Ferric ion-triggered surface oxidation of galena for efficient chalcopyrite-galena separation

The efficient separation of chalcopyrite(CuFeS2)and galena(PbS)is essential for optimal resource utilization.However,find-ing a selective depressant that is environmentally friendly and cost effective remains a challenge.Through various techniques,such as mi-croflotation tests,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observation,X-ray photoelectron spec-troscopy(XPS),and Raman spectroscopy measurements,this study explored the use of ferric ions(Fe^(3+))as a selective depressant for ga-lena.The results of flotation tests revealed the impressive selective inhibition capabilities of Fe^(3+)when used alone.Surface analysis showed that Fe^(3+)significantly reduced the adsorption of isopropyl ethyl thionocarbamate(IPETC)on the galena surface while having a minimal impact on chalcopyrite.Further analysis using SEM,XPS,and Raman spectra revealed that Fe^(3+)can oxidize lead sulfide to form compact lead sulfate nanoparticles on the galena surface,effectively depressing IPETC adsorption and increasing surface hydrophilicity.These findings provide a promising solution for the efficient and environmentally responsible separation of chalcopyrite and galena.

Regulating interfacial behavior of zinc metal anode via metal-organic framework functionalized separator

Aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs)are one of the promising energy storage devices.However,uncontrolled dendrite and side reactions have seriously hindered its further application.In this study,the metal-organic framework(MOF)functionalized glass fiber separator(GF-PFC-31)was used to regulate interfacial behavior of zinc metal anode,enabling the development of high-performance AZIBs.In PFC-31,there areπ-πinteractions between two adjacent benzene rings with a spacing of 3.199 A.This spacing can block the passage of[Zn(H_(2)O)_6]^(2+)(8.6 A in diameter)through the GF-PFC-31 separator to a certain extent,which promotes the deposition process of Zn ions.In addition,the sulfonic acid group(-S03H)contained in GF-PFC-31 can form a hydrogen bonding network with H_(2)O,which can provide a desolvation effect and reduce the side reaction.Consequently,GF-PFC-31 separator achieves uniform deposition of Zn ions.The Zn‖GF-PFC-31‖Zn symmetric cell exhibits stable cycle life(3000 h at 1.2 mA cm^(-2),2000 h at 0.3 mA cm^(-2),and 2000 h at 5.0 mA cm^(-2)),and Zn‖GF-PFC-31‖MnO_(2) full cell with GF-PFC-31 separator can cycle for 1000 cycles at 1.2 A g^(-1)with capacity retention rate of 82.5%.This work provides a promising method to achieve high-performance AZIBs.

Recent Advances in Fibrous Materials for Hydroelectricity Generation

Depleting fossil energy sources and conventional polluting power generation pose a threat to sustainable development.Hydroelectricity generation from ubiquitous and spontaneous phase transitions between liquid and gaseous water has been considered a promising strategy for mitigating the energy crisis.Fibrous materials with unique flexibility,processability,multifunctionality,and practicability have been widely applied for fibrous materials-based hydroelectricity generation(FHG).In this review,the power generation mechanisms,design principles,and electricity enhancement factors of FHG are first introduced.Then,the fabrication strategies and characteristics of varied constructions including 1D fiber,1D yarn,2D fabric,2D membrane,3D fibrous framework,and 3D fibrous gel are demonstrated.Afterward,the advanced functions of FHG during water harvesting,proton dissociation,ion separation,and charge accumulation processes are analyzed in detail.Moreover,the potential applications including power supply,energy storage,electrical sensor,and information expression are also discussed.Finally,some existing challenges are considered and prospects for future development are sincerely proposed.

Aligned Ion Conduction Pathway of Polyrotaxane‑Based Electrolyte with Dispersed Hydrophobic Chains for Solid‑State Lithium–Oxygen Batteries

A critical challenge hindering the practical application of lithium–oxygen batteries(LOBs)is the inevitable problems associated with liquid electrolytes,such as evaporation and safety problems.Our study addresses these problems by proposing a modified polyrotaxane(mPR)-based solid polymer electrolyte(SPE)design that simultaneously mitigates solvent-related problems and improves conductivity.mPR-SPE exhibits high ion conductivity(2.8×10^(−3)S cm^(−1)at 25℃)through aligned ion conduction pathways and provides electrode protection ability through hydrophobic chain dispersion.Integrating this mPR-SPE into solid-state LOBs resulted in stable potentials over 300 cycles.In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals the presence of an LiO_(2)intermediate alongside Li_(2)O_(2)during oxygen reactions.Ex situ X-ray diffraction confirm the ability of the SPE to hinder the permeation of oxygen and moisture,as demonstrated by the air permeability tests.The present study suggests that maintaining a low residual solvent while achieving high ionic conductivity is crucial for restricting the sub-reactions of solid-state LOBs.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited by arc ion plating with separate targets

TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings were prepared by arc ion plating with separate targets. In order to decrease the unfavorable macroparticles, a straight magnetized filter was used for the low melting aluminium target. The results show that the output plasmas of titanium target without filter and aluminium target with filter reach the substrate with the same order of magnitude. Meanwhile, the number of macropartieles in TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited with separate targets is only 1/10-1/3 of that deposited with alloy target reported in literature. Al atom addition may lead to the decrease of peak at （200） lattice plane and strengthening of peak at （111） and （220） lattice planes. The measured hardness of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings accords with the mixture principle and the maximum hardness is HV2495. The adhesion strength reaches 75 N.

Separation and Purification of Recombinant Hirudin Variant 3 from Bacillus subtilis

[ Objective] The research aimed to get the optimized separation and purification conditions of the hirudin produced from Bacillus subtilis DB403 （pUBH5）. [Method] Through the systemic pretreatment, preliminary chromatography and fine chromatography. [Result]The optimized separation and purification conditions were that： Supernatant was treated by trichloroacetic acid, then by ultrafiltration desalt and anion exchange chromatography. Strong anion Q F. F. was better than weak anion DEAE F.F. The proper balanced solution was Tris-HCI （ pH 8.0）. The proper conductivity was 6 ms/cm. The maximum applied sample was 240 ATU/ml to matrix of strong anion Q F. F. This optimized procedure was magnified in strong anion exchange HiPrep 16/10Q with the 90% recovery and 70.2% purity. The purification of gel filtration of Sephacryl S-100 to hirudin was not relative to flow rate within certain scope. The application size of sample was 10 ml. The purity checked by HPLC was 95.1%, and the recovery was 93%, and the band of SDS-PAGE was single. [ Conclusion] The research provided the reference of the further industrialization separation and purification of hiruin.

Separation of macro amounts of tungsten and molybdenum by ion exchange with D309 resin

Based on the difference in tendency to polymerize between tungsten and molybdenum, a new method using D309 resin was propounded. The batch tests indicate that the optimum pH value and contact time for the separation are 7.0 and 4 h respectively, the maxium separation factor of W and Mo is 9.29. And the experimental resules show that isothermal absorbing tungsten and molybdenum belongs to Langmuir model and Freundlich model respectively, and the absorbing kinetics for tungsten is controlled by intra-particle diffusion. With a solution containing 70 g/L WO3 and 28.97 g/L Mo, the effluent with a mass ratio of Mo to WO3 of 76 and the eluate with a mass ratio of WO3 to Mo of 53.33 are obtained after column test.

Separation of Ions from Volatile Organic Compounds Using High-Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometer

A combination of high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry （FAIMS） with mass spectrometer （MS） was analyzed. FAIMS separates ions from the volatile organic compounds in the gas-phase as an ion-filter for MS. The sample ions were created at ambient pressure by ion source, which was equipped with a 10.6 eV UV discharge lamp （A=116.5 nm）. The drift tube of FAIMS is composed of two parallel planar electrodes and the dimension is 10 mm×8 mm×0.5 mm. FAIMS was investigated when driven by the high-filed rectangular asymmetric waveform with the peak-to-peak voltage of 1.36 kV at the frequency of 1 MHz and the duty cycle of 30%. The acetone, the butanone, and their mixture were adopted to characterize the FAIMS-MS. The mass spectra obtained from MS illustrate that there are ion-molecular reactions between the ions and the sample neutral molecular. And the proton transfer behavior in the mixture of the acetone and the butanone is also observed. With the compensation voltage tuned from -30 V to 10 V with a step size of 0.1 V, the ion pre-separation before MS is realized.

Study on Separation of Phycoerythrin by Q-Sepharose Fast Flow

[Objective] This study aimed to establish an efficient process for separation of phycoerythrin by using Q Sepharose Fast Flow resin and verity its feasibility for scale-up. [Method] Elution gradient, sample volume and flow rate were optimized to determine the optimal separation condition, under which the scale-up process was verified. [Result] The optimal condition for separation of phycoerythrin by using Q Sepharose FF resin was investigated： 30 ml of laver extract was loaded to the Q Sepharose FF column with a bed volume of 8 ml; subsequently, the column was stepwise eluted with 0-0.10-0.35-1.00 mol/L NaCI solution （pH 6.0） at a constant flow rate of 1 ml/min; the elution peak under 0.35 mol/L NaCI solution was collected, and the recovery rate and purity coefficient （A565/A280） of phycoerythrin were determined as 44.3 and 1.15, respectively. Based on the established process, 75 ml of phycoerythrin extract was loaded to the Q Sepharose FF column with a bed volume of 20 ml for separation, while no significant variation was observed in the separation result. [Conclusion] Phycoerythrin can be well separated from laver extract by using Q Sepharose FF resin and the process is feasible for scale-up.

Chinese Online Game Industry in Institutional “Separatism”

Through this status quo analysis of China's online game industry,it is not difficult to see that sports in the whole chain of online game industry are not at the core.So,what will sport in this "separatist war" play,or how much of its share of space.

Adsorption of Ce(Ⅳ) Anionic Nitrato Complexes onto Anion Exchangers and Its Application for Ce(Ⅳ) Separation from Rare Earths(Ⅲ)

Ce （Ⅳ） nitrato complexes were adsorbed on two anion exchangers based on polyvinyl pyridine （PVP） and quatemized PVP incorporated into porous silica matrix. The effect of nitric acid concentration （0.5～6 mol·L^-1） and temperature （278 ～318 K） on Ce（ Ⅳ ） sorption efficiency was investigated. Sorption increased with increasing nitric acid concentration, indicating that [Ce（NO3）6]^2- complex is the main adsorbed Ce（Ⅳ） species. Oxidation of sorbents by adsorbed Ce （ Ⅳ ） species resulting in Ce （ Ⅲ ） release to the solution was observed. Pyridine based anion exchangers exhibited higher oxidation stability compared to the commercial strong base anion exchanger. Ce（ Ⅳ ） reduction was temperature dependent and obeyed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. Column separation of Ce （ Ⅳ ） from La （ Ⅲ ） and Y （ Ⅲ ） was carried out from 6 mol·L^-1 nitric acid with PVP based anion exchanger. Reasonable Ce （Ⅳ） breakthrough capacity （0.7 mol·kg^-1 PVP） was achieved. No remarkable decrease of capacity was observed within 3 consequent runs. In contrast, Ce （Ⅲ） leakage due to reduction decreased and breakthrough capacity slightly increased. This effect was more pronounced with increasing temperature. Regeneration with 0.1 mol·L^- 1 nitric acid was successful （recovery 100% ± 4% ） and Ce solution of high purity （ 〉 99.97% ） with respect to La and Y content was gained.

Separation of mixed salts(Cl-/SO42-) by ED based on monovalent anion selective membranes

The industrial products or wastewater rich in the mixed salts(Cl-/SO4^2-) not only causes the environmental damage, but also induces waste of resource. In this study, an ED stack with monovalent selective AEMs and conventional CEMs was employed to separate the Cl-and SO42-from simulated wastewater. The effect of current density and mass fraction percentage was investigated in order to optimize the experimental conditions during ED process. It was found that at a concentration ratio between NaCl and Na2SO4 of 95/5(wt%/wt%) and a current density of40 m A·cm^-2, a current efficiency of 72%, an energy consumption of 1.6 k W·h·kg^-1 Na Cl and a Cl-/SO4^2-concentration(67.5/3.5 g·L^-1) were obtained. Hence, it is appropriate and effective to separate Cl-and SO42-by ED using the monovalent selective AEMs.

Surface modification of polyolefin separators for lithium ion batteries to reduce thermal shrinkage without thickness increase

Surface chemical modification of polyolefin separators for lithium ion batteries is attempted to reduce the thermal shrinkage, which is im- portant for the battery energy density. In this study, we grafted organic/inorganic hybrid crosslinked networks on the separators, simply by grafting polymerization and condensation reaction. The considerable silicon-oxygen crosslinked heat-resistance networks are responsible for the reduced thermal shrinkage. The strong chemical bonds between networks and separators promise enough mechanical support even at high temperature. The shrinkage at 150 ℃ for 30 min in the mechanical direction was 38.6% and 4.6% for the pristine and present graft-modified separators, respectively. Meanwhile, the grafting organic-inorganic hybrid crosslink networks mainly occupied part of void in the internal pores of the separators, so the thicknesses of the graft-modified separators were similar with the pristine one. The half cells prepared with the modified separators exhibited almost identical electrochemical properties to those with the commercial separators, thus proving that, in order to enhance the thermal stability of lithium ion battery, this kind of grafting-modified separators may be a better alternative to conventional silica nanoparticle layers-coated polyolefin separators.

Separation and Concentration of Indium from Leaching Solution Containing Indium, Antimony and Iron Ions

Processing conditions of effectively separating indium from the leaching solution of a smelting antimony slag were studied. For the leaching solution containing indium and antimony and iron ions, indium was separated by extracting with HDEHP kerosine solution, washing antimony and iron ions with oxalic acid solution and stripping indium with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. InCl 3 solution with purity above 90% is obtained. Indium can be enriched through a circulation of stripping with a dilute HCl solution. The concentration of InCl 3 solution is about 25～30 g/L.

Metal-Organic Frameworks Functionalized Separators for Robust Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are one of the promising energy storage systems,which consist of electrode materials,electrolyte,and separator.The first two have been significantly received ample development,while the prominent role of the separators in manipulating the stability of the electrode has not attracted sufficient attention.In this work,a separator(UiO-66-GF)modified by Zr-based metal organic framework for robust AZIBs is proposed.UiO-66-GF effectively enhances the transport ability of charge carriers and demonstrates preferential orientation of(002)crystal plane,which is favorable for corrosion resistance and dendrite-free zinc deposition.Consequently,Zn|UiO-66-GF-2.2|Zn cells exhibit highly reversible plating/stripping behavior with long cycle life over 1650 h at 2.0 mA cm^(−2),and Zn|UiO-66-GF-2.2|MnO_(2) cells show excellent long-term stability with capacity retention of 85%after 1000 cycles.The reasonable design and application of multifunctional metal organic frameworks modified separators provide useful guidance for constructing durable AZIBs.

Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers for Targeted Adsorbents to Heavy Metal Ion Separation

Geopolymer adsorbents were prepared from silica and metakaolin in different Al and Si components and applied for removal of metal ions, Cs+ and Pb2+, from other heavy metal ions mixture. The geopolymer was optimized at Si/Al = 2 as adsorbent, targeting to Cs+ and Pb2+ separation. The binding behavior was well fitted to Langmuir model, which proved that the metakaolin-based geopolymer had multibinding to adsorb ions. The effective adsorption was also observed independent of NaCl concentration for the Cs+ and Pb2+. This meant that the ion adsorption of geopolymers occurred under non-electrostatic mechanism.

Preparation and characterization of Ag^+ ion-exchanged zeolite-Matrimid~5218 mixed matrix membrane for CO_2/CH_4 separation

In this work, the zeolite-Y was ion-exchanged by introducing silver cations into the framework of microsized nano-porous sodium zeolite-Y using a liquid-phase ion exchanged method. The Ag+ion-exchanged zeolite, was then embedded into the Matrimid5218 matrix to form novel mixed matrix membranes(MMMs). The particles and MMMs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV–vis DRS), N2adsorption–desorption isotherm, X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Furthermore, the effects of filler content(0–20wt%) on pure and mixed gas experiments, feed pressure(2–20 bar) and operating temperature(35–75 oC)on CO2/CH4transport properties of Matrimid/Ag Y MMMs were considered. Characterization results confirmed an appropriate ion-exchange treatment of the zeolites. The SEM results confirmed the superior interfacial adhesion between polymer and zeolites, particularly in the case of Matrimid/Ag Y membranes.This is due to the proper silverous zeolite/Matrimid functional groups’ interactions. The gas permeation results showed that the CO2permeability increased about 123%, from 8.34 Barrer for pure Matrimid to18.62 Barrer for Matrimid/Ag Y(15 wt%). The CO2/CH4selectivity was improved about 66%, from 36.3 for Matrimid to 60.1 for Matrimid/Ag Y(15 wt%). The privileged gas separation performance of Matrimid/Ag Y(15 wt%) was the result of a combined effect of facilitated transport mechanism of Ag+ions as well as the intrinsic surface diffusion mechanism of Y-type zeolite. In order to survey the possibility of using the developed MMMs in industry, the CO2-induced plasticization effect and mixed gas experiment were accomplished. It was deduced that the fabricated MMMs could maintain the superior performance in actual operating conditions.

Concentration and separation of vanadium from alkaline media by strong alkaline anion-exchange resin 717

With strong alkaline anion-exchange resin 717 as the sorbent and NaOH solution as the eluent, a study on the sorption from alkaline solution and elution of vanadium（V）, silicon（iv）, and aluminium（III） was carried out. Different parameters affecting the sorption and elution process, including temperature, pH values as well as the ratio of resin to solution, were investigated. The results show that sorption degree of vanadium（V） increases with a decrease ofpH values, and V（V） ions are easier sorbed than Si（IV） and AI（III） ions under the same conditions. The sorption degree ofV（V）, Si（IV）, and AI（III） at pH 9.14 for 15 man are 90.6%, 33.5%, and 21.6%, respectively. Si（IV）, AI（III）, and V（V） ions sorbed on 717 resin were eluted by use of 2 mol·L^-1 NaOH solution; the desorption degree ofV（V）, Si（IV）, and AI（III） for 5 min are 81.7 %, 99.1%, and 99.3%, respectively.

Separation Behavior of U(VI) and Th(IV) on a Mixed Ion Exchange Column Using 2,6-Pyridine Dicarboxylic Acid as a Complexing Agent and Determination of Trace Level Thorium in Uranium Matrix Employing High Performance Ion Chromatography

Retention behavior of U(VI) and Th(IV) as their 2, 6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) complexes on reversed phase and ion exchange (cation, anion and mixed ion exchange) columns was studied and based on the results, a simple ion chromatography method for the determination of trace level thorium in uranium oxide using 0.075mM 2, 6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) and 1M KNO3 in 1.2M HNO3 as eluent (flow rate 1 mL/min)was proposed. The advantage of the developed method is that the separation of uranium matrix is not required prior to the ion chromatographic determination of trace Th. Separation was carried out on a mixed ion exchange stationary phase and a 10?4 M arsenazo (III) solution was used as post column reagent for detecting the separated metal ions. The separation of Th from uranium using PDCA in the present investigation is attributed through cation exchange mechanism. A calibration plot was constructed by following the standard addition method over the concentration range of 0.25 to 10 ppm of Th in the presence of uranium matrix, which resulted in a linear regression coefficient of 0.9978. The precision of the method was better than 5% and the LOD for Th was found to be 0.1ppm (S/N=3). The method has been validated by comparing the results with the results obtained from ICP-MS analysis where the This separated from the uranium matrix. The proposed method is simple, rapid, accurate and cost effective compared to techniques like ICP-MS or ICP-AES and is suitable for the routine kind of analysis.

Status and Opportunities of Zinc Ion Hybrid Capacitors: Focus on Carbon Materials, Current Collectors, and Separators

Zinc ion hybrid capacitors(ZIHCs), which integrate the features of the high power of supercapacitors and the high energy of zinc ion batteries, are promising competitors in future electrochemical energy storage applications. Carbon-based materials are deemed the competitive candidates for cathodes of ZIHC due to their cost-effectiveness, high electronic conductivity, chemical inertness, controllable surface states, and tunable pore architectures. In recent years, great research efforts have been devoted to further improving the energy density and cycling stability of ZIHCs. Reasonable modification and optimization of carbon-based materials offer a remedy for these challenges. In this review, the structural design, and electrochemical properties of carbon-based cathode materials with different dimensions, as well as the selection of compatible, robust current collectors and separators for ZIHCs are discussed. The challenges and prospects of ZIHCs are showcased to guide the innovative development of carbon-based cathode materials and the development of novel ZIHCs.