Evaluating foot reflexology as a proposed treatment for sensorineural hearing loss:A critical review

This editorial critically evaluates the application of foot reflexology as a treatment for sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL)in infants,as proposed in a case report published in the World of Clinical Cases.SNHL is a condition characterized by damage to the cochlea or the neural pathways that transmit auditory information to the brain.The etiology of SNHL is often complex,involving genetic mutations,prenatal factors,or perinatal insults.Reflexology,an alternative therapy involving the application of pressure to specific points on the feet,is based on the hypothesis that these points correspond to different organs and systems in the body,including the auditory system.However,the biological plausibility and clinical efficacy of foot reflexology in addressing SNHL lack empirical support.This editorial examines the pathophysiology of SNHL,assesses the clinical claims of reflexology practitioners,and emphasizes the necessity of evidence-based approaches in treating infant hearing loss.While complementary therapies may provide ancillary benefits,they should not supplant validated medical treatments in managing SNHL in infants.Further research is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of foot reflexology and other alternative therapies in pediatric audiology.

Effect of foot reflexology on an infant with sensorineural hearing loss:A case report

BACKGROUND Our study contributes to the further understanding of the mechanism of foot reflexology.Foot reflexology has been reported to affect hearing recovery,but no physiological evidence has been provided.This lack of evidence hampers the acceptance of the technique in clinical practice.CASE SUMMARY A girl was taken to North Sichuan Medical University Affiliated Hospital for a hearing screen by her parents.Her parents reported that her hearing level was the same as when she was born.The girl was diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL)by a doctor in the otolaryngology department.After we introduced the foot reflexology project,the parents agreed to participate in the experiment.After 6 months of foot reflexology treatment,the hearing threshold of the girl recovered to a normal level,below 30 dB.CONCLUSION Foot reflexology should be encouraged in clinical practice and for families of infants with SNHL.

Modified intratympanic steroid therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss via tympanic tube and gelfoam as a salvage treatment

Background: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSNHL) is a prevalent emergency in ear, nose, and throat practice. Previous studies have demonstrated that intratympanic steroid therapy(IST) can serve as a salvage treatment for SSNHL after the failure of systemic steroid therapy(SST).Objective: This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of modified IST involving the insertion of a tympanic tube and gelfoam as a salvage treatment for patients with SSNHL, and to explore its associated factors.Methods: Totally, 74 patients who were aged 22–81 years with SSNHL were enrolled and allocated to either the control group(n = 25) or the treatment group(n = 49) based on their treatment modalities. All patients received SST lasting for at least 7 days. Subsequently, patients in the treatment group, after SST failure, underwent IST twice a week for 2–6 weeks, while the control group did not. Efficacy was assessed by the improvement in pure tone average at the affected frequency at the beginning and end of IST.Results: Hearing improvement in all patients after IST in the treatment group was 9.71 ± 14.84 dB, with significant improvement at affected frequencies(250-8000 Hz) compared with the control group(P < 0.05). The findings indicated the duration from the onset of SSNHL to the beginning of IST as an independent factor for pure tone average improvement after treatment(P = 0.002), whereas age, duration of SST, and time of IST were not(P > 0.05).Conclusion: The modified IST was demonstrated to be a safe and effective method as a salvage treatment for SSNHL. This study explored the efficacy of a modified IST approach, incorporating the utilization of tympanic tubes and gelfoam as key components. The findings underscore the advantages of gelfoam as a strategic drug carrier placed in the round window niche. By minimizing drug loss, extending action time, and increasing perilymph concentration, gelfoam enhances the therapeutic impact of IST, contributing to improved hearing outcomes in patients with SSNHL.

Is it possible to foot reflexology for infants with sensorineural hearing loss?

Foot reflexology is a non-invasive and safe complementary therapy that works by massaging the reflex zones of the feet and exerts systemic or whole-body regulation through meridian nerve conduction.This therapy is commonly used in the treatment of various conditions such as autism and Parkinson's disease.However,there is limited reporting on the use of foot reflexology therapy for infants with sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL).Currently,there is no definitive conclusion on how foot reflexology therapy can influence hearing.This editorial holds some guiding significance regarding this clinical issue.The aim is to present physiological evidence of how foot reflexology therapy can impact infants with SNHL,thereby enhancing clinician’s awareness of foot reflexology in treating infants with SNHL.

Additional comments on foot reflexology treatment for sensorineural hearing loss in infant

Currently,treatment options for infant sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL)are limited.This article describes a novel case of SNHL in an infant successfully treated with foot reflexology,along with observed brain activity changes before and after treatment,as indicated by functional magnetic resonance imaging.Hence,this commentary discusses the case and our viewpoints regarding foot reflexology for treating SNHL.

Clinical characteristics and analysis of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss in different ages

BACKGROUND Numerous studies have found that patients experiencing sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSHL),with or without accompanying vertigo,often show impaired vestibular function.However,there is a dearth of studies analyzing vestibularevoked myogenic potentials(VEMPs)in SSHL patients across various age groups.AIM To investigate vestibular condition in SSHL patients across various age demographics.METHODS Clinical data of 84 SSHL patients were investigated retrospectively.Audiometry,cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials(c-VEMPs),and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials(o-VEMPs)were conducted on these patients.Parameters assessed included the latencies of P1 and N1 waves,as well as the amplitudes of P1–N1 waves.Moreover,the study evaluated the influence of factors such as sex,affected side,configuration of hearing loss,and presence of accompanying vertigo.RESULTS Among the 84 SSHL patients,no significant differences were observed among the three groups in terms of gender,affected side,and the presence or absence of vertigo.Group II(aged 41–60 years)had the highest number of SSHL cases.The rates of absent o-VEMPs in the affected ears were 20.83%,31.58%,and 22.72%for the three age groups,respectively,with no statistically significant difference among them.The rates of absent c-VEMPs in the affected ears were 8.3%,34.21%,and 18.18%for the three age groups,respectively,with significant differences.In the unaffected ears,there were differences observed in the extraction rates of o-VEMPs in the unaffected ears among the age groups.In the three age groups,no significant differences were noted in the three age groups in the latencies of P1 and N1 waves or in the amplitude of N1–P1 waves for c-VEMPs and o-VEMPs,either on the affected side or on the unaffected side,across the three age groups.CONCLUSION The extraction rate of VEMPs is more valuable than parameters.Regardless of the presence of vertigo,vestibular organs are involved in SSHL.Notably,SSHL patients aged 41–60 appear more susceptible to damage to the inferior vestibular nerve and saccule.

Acquired sensorineural hearing loss,oxidative stress,and microRNAs

Hearing loss is the third leading cause of human disability.Age-related hearing loss,one type of acquired sensorineural hearing loss,is largely responsible for this escalating global health burden.Noise-induced,ototoxic,and idiopathic sudden sensorineural are other less common types of acquired hearing loss.The etiology of these conditions is complex and multi-fa ctorial involving an interplay of genetic and environmental factors.Oxidative stress has recently been proposed as a likely linking cause in most types of acquired sensorineural hearing loss.Short non-coding RNA sequences known as microRNAs(miRNAs)have increasingly been shown to play a role in cellular hypoxia and oxidative stress responses including promoting an apoptotic response.Sensory hair cell death is a central histopathological finding in sensorineural hearing loss.As these cells do not regenerate in humans,it underlies the irreversibility of human age-related hearing loss.Ovid EMBASE,Ovid MEDLINE,Web of Science Core Collection,and ClinicalTrials.gov databases over the period August 1,2018 to July 31,2023 were searched with"hearing loss,""hypoxamiRs,""hypoxia,""microRNAs,""ischemia,"and"oxidative stress"text words for English language primary study publications or registered clinical trials.Registe red clinical trials known to the senior author we re also assessed.A total of 222studies were thus identified.After excluding duplicates,editorials,retra ctions,secondary research studies,and non-English language articles,39 primary studies and clinical trials underwent full-text screening.This resulted in 11 animal,in vitro,and/or human subject journal articles and 8 registered clinical trial database entries which form the basis of this narrative review.MiRNAs miR-34a and miR-29b levels increase with age in mice.These miRNAs were demonstrated in human neuroblastoma and murine cochlear cell lines to target Sirtuin 1/peroxisome proliferato r-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1-alpha(SIRT1/P GC-1α),SIRT1p53,and SIRT1/hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha signaling pathways resulting in increased apoptosis.Furthermore,hypoxia and oxidative stress had a similar adve rse apoptotic effect,which was inhibited by resve ratrol and a myocardial inhibitorassociated transcript,a miR-29b competing endogenous mRNA.Gentamicin reduced miR-182-5p levels and increased cochlear oxidative stress and cell death in mice-an effect that was corrected by inner ear stem cell-derived exosomes.There is ongoing work seeking to determine if these findings can be effectively translated to humans.

Intratympanic injection of hydrogel nanodrug for the prevention and treatment of sensorineural hearing loss

Safe and efficient drug delivery to the inner ear has always been the focus of prevention and treatment of sensorineural deafness.The rapid development of nanodrug delivery systems based on hydrogel has provided a new opportunity.Among them,thermo-sensitive hydrogels promote the development of new dosage form for intratympanic injection.This smart biomaterial could transform to semisolid phase when the temperature increased.Thermo-sensitive hydrogel nanodrug delivery system is expected to achieve safe,efficient,and sustained inner ear drug administration.This article introduces the key techniques and the latest progress in this field.

Type 2 reaction associated sensorineural hearing loss in a drug resistant lepromatous leprosy patient: A case report

Rationale:Leprosy,a chronic granulomatous disease often present clinically as erythema nodosum leprosum,a type 2 reaction.The involvement of cochlear part of audiovestibular system is a rarity.Patient concerns:A 26-year-old male patient with lepromatous leprosy developed bilateral sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL)during type 2 reactional episode.Diagnosis:Recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum in rifampicin-resistant lepromatous leprosy.Interventions:Corticosteroids and second-line multidrug therapy.Outcomes:The patient improved significantly and was further referred for management of psychosocial impact due to sensorineural hearing loss.Lessons:The hearing impairment is a rare complication of type 2 reaction.Any patient with suspected cranial nerve involvement should essentially be screened by tuning fork tests for early detection of hearing impairment and offer timely intervention as required.All high bacteriological index cases should be investigated for antimicrobial resistance in high endemic areas.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment Improves Hearing Level via Attenuating TLR4/NF-κB Mediated Inflammation in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Patients

Objective Hyperbaric oxygen treatment(HBOT)has demonstrated efficacy in improving hearing levels of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss(ISSHL);however,the underlying mechanisms are not well understood.HBOT alleviates the inflammatory response,which is mediated by Toll-like receptor(TLR)4 and nuclear factor(NF)-κB.In this study we investigated whether HBOT attenuates inflammation in ISHHL patients via alteration of TLR4 and NF-κB expression.Methods ISHHL patients(n=120)and healthy control subjects(n=20)were enrolled in this study.Patients were randomly divided into medicine group treated with medicine only(n=60)and HBO group receiving both HBOT and medicine(n=60).Audiometric testing was performed pre-and posttreatment.TLR4,NF-кB,and TNF-αexpression in peripheral blood of ISSHL patients and healthy control subjects was assessed by ELISA before and after treatment.Results TLR4,NF-κB,and TNF-αlevels were upregulated in ISSHL patients relative to healthy control subjects;the levels were decreased following treatment and were lower in the HBO group than that in the medicine group post-treatment(P<0.05 and P<0.01).Conclusion HBOT alleviates hearing loss in ISSHL patients by suppressing the inflammatory response induced by TLR4 and NF-κB signaling.

A novel PIK3CD C896T mutation detected in bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss using next generation sequencing:An indication of primary immunodeficiency

Objective:To investigate immune-related genetic background in bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Case report and methods: The case is a 45-year-old man presenting with a 7-year history of bilateral profound SSNHL. Blood biochemical testing demonstrated increased levels of total cholesterol (5.88 mmol/L). Tests for hepatitis B showed a positive antibody against the hepatitis B core antigen. Complement C3 was below the normal value, and complement C4 and IgG were in the lower range of normal values. CT images showed a normal inner ear and vestibular aqueduct but round window membranous ossification on both sides. A total number of 232 immune-associated genes were sequenced using the next generation sequencing technique. Results: Mutations were detected in 5 genes, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta (PIK3CD), caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9), complement factor H-related (CFHR2), immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 Protein (IGLL1), and transmembrane channel-like gene family 8 (TMC8). In the PIK3CD gene, a C896T substitute in exon 7 was detected. This mutation causes primary immunodeficiency and is an autosomal dominant disease. Conclusion: The PIK3CD C896T mutation responsible for primary immunodeficiency may contribute to the onset of bilateral SSNHL with subsequent rapid progression.

Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss:Effectiveness of salvage treatment with low-dose intratympanic dexamethasone

Objectives:To evaluate hearing outcome of salvage treatment with intratympanic steroids(ITS)in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss(ISSNHL)refractory to initial systemic steroid(SS)therapy.Material and methods:A retrospective medical chart review was conducted on 54 consecutive patients with ISSNHL refractory to SS.Salvage treatment with a low dose intratympanic dexamethasone(4 mg/ml)was offered after one week of primary treatment.Patients were divided into two groups:25 patients accepted ITS(treatment group)and 29 patients did not undergo additional treatment(control group).A pure tone average(PTA)gain of at least 10 dB was considered hearing improvement.Results:Hearing improvement rate was higher in ITS group compared to control group(40%vs.13.8%,p=0.035).A mean PTA improvement of 8.6±9.8 dB was observed in the ITS group and,whereas the control group had an average hearing gain of 0.7±2 dB(p<0.001).Audiometric analysis revealed a significant hearing gain in ITS group at all tested frequencies compared to control group(p<0.05).Analysis of the selected variables,identified intratympanic steroid treatment as the only independent prognostic factor for hearing improvement(OR=4.2,95%CI:1.1e15.7;p=0.04).Conclusion:Intratympanic low dose dexamethasone is effective in patients with incomplete hearing recovery after primary systemic steroid treatment.

Intratympanic dexamethasone injection for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in pregnancy

BACKGROUND As sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSNHL)rarely occurs in pregnant women,there is a lack of knowledge and relevant research on its management.AIM To investigate the effect of intratympanic dexamethasone injection in the treatment of pregnant patients with SSNHL.METHODS A retrospective chart review was made for the period between June 2017 and August 2019 at our Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.Pregnant women who met the criteria for SSNHL were included and grouped based on the therapeutic modalities.The treatment group received intratympanic dexamethasone(2.5 mg)q.o.d.for a total of four times,while the control group received no medication other than bed rest and medical observations.All the patients were under close care of obstetricians.Pure-tone audiograms were performed before and after treatment.RESULTS Eleven patients who met the inclusion criteria were assigned to the treatment group(n=7)and the control group(n=4).The mean age of patients was 31.2±3.8 years;the right ear was affected in seven(63.64%)cases.Two patients(18.2%)suffered from vertigo,10(90.9%)suffered from tinnitus and 6(54.5%)suffered from aural fullness.The time from onset to clinic visit was relatively short,with a mean time of 1.3±0.9 d.All the women were within the second or third trimester;the average gestation period was 26.0±6.2 wk.The pure-tone averages at onset between the two groups were similar.After one wk of therapy,the treatment group had a curative rate of 57.1%and a significantly better hearing threshold and greater improvement compared to the control group(all P<0.05).Some patients experienced transient discomfort from intratympanic injections that disappeared after getting rest,while none had permanent complications.All patients delivered healthy full-term neonates with an average Apgar score of 9.7±0.5.CONCLUSION Intratympanic dexamethasone injections can be used as a first-line therapy in pregnant women with SSNHL.

The Role of Endolymphatic Hydrops in Patients with Pantonal Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss:A Cause or Secondary Reaction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of endolymphatic hydrops(EH)in both affected and unaffected ears of patients with pantonal unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss(ISSNHL)using three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging(3D-FLAIR MRI)and further evaluate the significance of EH in this disorder.Twenty-seven ISSHL patients were enrolled in this study.3D-FLAIR MRI was performed 24 h after intratympanic injection of gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(Gd-DPTA).The incidences of EH in the affected ears and contralateral unaffected ears were compared and the correlations of EH with vertigo or prognosis were analyzed using the Chi-square test.The results showed that the incidence of EH was 68.0%(17/25)in the affected ears and 34.8%(8/23)in the unaffected ears.There was a statistically significant difference between affected ears and unaffected ears in regard to the incidence of EH(P<0.05).There were no significant correlations of EH with vertigo(P=1.000)or with prognosis(P=0.359)in the affected ears.In conclusion,there is EH in the inner ear of patients with pantonal ISSNHL;EH is not related to vertigo,a concomitant symptom of ISSNHL,and the prognosis of this condition.The presence of EH may be a secondary reaction following the impairment of the inner ears with pantonal ISSNHL.

Otolithic organ function in patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss

Profound sensorineural hearing loss (PSHL) is not uncommonly encountered in otology. In clinics, there is a high incidence of otolithic damage in patients with PSHL, but relevant reports are few. Sharing a continuous membranous structure and similar receptor cell ultrastructures, the cochlea and vestibule may be susceptible to the same harmful factors. Disorders of the inner ear may result in a variety of manifestations, including vertigo, spatial disorientation, blurred vision, impaired articulation, and hearing impairment. Considering the diversity of clinical symptoms associated with PSHL with otolithic dysfunction, it may be frequently misdiagnosed, and objective means of testing the function of otolithic organs should be recommended for hearing-impaired patients. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) via air-conducted sound are of great importance for the diagnosis of otolithic function. Hearing devices such as cochlear implants are commonly accepted treatments for PSHL, and early identification and treatment of vestibular disorders may increase the success rate of cochlear implantation. Therefore, it is necessary to increase awareness of otolithic functional states in patients with PSHL.

Cochlear stem cell transplantation for hearing recovery in a rat model of sensorineural hearing loss

BACKGROUND： Transplantation of in vitro, cultured, neural stem cells or bone marrow stem cells into the cochlear wall or oval window has been used to observe survival, proliferation, and differentiation of cochlear stem cells, as well as migration of differentiated hair cells in scala tympani over a short period of time. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the relationship between survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration of transplanted cochlear stem cells and hearing recovery from sensorineural hearing loss. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Neurobiology, Southeast University in 2009. MATERIALS： Stem cells were isolated from neonatal rats, followed by primary and passaged cultures. METHODS： A total of 30 adult, male rats with normal hearing were treated with gentamicin sulfate to establish models of sensorineural hearing loss. The model rats were randomly assigned to cochlear stem cell transplantation and control groups, which were respectively injected with a 10μL cochlear stem cell suspension （1 × 10^5μL） and phosphate-buffered saline into the scala tympani. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Rat hearing recovery was detected by brainstem auditory-evoked potential at 1, 9, and 15 months following transplantation. The location of stem cells was detected using nestin immunofluorescence, proliferative capacity was detected using bromodeoxyuridine immunofluorescence, and hair cell differentiation was detected using Myosin VIIA immunofluorescence. RESULTS： Cochlear stem cells migrated from the needle track to the spiral organ along the scala tympani following transplantation, and the hair cell-like cells migrated to the basal membrane and organ of Corti. The threshold of brainstem auditory-evoked potential increased with increasing time （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Transplanted cochlear stem cells from the internal ear migrated to the basal membrane and reached the injury site. The cells differentiated into cells with internal ear functions to improve hearing in rat models of sensorineural hearing loss.

Assessment of Balance and Vestibular Functions in Patients with Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

This study investigated the relationship among the severity of hearing impairment,vestibular function and balance function in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss（ISSNHL）.A total of 35 ISSNHL patients（including 21 patients with vertigo） were enrolled.All of the patients underwent audiometry,sensory organization test（SOT）,caloric test,cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential（cV EMP） test and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential（o VEMP） test.Significant relationship was found between vertigo and hearing loss grade（P=0.009）,and between SOT VEST grade and hearing loss grade（P=0.001）.The abnormal rate of o VEMP test was the highest,followed by the abnormal rates of caloric and c VEMP tests,not only in patients with vertigo but also in those without vertigo.The vestibular end organs were more susceptible to damage in patients with vertigo（compared with patients without vertigo）.Significant relationship was found between presence of vertigo and SOT VEST grade（P=0.010）.We demonstrated that vestibular end organs may be impaired not only in patients with vertigo but also in patients without vertigo.The cochlear and vestibular impairment could be more serious in patients with vertigo than in those without vertigo.Vertigo does not necessarily bear a causal relationship with the impairment of the vestibular end organs.SOT VEST grade could be used to reflect the presence of vertigo state in the ISSNHL patients.Apart from audiometry,the function of peripheral vestibular end organs and balance function should be evaluated to comprehensively understand ISSNHL.Better assessment of the condition will help us in clinical diagnosis,treatment and prognosis evaluation of ISSNHL.

Acute sensorineural hearing loss associated with peginterferon and ribavirin combination therapy during hepatitis C treatment: Outcome after resumption of therapy

Peginterferon and ribavirin combination therapy for the treatment of hepatitis C virus （HCV） is well known to be associated with significant adverse effects. Sensorineural hearing loss, that in most cases is unilateral, has been reported as a consequence of therapy with both non-pegylabed and pegylated interferon （pegIFN） but is not a well-known adverse effect. We report a 45-year-old Caucasian woman who developed acute sensorineural hearing loss 2 mo after starting therapy with pegIFN-α 2b and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic HCV, genotype la. She did not report the hearing loss to the hepatitis clinic until 1 mo, later whereupon therapy was promptly discontinued. Although her serum alanine aminotransferase （ALT） normalized and her HCV-RNA became undetectable after 12 wk of pegIFN and dbavirin therapy, after discontinuation, her HCV-RNA became detectable with significant elevations of serum ALT. Four months after initial discontinuation, the patient re-commenced pegIFN and ribavirin combination therapy. After 44 of 48 wk of therapy, the patient＇s liver biochemistry has normalized and the HCV-RNA is undetectable. She has not developed worsening of her hearing loss and hearing on the left-side is unaffected. Both patients and physicians should be aware that sensorineural hearing loss may occur with pegIFN therapy. Our experience suggests that re-institution of therapy is not always associated with further hearing impairment.

Association between routine hematological parameters and sudden sensorineural hearing loss:A meta-analysis

Objective:Recent studies have shown that chronic inflammation contributes to the development of sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSNHL).Some hematologic parameters have also been linked to the prognosis of SSNHL.However,the prognostic value of such hematological factors is not conclusive.This study explored the association of routine hematological parameters with SSNHL.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science and Embase to identify eligible studies.Standardized mean deviation(SMD)and the 95%confidence interval(CI)were retried from relevant studies for analysis.Heterogeneity,subgroup,and publication bias analyses were performed.Results:A total of 18 studies involving 1505 SSNHL patients and 1466 healthy persons were enrolled in the final analysis.The study population included 699 responders and 458 non-responders to treatment.Pooled results revealed that the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio(NLR)and platelet/lymphocyte ratio(PLR)value in the SSNHL patient group were higher than in the healthy group(SMD=1.05,95%CI:0.86,1.24,p<0.001,SMD=0.52,95%CI:0.26,0.78,p<0.001,respectively).However,there was no significant difference in the mean platelet volumes(MPV)between the groups(SMD=0.03,95%CI:0.44,0.49,p=0.91).Notably,NLR and PLR values were evidently higher in the unrecovered group than in the recovered group(SMD=0.63,95%CI:1.02,0.23,p=0.002,SMD=0.4,95%CI:0.76,0.03,p=0.03,respectively).However,the MPV value was similar in both groups(SMD=0.35,95%CI:1.14,0.44,p=0.38).Conclusions:Our results show that NLR and PLR values can predict the onset and prognosis of SSNHL.

A comparison of effects of systemic and intratympanic steroid therapies for sudden sensorineural hearing loss:A meta-analysis

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intratympanic and systemic steroid therapies in the initial treatment of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL) patients. Methods:A comprehensive search of PubMed, Wanfang database and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) was performed covering the period from January 1990 to July 2014. A meta-analysis was conducted after filtering by the criteria of Cochrane Collaboration. Three hundred fifty six subjects in nine studies allocated to the group of intratympanic steroid therapies and 343 controls receiving systemic steroid therapies met the criteria for meta-analysis. The data were extracted and analyzed using the RevMan 5.3 meta-analysis software. Results: The total effectiveness rate in SSNHL patients receiving intratympanic steroid therapies did not differ statistically from patients receiving systemic therapies (RR ? 1.08, 95%CI ? 0.99e1.99, P ? 0.10), although the rate of full hearing recovery in this group differed significantly from patients receiving systemic therapies (RR ? 1.29, 95%CI ? 1.00e1.66, P ? 0.05). Conclusion: Local steroid therapy appears to generate higher rate of complete hearing recovery than systemic steroid treatment as an initial treatment for SSNHL, which may be especially useful for patients in whom systemic steroids are contraindicated.