Changsha to Jishou （Chang-Ji） freeway is one section of Changsha to Chongqing freeway, which is one of the eight big west channels as planned in China; two cities of Changde and Huaihua and one autonomous region of Xianxi in western Hunan province, along which the cultural heritage and the natural resource are rich, and the natural landscape is exquisite. This paper investigates and analyzes the natural resources along the route of Chang-Ji freeway, puts forward some protection design evaluation indexes for mountain area freeway by the thought of context sensitive design. At last, the paper introduces the effect of applying the indexes to select route of Chang-Ji freeway.

Reliability Sensitivity Analysis for Location Scale Family

Many products always operate under various complex environment conditions. To describe the dynamic influence of environment factors on their reliability, a method of reliability sensitivity analysis is proposed. In this method, the location parameter is assumed as a function of relevant environment variables while the scale parameter is assumed as an unknown positive constant. Then, the location parameter function is constructed by using the method of radial basis function. Using the varied environment test data, the log-likelihood function is transformed to a generalized linear expression by describing the indicator as Poisson variable. With the generalized linear model, the maximum likelihood estimations of the model coefficients are obtained. With the reliability model, the reliability sensitivity is obtained. An instance analysis shows that the method is feasible to analyze the dynamic variety characters of reliability along with environment factors and is straightforward for engineering application.

Grain-size features of aeolian sand on the east coast of Hainan Island and the revealed evolutionary processes of the sedimentary environment

The Mudui stratigraphic section represents the typical records of sedimentation processes of sand dunes and interdune depressions on the east coast of Hainan Island.Based on high-density sampling and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating of the strata of the section,the grain-size composition,grain-size parameters,cumulative distribution probability curve,and grain-size-sensitivity indexes(SC/D) were analyzed.The analyzed results show that the grain-size features of aeolian sand,weakly developed sandy paleosol,two-facies(aeolian and aqueous) deposits,and lagoon deposits are all different.This indicates four evolutionary phases of the sedimentary environment of the east coast of Hainan Island since 38 ka B.P.Phase I:38-22 ka B.P.;phase II:22-17 ka B.P.;phase III:17-10 ka B.P.;phase IV:10 ka B.P.-present.The climate experienced the hot-wet/hot-dry,hot-wet/hot-dry,and warm-wet/hot-wet fluctuations,and the sedimentary environment also underwent lagoon deposition,dune and interdune depression deposition,dune stabilization and soil development,shifting sand deposition,and evolutionary processes.

极端环境隧道建造面临的主要问题及发展趋势

聚焦艰险山区、深水海域与城市敏感区3类极端环境,全面梳理和总结了在此环境下隧道建造面临的主要问题、相关技术突破和未来发展趋势。针对艰险山区中极高地应力、高地温、高海拔以及活动断裂带等极端条件,总结分析围岩和隧道的变形机制、破坏机制及防护措施,并指出未来可通过大数据、机器学习等手段建立更精准的预测模型,以实现隧道建造过程的实时监控和风险评估;针对深水海域中高水压、高烈度地震、强侵蚀环境等极端条件,分析多因素耦合下沉管法及盾构法隧道管片及接头的劣损和破坏机制,总结提升其力学和耐久性能的主要技术措施,并提出未来仍需针对海底隧道管片接头的防水、抗震及抗侵蚀性能开展更深入的研究,以形成完整的理论和技术体系;针对城市敏感区隧道穿越既有隧道、敏感建构筑物、地下障碍物等挑战,总结分析盾构法和顶管法施工环境响应规律、地层变形评估方法和控制技术措施,提出未来可采用机器学习等技术辅助隧道建设,以提升预测和控制的准确性,减小建设过程对城市环境的扰动。目前,相关研究成果为极端环境下的隧道工程建设提供了重要支撑,但部分技术仍需进一步在实践中完善并形成规范,以指导后续的工程建设;而随着新一代信息技术的发展,未来隧道建造必将朝着数字化、智能化、自动化的方向发展,从而保障极端环境下隧道建设的安全、绿色、高效。

基于EnKF的水光互补系统适应性调度规则敏感性分析

水光互补是解决电力能源供应问题、构建低碳能源体系、实现“双碳”目标的重要举措。采用集合卡尔曼滤波对线性调度函数的参数进行动态更新,构建了水光互补中长期适应性调度规则,并以龙羊峡水光互补电站为研究对象,在同化过程中引入预测误差、观测误差及集合规模3个不确定性参数,分析了不确定性参数取值对模型时变参数和运行结果的影响,并对参数的敏感性进行了定性分析。结果表明,预测误差、观测误差及集合规模对模型时变参数和运行结果没有显著影响,三者均不是敏感性参数。研究结果可为集合卡尔曼滤波参数不确定性分析及多能互补系统适应性调度研究提供参考。

电磁波击落无人机的机理剖析和验证

民用无人机大量普及,飞行故障不断出现。为提高强电磁环境下无人机的电磁防护能力,快速准确定位敏感部件及干扰传播路径,提出一种无人机近场注入噪声技术方案,通过向无人机注入交变电场和磁场干扰,以重现无人机在强电磁环境下的跌落现象。文章介绍了敏感部件及敏感性质、干扰入侵路径、受扰阈值的确认方法,对无人机进行电磁防护加固措施的验证具有一定的参考意义。

渠式切割水泥土连续墙的应用和发展

作为超深、等厚、连续、可靠的截水挡土帷幕,渠式切割水泥土连续墙在国内有广泛应用。本文概括了渠式切割水泥土连续墙在国内的引进、应用和发展历程。结合对国内200多个既有应用案例的统计分析,研究了渠式切割水泥土连续墙的施工设备保有情况、成墙深度范围、常用墙体厚度和主要应用场景;罗列了渠式切割水泥土连续墙在复杂地层施工的辅助措施以及典型案例;指出了渠式切割水泥土连续墙在敏感环境微扰动施工的控制要点;介绍了渠式切割预制装配式混凝土连续墙的设计要求和用途,尤其是内插预制板材的截面设计和制造工艺;最后用工程实例表明渠式切割预制装配式混凝土连续墙同时继承了渠式切割微扰动和地下连续墙支护刚度好的特点,无论是切割成墙期间还是土方开挖期间,施工对周边环境的影响都较小。

基于声压敏感核的水下声场地声参数敏感性分析

使用有限频敏感核研究了水下声场对地声参数的敏感特性。利用一阶Born近似推导了接收信号复声压对海底声速变化的敏感核,采用波数积分方法仿真计算声场,得到了不同频段下海底敏感核的幅值及空间分布,分析了不同频段水下声场对海底地声参数的敏感特性。在近距离上结合南黄海海域多道地震实验数据,对利用声压敏感核的幅度进行海底参数敏感特性分析的可行性进行了验证。将该分析方法推广至典型地声环境下,仿真结果表明,近距离传播条件下甚低频段声传播需考虑深达岩石层的地声参数的影响;中高频段则仅需计入多种固结程度沉积层的影响,沉积层下可视为半无限均匀基底。而对于远距离传播,所需考虑的海底层数及深度可根据敏感核的分布相应减小。此外,通过仿真分层海底底质参数对传播损失及时频特性的影响验证了上述结论。

猪场环境源大肠杆菌的耐药性调查及携带mcr-1和tet(X4)菌株的传播特征

养殖场中抗菌药的长期使用促使耐药菌株快速出现和传播,并可以通过粪肥和污水向环境排放,给公共卫生带来巨大威胁。为了调查猪场环境源大肠杆菌的耐药情况,评估耐药基因的传播风险,本试验采集163份猪场粪便、污水和土壤样本,通过平板划线分离培养法分离大肠杆菌,通过药敏试验检测分离菌株对14种抗菌药物的耐药情况,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测临床重要耐药基因,脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)检测菌株间的亲缘关系,接合试验和质粒复制子分型检测接合子的质粒类型。结果显示,共分离获得150株大肠杆菌,其中粪便源大肠杆菌耐药情况最严重,污水源大肠杆菌次之,土壤源大肠杆菌最低;污水源大肠杆菌耐药基因检出种类最多,粪便源大肠杆菌次之,土壤源大肠杆菌最少。10株携带黏菌素耐药基因mcr-1大肠杆菌和18株携带替加环素耐药基因tet(X4)大肠杆菌分离自粪便和污水样本,且多重耐药情况较为严重。10株携带mcr-1大肠杆菌经PFGE分为9种脉冲场图谱,其中9株与大肠杆菌C600接合成功,接合子中有IncFIA、IncW、IncFIB、IncI2和IncP五种质粒类型;18株携带tet(X4)大肠杆菌经PFGE分为15种脉冲场图谱,其中16株与大肠杆菌C600接合成功,接合子中有IncFIB、IncFrepB和IncHI1三种质粒类型。结果表明,必需持续监测猪场环境中的临床重要耐药基因,特别需要关注mcr-1和tet(X4)基因的流行情况,并且在养殖中合理使用黏菌素和四环素类抗生素。

复杂敏感环境城区隧道爆破振动及噪声控制技术

为了避免和减少隧道爆破振动及噪声对复杂敏感环境城区的影响,以珠海板障山新增隧道为例,采用数值模拟和现场爆破试验的方法,对不同掏槽眼延期时间下既有隧道迎爆侧进行爆破振动监测。发现掏槽眼延期时间4 ms时,既有隧道迎爆侧爆破振速最小。同时,针对隧道进口段周边建筑物繁多、爆破噪声大、飞石迸溅的问题,进行了炮孔封堵和防飞石的试验。设计发明了一种新型炮孔堵塞装置,在装药量增大情况下,爆破噪声能够控制在允许范围内。在洞口采用联合防护门帘,减少了飞石迸溅的风险。可为复杂敏感环境城区隧道爆破振动和噪声控制提供参考。

高海拔山区土地生态敏感性评价——以张家口市崇礼区为例

高海拔山区的生态环境相对脆弱,水土流失风险更高,但对相关地区的生态敏感性评价却十分少见。本文以河北省张家口市崇礼区为研究区域,选取水环境、地质环境和土壤环境三类重要生态因子,对其生态敏感性进行叠加分析,得到崇礼区土地生态敏感性评价结果,总结其分布规律从而提出相应的生态治理措施。分析结果表明,崇礼区土地可分为重度敏感区、中度敏感区、轻度敏感区和非敏感区。其中,以非敏感区为主,占比49.43%,主要分布在东北部和南部;轻度敏感区占比31.85%,与非敏感类型区交相分布,可适度进行土地建设;中度敏感类型面积较大,占比13.20%,主要分布在东北部的低山区、西部的沿河流地带以及中部的低山丘陵区,可对区域内存在的突出问题进行重点治理;重度敏感区面积占比5.52%,分布在西沟和中沟南部城镇周围,作为核心生态修复区域。本研究可为高海拔山区土地生态敏感性评价提供科学的研究方法,为国土空间规划生态修复相关研究提供科学依据。